英语 主谓一致、名词的格、五大句型

五大句型S+V主+谓此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫不及物动词。后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。这种句型的动词大多数是不及物动词，所谓不及物动词，就是这种动词后不可以直接接宾语，常见的动词如：work，sing,swim,fish,jump,arrive,come,diedisappear,cry,happen等。例句：LiMingworksveryhard.Theaccidenthappenedyesterdayafternoon.Springiscoming.Wehavelivedinthecityfortenyears.Timeflies.Classbegins.Themandoesn'twork.Wealllaughed.Everybodyhasarrived.Thesunrises.S+V+Cs主+系+表共同特点：句子的谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明谓语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词.。系动词分两类：belookfeelsmell等属一类，表示情况，getgrowbecome,turn等属于另一类，表示变化。be本身没有意义，只起连系主语和表语作用。这种句型主要用来表示主语的特点，身份等。系动词分为两类：一状态。这样的动词有：be,lookseem,smell,taste,sound,keep等。例句Thiskindoffoodtastesdelicious.Helookedworriedjustnow.S+V+O主+谓+宾共同特点：谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫及物动词。这种句型中动词一般为及物动词，所谓及物动词，就是这种动词后可以直接宾语，其宾语通常由名词，代词，动词不定式，动名词或从句等充当。例句Hetookhisbagandleft.LiLeialwayshelpsmewhenihavedifficulties.SheplanstotravelinthecomingMayDay.Idon'tknowwahtishoulddonext.S+V+Oi+Od主+胃+间宾+直宾共同特点：谓语动词必须跟有两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者，另一个是间接承受者。通常这一间接承受者用一个介词来连接，当动作的间接承受者在动作的直接承受者之前时，这一介词往往被省略。这种句型中直接宾语为主要宾语，表示动作是对谁做的或为谁做的，在句子中不可或缺，常常由表示“物”的名词来充当；间接宾语也称为第二宾语，去掉之后，对整个句子影响不大，多由指“人”的名词或代词承担。引导这类双宾语的常见动词有：give,bring,tell,send,leave,pass,read,write,show,teach,award,lend,buy,hand,recommend等。例句Herfatherboughtheradictionaryasabirthdaypresent.Herfatherboughtadictionaryforherasabirthdaypresent.TheoldmanalwaystellsthechildrenstoriesabouttheheroesintheLongMarch.TheoldmanalwaystellsstoriesabouttheheroestothechildrenintheLongMarch.Shepassedhimanewdress.Shecookedheradeliciousmeal.Shebroughtherhusbandanewwatch.Heshowedmehowtorunthemachine.S+V+O+Co主+胃+宾+宾补共同特点：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使语义完整。Subject+verb+object+complement这种句型中的“宾语+补语”统称为“复合宾语”。宾语补足语的主要作用是补充说明宾语的特点、身份等；或者表示让宾语去完成的动作等。担任补语的常常是名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、动词不定式等。如：Youshouldkeeptheroomcleanandtidy./Wemadehimourmonitor.Hetoldhimnottoplayinthestreet./Myfatherlikestowatchtheboysplayingbasketball.YesterdayihadapicturetakenwithtwoAmericans.常见动词有：tell,ask,advise,help,want,wouldlike,order,force,allow等。注意：动词have,make,let,see,hear,notice,feel,watch等后面所接的动词不定式做宾语补足语时，不带to.如：Thebossmadehimdotheworkallday./Iheardhersinginthenextroomallthetimelastnight.主谓一致关系语法一致原则Bothpartieshavetheirownadvantages.2.ShewantstogohomeSusancomeshomeeveryweek-end.意义一致原则Thispairoftrouserscostsfiftydollars.TheUnitedStatesisadevelopedcountry.就近原则Eithermygrandsonsortheirfatheriscoming.Notonlytheworkersbutalsothebossisnotthere.有些集合名词如：army,board,class,company,council,crew,crowd,family,flock,government,majority,public,team,group,committee,couple,audience,firm,party,club,gang,herd,jury,congress,band等做主语时，如果将其作一个整体来看待，动词用单数；如果指其中的每个成员，动词用复数。1.ThefamilyisgoingtomovetoBeijing.2.Thefamilyhavedifferentopinionsabouttheirgoingabroad.集合名词people,police,cattle等作主语时，谓语动词用复数。1.Chinesepeoplelovepeach.分数或百分数及all,part,some,most,half,none,plenty,therestof等表示部分的词或短语作主语时，谓语动词的单复数与of后的名词一致。1.Mostoftheuniversitystudentshavepart-timejobstofinancetheirtuition.2.Mostoftheworkhasn'tbeenfinishedyet.1.形式上为复数，但意义上为单数的名词作主语时，其谓语动词通常用单数形式。这类名词有以-s结尾的表示学科、专业、疾病等术语的名词及其他名词。economics，linguistics，politics，mathematics，physics，measles(麻疹)，news，works，brains(智慧)1.Physicsisadifficultsubject.2.Brainsisveryimportanttoaperson.名词或代词后跟with,alongwith,like,accompaniedby,except,besides,aswellas,togetherwith,inadditionto,including,nolessthan,ratherthan,等引起的结构时，谓语动词随结构前的名词或代词的形式而定。1.Thepresident,accompaniedbyfiveofficials,hasgonetoUSAforaveryimportantmeeting..2.You，ratherthanyoursister,areresponsibleforthematter.1.Theteacherandwriterisrespectedbyallthepeoplearound.2.Theteacherandthewriterarerespectedbyallthepeoplearound.3.Socialandpoliticalfreedomarelimitedthere.用and连接的单数名词，前面有each,every,manya,no修饰语时，谓语要用单数。1.Everyman，woman,andchildisentitledtotakepartintheactivity.2.Eachpenandeachpaperisfoundinitsplace.1.Anumberofbookshavelentout.2.Thenumberofbookshaslentout.3.Thereisapen,aknifeandseveralbooksonthedesk.4.Therearetwentyboy-studentsandtwenty-threegirl-studentsintheclass.5.Thepoorwerenotabletobuythehouse.6.Thebeautifulisnotalwaystheuseful.1.Neitherofthemwantstocome.2.Heisoneofthestudentswhohavetroubleinfollowingtheteacherinclass.3.Heistheonlyoneofthestudentswhohastroubleinfollowingtheteacherinclass。习题：1.Yournewclothesfityou,butmine_____me.A.don'tfitB.doesn'tfitC.don'tfitforD.aren'tfit2.Notonlytheworkersbutalsotheboss_____notthere.A.isB.areC.wereD.has3.Allthechildrenexceptmypartner_____latebecauseoftrafficjam.A.isB.areC.wasD.hasbeen4.TheEnglish_____totalkaboutweather.A.likesB.likeC.lovesD.liked5.Everydoorandeverywindow_____tobecleaned.A.areB.isC.haveD.were6.Morethanseventypercentofthepopulationofthisarea_____workers.A.isB.hasC.areD.have7.Twentypercentofthestudents_____passedtheexamination.A.haveB.hasC.wasD.were8.Neitherofus_____toclimbthehightower.A.darenotB.daresC.didnotdareD.daring9.Thisistheoneofthearticlesonthesubject_____writteninEnglish.A.thathaseverbeenB.whichhaveeverbeenC.thathaveeverbeenD.whichhasever10.Thethiefwasbeingsearchedforbythepolicewho_____runningafter.A.hasbeenB.wereC.areD.was1.A2.A3.B4.B5.B6.C7.A8.B9.A10.B可数名词单、复数变化形式①单数名词词尾直接加-s。如：boy-boys,pen-pens。②以s、x、ch、sh结尾的单词一般加-es。glass-glasses,box-boxes,watch-watches,brush-brushes。③以"辅音字母+y"结尾的变"y"为"i"再加"-es"。baby-babies,lady-ladies,fly-flies。④以"o"结尾的多数加-es。tomato-tomatoes,potato-potatoes,hero-heroes。但以两个元音字母结尾的名词和部分外来词中以o结尾的词只加-s。radio-radios,zoo-zoos,photo-photos,piano-pianos,kilo-kilos,tobacco-tobaccos。

⑤以"f"或"fe"结尾的名词复数形式变"f"或"fe"为"v"，之后再加-es。wife-wives,life-lives,knife-knives,wolf-wolves,self-selves,leaf-leaves等。特例：handkerchief-handkerchiefs,roof-roofs,chief-chiefs,gulf-gulfs,belief-beliefs,cliff-cliffs。⑥改变元音字母的。man-men,mouse-mice,foot-feet,woman-women,tooth-teeth,goose-geese,ox-oxen。特例：child-children。⑦复合名词的复数形式。a.在复合词中最后名词尾加-s。armchair-armchairs,bookcase-bookcases,bookstore-book-stores。b.man和woman作定语修饰另一个名词时，前后两个名词都要变成复数。mandoctor-mendoctors,womandriver-womendrivers。名词作定语一般用单数，但也有以下例外。用复数作定语。sportsmeetingstudentsreading-roomtalkstable谈判桌theforeignlanguagesdepartment外语系*有些原有s结尾的名词，作定语时，-s保留。goodstrain(货车)armsproduce武器生产customspapers海关文件clothesbrush衣刷c.与介词或副词一起构成的复合名词应在主体名词部分加-s。brother-in-law-brothers-in-law,passer-by-passers-by。

⑧有的名词有两种复数形式。zero-zeros、zeroes,deer-deers、deer。b)不规则变化。①单、复数同形。means,aircraft,deer,fish,Chinese,Japanese,sheep,works（工厂）,cattle。②合成名词的复数。boy-friend-boy-friends,go-between-go-betweens(中间人)，grown-up-grown-ups。③有些名词通常只用作复数。glasses眼镜，clothes衣服，goods货物，trousers裤子，belongings所有物,wages工资，riches财富,surroundings环境，ashes灰尘,compasses圆规，cattle家畜，congratulations祝贺，havewordswithsb.同某人吵架，inhighspirits以很高热情地，giveone'sregardstosb.向某人问候，inrags衣衫破烂，Itisgoodmannerstodosth.有礼貌做某事。④集体名词的数。有些集体名词通常只用作复数：people,cattle,police;有些名词只用作单数：machinery,furniture,mankind,jewelery;有些名词既可用作单数又可用作复数，单数看做整体，复数看做集体的各个成员。Thecrewislarge.船员人数很多（指整体）；Thecrewarealltired.船员们都累坏了（个体）。②物质名词有前置后置修饰时，前面要使用不定冠词。havebreakfast

haveawonderfulbreakfast

Theroadiscoveredwithsnow.

Theyhaveaheavysnoweveryyear.d)物质名词和抽象名词可以借助单位词表一定的数量。aglassofwaterapieceofadviceasetoffurniture,apieceofnewse)常见的不可数名词：news,information,furniture,advice,water,anger,baggage,bread,business,cash,clothing,courage,damage,education,evidence,food,progress,happiness.traffic,help,homework,knowledge,transport,wealth3.名词的格theboy’sbag男孩的书包，Tom’sroom汤姆的房间theworkers’struggle工人的斗争。SomestudentsofMisterZhang’safriendofTom’safriendofmymother’s;afriendofminetheearth’splanet,theword’spopulation,John’sandMary’sroom（两间）JohnandMary’sroom（一间）习题：Thereare45_______(student)inourclass,27ofwhomare_______(boy).Themusicbandhastwo______(piano).Theyare_______(Japanese)comingherefortheshow.InsomeArabian______(country),itisnormalforamantohavetwo___(wife).Mr.Smithhasboughtalotof_______(furniture)forhisnewhouse.Thisfactoryproduces10,000,000________(toothbrush)everyyear.Alotof_____(child)jointheScouteveryyearintheUSA.We’dbetterdividetheclassintofour_______(group).Many_______(year)hadpassedbeforewemetagain.Thewarcausedsevere______(damage)tomany_____(family).1.students,boys2.pianos3.Japanese4.countries,wives5.furniture6.Toothbrushes7.children8.groups9.years10.damage,families1.Alotof__________hastobefinishedtoday.A.missionB.jobC.workD.task2.Oneandahalf__________enoughforustofinishthistask.A.monthisB.monthareC.monthsareD.monthsis3.Allthe__________inthathospitalareintheirforties.A.womanteachersB.womenteacherC.te