高中教材英语课件Unit5LanguagesaroundtheworldSectionⅢDiscoveringUsefulStructures

SectionⅢ

DiscoveringUsefulStructuresGrammar—限制性定语从句(Ⅱ)—关系副词和“介词＋关系代词”语法精讲·难点透析知识探究·讲练互动课时达标·随堂自测语法精讲·难点透析[新知导引]Ⅰ.判断下列各句中的关系词在从句中充当什么成分1．①Therearemanyreasons________thisispossible,butoneofthemainfactorsistheChinesewritingsystem.②I'mnotsatisfiedwiththereason________yougaveusforyourfailureintheexam.2．①Overtheyears,itdevelopedintodifferentformsbecausethatwasatime________theChinesepeopleweredividedgeographically.②Itwasapleasanttime________wespenttogetherworkingonthechallengingproject.3．①EmperorQinshihuangunitedthesevenmajorstatesintooneunifiedcountry________theChinesewritingsystembegantodevelopinonedirection.②Chinaisahighlycivilizedcountry________appealstosomanyforeigners.why关系副词why作原因状语that/which关系代词that/which作gave的宾语when

关系副词when作时间状语that/which关系代词that/which作spent的宾语wherehat/which①where关系副词where作地点状语②that/which关系代词that/which作从句的主语Ⅱ.在空白处填入适当的介词1．Thesewereanimalbonesandshells________whichsymbolswerecarvedbyancientChinesepeople.2．WrittenChinesehasalsobecomeanimportantmeans________whichChina'spresentisconnectedwithitspast.on

by

[语法精讲]一、关系副词引导的定语从句1．when引导定语从句的用法(1)当先行词是表示时间的名词(如time,day,year,month,week等)，且关系词在从句中作时间状语时，定语从句用when引导。(2)when可以换成“介词＋which”。Winteristhetimeofyearwhen(＝inwhich)thedayisshortwhilethenightislong.冬天是一年中昼短夜长的时候。Sheislookingforwardtothedaywhen(＝onwhich)herdaughterwinsagoldmedalattheOlympics.她盼望有一天她的女儿能在奥运会上赢得金牌。

[名师点津]

当先行词是表示时间的名词时，既可以用when引导定语从句，也可以用that或which引导定语从句，关键要看关系词在定语从句中作何种成分。若关系词在定语从句中充当状语，则用when引导；若关系词在定语从句中充当主语或宾语，则用that或which引导。Doyoustillrememberthedays(that/which)wespenttogetheronthefarm？你还记得我们一起在农场度过的那些日子吗？(that或which作spent的宾语)Doyoustillrememberthedayswhenwechattedwitheachotherallnight？你还记得我们整夜聊天的那些日子吗？(when在从句中作状语)即学即练1语法填空(1)Wehaveenteredintoanage________dreamshavethebestchanceofcomingtrue.(2)Theexactyear________AngelaandherfamilyspenttogetherinChinawas2008.when

which/that2．where引导定语从句的用法(1)当先行词是表示具体地点的名词(如place,room,mountain,airport等)或表示抽象地点的名词(如case,state,condition,point,situation等)，且关系词在从句中作地点状语时，定语从句用where引导。Wehavereachedapointwhereachangeisneeded.我们已经到了需要做出改变的地步。Hegetsintoasituationwhereitishardtotellwhatisrightorwrong.他陷入一种难以判断对错的境地。(2)where可以换成“介词＋which”。Thisisthehotelwhere(＝inwhich)theystayed.这就是他们待过的那个旅馆。

[名师点津]

当先行词为表示地点的名词时，如果关系词在定语从句中作主语或宾语，则用that或which引导定语从句。Hisfatherworksinafactorywhich/thatmakesradioparts.他的父亲在一家制造收音机零件的工厂里工作。

[辨析比较]

where引导的定语从句和状语从句(1)where引导定语从句时，为关系副词，在定语从句中作地点状语，其前有一个表示地点的先行词。此时，where可以换成“介词＋

which”结构。where引导的定语从句只能位于主句之后或句中，不能位于句首。Isthereashoparoundwhere(＝inwhich)wecanbuysomefruit?附近有没有一个商店可以让我们在里面买些水果？(2)where引导状语从句时，为从属连词。where引导的地点状语从句修饰主句中的谓语动词，where前面没有表示地点的名词。此时，where不能换成“介词＋which”结构。where引导的地点状语从句可位于主句之前，也可位于主句之后。Wherethereisawill，thereisaway.(谚)有志者，事竟成。Weshouldgowhereweareneeded.我们应该到需要我们的地方去。即学即练2

(1)Theirchildisatthestage________shecansayindividualwordsbutnotfullsentences.A．whyB．where

C．whichD．what(2)Self­drivingisanarea________Chinaandtherestoftheworldareonthesamestartingline.A．thatB．where

C．whichD．when(3)语法填空①Byopeninganovel,Icanleavebehindmyburdensandenterintoawonderfulandmysteriousworld________Iamnowanewcharacter.②Located________theBeltmeetstheRoad,JiangsuwillcontributemoretotheBeltandRoadconstruction.√√where

where

3．why引导定语从句的用法(1)当先行词是表示原因的名词reason，且关系词在从句中作原因状语时，定语从句用why引导，且只能引导限制性定语从句。(2)why可以用forwhich来代替。Thisisthereasonwhy(＝forwhich)heleftinahurry.这就是他匆匆离去的原因。

[名师点津]

若先行词为reason，且关系词在定语从句中不作状语，而是充当主语或宾语，则用that或which引导定语从句。Thereasonthat/whichhetoldmeyesterdayisalie.昨天他告诉我的理由是个谎言。即学即练3语法填空(1)Thereareseveralreasons________schooluniformsareagoodidea.Firstofall,uniformshelptheschoollooksmart.(2)However,thereareanumberofotherreasons________mightexplainwhyyouwanttogarden.why

that/which二、“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句1．关系代词的选择“介词＋关系代词”既可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。在此结构中，先行词指人时关系代词用whom，不可用who/that；先行词指物时关系代词用which，不能用that。ThisisthestudentforwhomIboughtabook.这就是我给其买书的那个学生。ThisistheshipbywhichIwenttoShanghai.这就是我去上海所乘的船。Thefilminwhichheplayedtheleadingrolewasagreatsuccess.他主演的那部电影非常成功。2．介词的选择(1)根据定语从句中的谓语动词与介词的习惯搭配来确定介词。Isthisthecarforwhichyoupaidahighprice?这就是你花高价买的那辆车吗？(pay...forsth.)Inthedarkstreet,therewasn'tasinglepersontowhomshecouldturnforhelp.在漆黑的街上，没有一个她可以求助的人。(turntosb.forhelp)(2)根据定语从句中的主要形容词与介词的习惯搭配来确定介词。Hebroughttheresultwithwhichthebosswassatisfied.他带来了令老板满意的结果。(besatisfiedwith)(3)根据先行词与介词的习惯搭配来确定介词。先行词往往是表示时间、地点、原因、方式等的词。Canyoutellmethewayinwhichthemachineworks?你能告诉我这台机器的工作原理吗？(intheway)Ican'tremembertheageatwhichhewontheprize.我记不起他获奖时的年龄了。(attheage)(4)根据句子的意思来确定介词。有些句子中，定语从句中的谓语动词/主要形容词与介词也不能构成固定搭配，这时，需要根据句子所要表达的意思来选择介词。Thisisthepilotwithwhommybrotherhasworkedfortenyears.这就是和我弟弟一起工作了十年的那位飞行员。Thiskindofcolorlessgaswithoutwhichwecan'tliveiscalledoxygen.这种无色气体被称作氧气，没有它我们就不能生存。3．介词可以后移，此时关系代词可以省略(省略时，介词必须后移)。Thisisthebookforwhichyouasked.这是你要的那本书。Thisisthebook(which/that)youaskedfor.这是你要的那本书。

[名师点津]

有些固定的动词短语一般不能拆开，介词一般只能放在动词的后面。4．在“介词＋关系代词”结构中，介词也可换成介词短语，如bymeansof,becauseof,atthefootof,atthebackof,infrontof,onthetopof等。若介词短语表示位置，则定语从句往往用倒装语序。Soundisatoolbymeansofwhichpeoplecommunicatewitheachother.声音是人们互相交流的工具。Theystayedinabighotelinfrontofwhichwasagarden.他们住在一家大旅馆里，旅馆前面是一个花园。Iamtalkingtoateacherintheclassroomatthebackofwhichstandsabookshelfwithallkindsofbooks.我正和一位老师在教室里谈话，教室的后面放着一个书架，书架上有各种类型的书。知识探究·讲练互动►第一版块|核心单词1．strugglen．难事；斗争；努力

vi.奋斗；努力；挣扎(教材P64)WhenIstartedstudyingGerman,itwasastruggle.当我开始学习德语的时候，那是一件很难的事。

(1)n.斗争；奋斗；搏斗；挣扎；难事apower/leadershipstruggle权力的争夺/领导权的斗争astruggleforindependence争取独立的斗争(2)vi.斗争；奋斗；搏斗strugglefor为(争取)……而斗争/奋斗strugglewith与……作斗争；与……并肩作战struggleagainst...为反对……而斗争；与……抗争❶Shewillnotgiveupherchildrenwithoutastruggle.她不会轻易放弃自己的孩子。❷Shehasbeenstrugglingagainstherillnessformanyyears.她已经与疾病抗争了许多年。即学即练单句语法填空/完成句子①Togetaneducation,hewasstruggling________manydifficulties.②Hestruggled

________(explain)whatheheardinhishead.③Itwas________struggleforthepoorfamilytoearnalivingonthelittlefarm.④Thecountryisstruggling________peace.⑤Dina,___________(struggle)formonthstofindajobasawaitress,finallytookapositionatalocaladvertisingagency.⑥Man_________________________(一直与……作斗争)nature.⑦Thoughhewasbadlyinjured,he________________(挣扎着站了起来)．with/againsttoexplain

a

for

havingstruggledhasbeenstrugglingwith/against

struggledtohisfeet词语积累：thestrugglebetweengoodandevil善恶之争Itisastruggleforsb.todosth.对某人来说做某事是件难事。struggletodosth.努力做某事struggletoone'sfeet挣扎着站起来acountrystrugglingforindependence为独立而奋斗的国家

佳句赏析：She'sstrugglingtobringupherchildrenonaverylowincome.她以微薄的收入艰难地抚养自己的孩子。2．tonguen．舌头；语言(教材P64)Thewordsfeltstrangeonmytongue,andthegrammarwouldnotstayinmyhead.我觉得这句话很奇怪，语法也不会在我大脑里停留。put/stickoutone'stongue伸出舌头one'smother/nativetongue母语asharptongue说话尖刻onthetipofone'stongue话到嘴边；差点说出biteone'stongue保持缄默；忍住不说❶Chineseismymothertongue/nativelanguage.汉语是我的母语。❷Thedoctoraskedmetoput/stickoutmytongue,andlethimhavealookatthecolorofit.医生要我伸出舌头，让他看看舌头的颜色。即学即练单句语法填空/完成句子①Trainyourself________“(bite)yourtongue”，

andwithalittlepracticeyou'llgetreallygood________lettingthingsgo.②Itriedspeakingtoherinher________tongue(母语)．③Ilovemy___________________(祖国),Imustlearn____________(母语)well.tobiteat

mother/native

motherland/nativecountrymothertongue/nativelanguage佳句赏析：Onsomeoccasions,peoplehavetobitetheirtongue.在一些场合，人们不得不保持缄默。Thewomanhasasharptongue,herwordsoftenmakeusunbearable.这女人说话尖刻，她的话常让人难以忍受。3.pointofview观点；看法(教材P64)．..Icouldseetheworldfromadifferentpointofview.……我能从不同的角度看这个世界。

fromone'spointofview依照某人的观点，在某人看来have/getagoodviewof好好欣赏/观看inone'sview按照某人的观点，在某人看来comeintoview进入视野adifferentpointofview一个不同的观点❶Thereareanumberofdifferentpointsofviewonthisissue.关于这个问题有许多不同的观点。❷Youcanheartheroarandseethemistriseintotheairbeforethefallscomeintoview.在瀑布尚未映入眼帘之前，你就可以听到怒吼般的水声，看到袅袅升至空中的雾气。❸Frommypointofview,thisisthemajormeanstosolveglobalaffairs.在我看来，这是解决全球事务的主要手段。即学即练完成句子①Irespectyour__________(观点),butI'mnotsureIagreewithyou.②__________________________________(在我看来)，thereisnowaytheycanwin.③Youcan________________(好好欣赏)thebeautifulsunriseandsunsetfromthewindow.

pointofview

Frommypointofview/Inmyview/Inmyopinion

have/getagoodviewof归纳拓展：表示“在我看来”的短语有Ithink，frommypointofview,inmyview,inmyopinion,asfarasI'mconcerned等。4.the＋比较级，the＋比较级(教材P64)．..themoreIlearntofalanguage,themoremybrainwouldgrow.……我对一门语言学得越多，我的大脑就越发达。[句式分析]

“the＋比较级(＋主语＋谓语)，the＋比较级(＋主语＋谓语)”意为“越……，就越……”。❶Themorehedrank,themoreviolenthebecame.他喝得越多，就变得越狂暴。❷Themore,thebetter.多多益善。即学即练单句语法填空/完成句子①The________(hard)youwork,themoreprogressyouwillmake.②Themoreaperson________(read),thewiserheorshewillbecome.③Withthewinterapproaching,thedaybecomesshorter________shorter.④越早越好。Thesooner,_________.⑤你越小心，你犯的错误就越少。____________________，

thefewermistakesyouwillmake.⑥她发现那项工作越来越缺乏吸引力了。Shefoundthejob_________attractive.harder

reads

and

thebetter

Themorecarefulyouare

lessandless归纳拓展：越来越……的表达①比较级＋and＋比较级②moreandmore＋多音节形容词原级

学法点拨：在“the＋比较级(＋主语＋谓语)，the＋比较级(＋主语＋谓语)”结构中，第一个“the＋比较级”是表示条件的状语从句，在表示将来意义的情况下，从句谓语用一般现在时表将来，第二个“the＋比较级”中谓语用一般将来时。课时达标·随堂自测·基础知识自测·Ⅰ.定语从句单句语法填空1．Livingabroadmayoftenmakeusfeellonelyashomeistheplace________ourheartshouldbe.2．Asthesmallestchildofhisfamily,Alexisalwayslongingforthetime________heshouldbeabletobeindependent.3．Heisateacherofrichexperiencefrom________muchcanbelearned.4．Billsetupaclubforfootballfans________whichheinvitedallhisfriends.5．Thereason________shelikescitylifeisthatshecanhaveeasyaccess(通路)toplaceslikeshopsandrestaurants.where

when

whom

to

why

6．Idon'thaveenoughmoney_