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一、名词:
1、名词的概念:名词是指表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称的词。
2、名词的分类:专有名词:China,Mike,English,theGreatWall...
普通名词:可数名词(有单、复数之分,在可数名词单数之前要用a/an)table,life,tomato...
不可数名词(无复数形式)food,duty,news,knowledge...
3、可数名词复数的构成:
⑴一般情况是在名词后加-s
⑵以s,x,sh,ch结尾的加-es
⑶以辅音字母+y结尾的,要变y为i再加・es,如:city—family-
以元音字母(人2,氏,丘。0,51)+丫结尾的,加-s,如:boy-
⑷以f/fe结尾的变f/fe为v再加-es,如:half-self—shelf-
leaf—knife-wife—life-
⑸以o结尾的,只有tomato和potato是加-es,其余的都加-s,如:photo
radio—kilo—zero-zoo—
⑹特殊情况:man—woman—policeman-
Englishman—Frenchman-但:German-
child—foot—tooth—
⑺单、复同形:Chinese—Japanese-sheep-
(8)形式上是单数,实际上表复数概念:people,police
如:Thepeople/policeareworkinghard.
(9)有两种形式的:fish作“鱼”时,可数,其复数是fish或fishes
作“鱼肉”时,不可数。
(10)复合名词的复数形式:manplayer-menplayers,womandoctor-womendoctors,appletree—appletrees
4>不可数名词:无复数形式,不能与a/an或数词连用,必须用acupof...,apieceof...,apairof...,some,much,somuch,
toomuch,little,alittle,alotof,lotsof...等表数量。也口:muchwork,alittlemoney,twobagsofrice...
注:一条裤子apairoftrousersis...Thetrousersare...
一双袜子/鞋子apairofsocks/shoesis...Mynewshoesare...
一副眼镜apairofglassesis...
数杯橘子汁glass型oforanges数张纸piecesofpaper
如果这些短语中需要用形容词,形容词应该放在冠词后。
afullbottleofmilktenbigpiecesofpaper
如果…of短语后的名词为可数名词时,必须用复数。
abagofbooks'abasketofapplesaboxofpens
5>名词的所有格:
⑴单数名词的所有格:①加thestudent^sbook
②以s结尾的单词,加,James:book
(2)复数名词的所有格:①以s结尾的,加,thestudents!books
afewyear<timetwentyminutes^walk
②不以结尾的,加children^dollsmen2sshoes
(3)以and连接的:①共同拥有,共同一个卫_LilyandLucy5sfatheris
②分别拥有,每个名词后加2sLiLei'sandJim'sfathers
(4)无生命名词的所有格:①表时间、距离、重量、世界、国家、城镇等的加工或£
anhour'swalk,tenminutes,talk,China'scapital,(in)today'snewspaper
world'spopulation
②用of短语。(语序与汉语不一致)
apictureofmyfamily,theclassroomofourschool,teachersofClass1
(5)双重所有格:afriendofmybrother'sanewphotoofmine
anoldfriendofKate'ssomeflowersofhers
thenameofhercat
(6)表“在……办公室”“在……店/家”的名词所有格后面的名词常省去:
atthedoctor2sinUncleWang2sintheteachers1
二、代词:
⑴人称代词、物主代词、反身代词
第一人称第二人称第三人称
单数复数单、复一样单数复数
人称主格Iweyouhe/she/itthey
代词宾格meusyouhim/her/itthem
物主形容词性myouryourhis/her/itstheir
物主代词
代词名词性物mineoursyourshis/hers/itstheirs
主代词
反身myselfourselvesyourselfhimselfthemselves
代词yourselvesherself/itself
注:1)主格作主语,放在句首。如果主语是几个并列代词时,You最前,I最后(你在前,我在后)。如:You,heandI
are...但在表抱歉的句子中,I放在前,如:Sorry,IandLiLeibroketheglasses.
2)宾格作宾语,放在动词、介词后。放在动、副短语的之间。如:Theseareyourthings.Pleaseputthemaway.
3)形容词性物主代词后必须加名词。
4)名词性物主代词后不能加名词,但相当于形容词性物主代词+名词。如:mybook=minehisbook=hisher
book=hers
5)反身代词于动词、介词后作宾语。如:SheteachesherselfEnglish.
ShelearnsEnglishbyherself.
于句末加强语气,“亲自”。如:You'llseeityourself.
于主语后作同位语。如:Hehimselfdidit.
于固定短语中。如:enjoyoneself=haveagoodtime=playhappily
bealone=allbyoneself
teachoneselfsth.=learnsth.(all)byoneself
leavesb.byoneself
helponeselftosth.
⑵指示代词:近指thist复these
远指thatT复those
注:1)打电话时用Ihis代替自己,Ihat代替对方。
如:Hello!Thisis....Isthat...speaking?
2)that/those可以用来代替前面提到过的人或物。
如:Thisstoryismoreinterestingthanthatone.
⑶疑问代词、连接代词、关系代词:
指人:who(主语)whom(宾语)whose(谁的)
指物:whatwho's(谁是)
指人/物:which
注:1)ThebagonthedeskisLucy's,tWhoseisthebagonthedesk?
Lucy'sbagisonthedesk.—Whosebagisonthedesk?
2)What也可对人的职业、身份提问:Whatdoyoudo?=Whatareyou?
Whatdoesshedo?=Whatisshe?
3)对某人的身高胖瘦提问用What:Heisthinandtall.
Whatishelike?
⑷不定代词:
①some用于肯定句和表请求、征求意见的疑问句,如:Couldyougivemesome...?
Wouldyoulikesome...?
Whydon'tyougivehimsome...?
any用于否定句、疑问句、条件句,如:Ifyouhaveanyquestiontoask,youwillcallme.
注:something/somebody/someoneanything/anybody/anyone用法类似。
②one…theother…(一个•••另一个••,)
0—0两者中一个…,另一个…
one...theothers…(一个…其余的…)
0-0000多数中的一个…,余下的全部…
some...theothers(一些…其余的…)
00—0000一些…,余下的全部…
some...others(一些•・•另一些・・・)
00—0000—000——些…,余下的中的一部分…
another(另一个,又一个)O—OTOT一个一个地连接,后+名单或few/数字+名复,如:anothercakeanothertwo
cakes=twomorecakes
注:1)theother和other后可加名词
2)theothers和others后不加名词
3)theother/theothers表特定范围内除去一部分后余下的全部。
4)other/others表除去一部分后的另一些,但不是余下的全部。
③each强调个体,+名单(谓动:单)两个或两个以上的每一个。
eachof+名复(谓动:单)
如:Eachwomanhasabook.=Eachofthewomenhasabook,
every强调整体,+名单(谓动:单)三个或三个以上的每一个Everyboylikes...
但Everyofx
注:1)Eachofushasaroom.=Wehavearoomeach.
2)eachother两者互相,于动词后,如:helpeachotherunderstandeachother
eachother的所有格eachother9s,4口:Theyfilledeachother'sstockingswithpresents.
P.3
3)当each放在主语后时,谓动(复),如:Weeachhaveabookonthedesk.
4)oneeach每人一个
@both两者都T否:neither两者都不+名单Neithersentenceisright.
all三者以上全都T否:none三者以上全都不
bothof(谓动:复)Bothoftheanswersareright.
neitherof(乞胃动:单)Neitheroftheanswersiswrong.
BothAandB(谓动:复)A和B都BothyouandIareteachers.
NeitherAnorB(就近一致)A和B都不NeitheryounorIamastudent.
注:1)either两个人或物中的任何一个,如:Therearesomeflowersoneithersideoftheriver.=Therearesomeflowersonboth
sidesoftheriver.
2)either表“也”时,于否定句,:如:Hedoesn'tlikeit.Shedoesn'tlikeit,either.
3)EitherAorB(就近一致)或者A…或者B…,不是A…就是B…
EithertheyorLilyknowsthegoodnews.
4)倒装句中:Shelikesapples,andsodoeshe.
Ifyouwon'tgo,neither/norwillI.
⑤one代指单数的人或物Theappleisbiggerthanthatone.
ones代指复数的人或物Theapplesarebiggerthanthoseones.
注:it与oneit代指前面提到过的单数的东西,复数用them。如:Ican'tfindmypen.Haveyouseenitanywhere?指同一样
东西。
one代指前面提到过的那一类的单数的东西,复数用ones。如:Fvelostmypen.Iwanttobuyanewone.同类不
同物。
⑥alotof=lotsof=plentyof十名复或不可数名词=many+名复或much+不可数名词
用于肯定句用于否、疑句
如:Shepickedalotoforanges,tShedidn'tpickmanyoranges.
⑦toomuch与toomanysomuch与somany
⑧some,any,no,every可与one,body,thing构成合成不定代词,
1)这些词作主语时看作三单。Nobodyishere.Everyoneinourclasslikes...
2)放在形容词之前。somethingimportant,nothingdelicious,somethingnice
指人somebodysomeone指物something
anybodyanyoneanything
everybodyeveryoneeverything
nobodynoonenothing
注:Iseveryoneheretoday?Yes,weare.
⑨fewlittle
afewalittle
三、数词和冠词:
1、数词:基数词(表数目):172单独记,1379加teen,整十加ty,几十几之间加一,hundred后加and.
序数词(表顺序):基+thT序
注:1)基数词变序数词口诀:基变序,有规律,词尾加上th,一、二、三,特殊记,词尾字母t和d,(first,second,third)
八减t,九去e,f来把ve替,(eighth,ninth,fifth,twelfth)单词ty作结尾,要把y来变ie,(twenty—twentieth)
若是遇到几十几,只变末位就可以。(thirty-first)
2)分数表达法:基/序,分子大于1时分母+s。1/5-onefifth2/5-twofifths
两种表达法:1/2:ahalf或onesecond1/4:aquarter或onefourth3/4:threequarters或threefourths
3)对东西的数量提问用Howmany+名复…?如:ThereisonlyQbirdinthetree.THowmanybirdsarethereinthetree?
4)对不可数名词的量提问用Howmuch+不可数名词…?如:Thereisalittlemilkinthebottle.THowmuchmilkisthere
5)对人口的数量提问用What…?如:ThepopulationofChinais120,000.000.TWhatisthepopulationofChina?
6)对星期和节日提问用Whatday…?如:YesterdaywasWomen'sDay/Friday.—Whatdaywasyesterday?
7)对日期提问用Whatis/wasthedate...?如:LastSundaywasMarch3rd.TWhatwasthedatelastSunday?
8)hundred,thousand,million,billion在表示具体数时,不用复数,如:threemillion.在表概(数时用复数+of短语,如:thousands
of,manythousandsof
9)第6课:LessonSix=thesixthlesson405房间:Room405
10)A加B是多少:Whatisfourand/plusseven?It'seleven.
11)序数词的前面一般必须加the,但以下情况不用:
①表“又一”时,如:Therearethreeflowers,butshewantsafourthone.
②序数词前有形容词性物主代词时,如:Thisismyfifteenthbirthday.③序数词作表语时,如:Whowasfirstinthehighjump?
Heisalwaysthefirstonetocometotheschool.Iamthesecondonetogetupinmyfamily.
特别记忆:one-firsttwo-secondthree-thirdfour-fourteen-forty
five-fifteen-fifty-fifthnine-nineteen-ninety-ninthtwelve-twelfthtwenty-twentieth
2、冠词(a,an,the)冠词放在名词前:aninvention,ausefulinvention
①不定冠词a/an:表泛指,用于不限定的可数名词单数前,a用于辅音前,an用于元音前。Thereisa"u"andan"s"in
theword"bus”.Heisaneight-year-oldboy.(aneighteen-year-old,aneighty-year-old,aneleven-year-old)
②定冠词the:表特指,用于特定的单、复数名词前。theearth
③定冠词the的用法:1)特指某人或物:Theshirtonthetableishis?2)说话双方都知道的人或物:Whereisthecoat?—It's
behindthechair.3)上文提到过的人或物:Ihaveacat,thecatlikesplayingwithballs4)世上独一无二的东西:Theseais
blue.5)用在序数词和形容词最高级前面:thehealthieststudent6)固定短语中:ontheothersideof...atthebusstopthe
numberof...7)由普通名词构成的专有名词前:theChangjiangRiver8)用在姓的复数形式前表某一家人:TheGreensare
watchingfootballmatch.9)用在某些形容词前表某一类人:Wushouldhelptheblind.
④不用冠词的情况:
1)专有名词和不可数名词前不用:America,Australia,porridge...
2)名词前已有this,that,my,our,your,his,herits,some,any,whose,no,each,every等词时不用:Thisisourfirst
lesson.Everyboyhasaworkbook.
3)星期、月份、季节、节日前不用:onSundaymorning,inspring,Teachers9Day,Children'sDayWomen'sDay
Mid-AutumnDay
4)称呼、学科、三餐、球类运动前不用:aftersupperplayvolleyballMr.Wang(琴类前要用theplaythepiano)
5)某些固定短语中不用:athomebybusinbedontimeattimes
注:表类别1)a/an+名单Ahouseisausefulanimal.Amooncakeisaroundcake.2)the+名单Thehouseisauseful
animal.3)名复Housesareusefulanimals.
四、形容词和副词:
形容词①修饰名词,放在名词前。animportantthing②修饰不定代词,放在不定代词后。somethinginterestingtoread
③于系动词后,作表语。bebeautifullookhappyfeellonelybecomeangry
副词:修饰动词、形容词、其他副词或句子。Maybeheknowsthegoodnews.
1、形容词、副词比较等级的构成:
①单音节、双音节词:
1)一般情况+er,est:quick-quicker-quickesthealthy-
2)以结尾的+r,st:nice-nicer-nicestfine-finer-finest
3)以辅音字母+y的,变y为i+er,est:healthy-healthier-healthiest
4)双写,再+er,est的:big,red,fat,thin,hot,wet,sad
②多音节词和部分双音节词,在单词前+more,most:
slowly-moreslowly-mostslowlyquickly-morequickly-mostquickly
tired-moretired-mosttiredoften-oftener/moreoften-oftenest/mostoften
③不规则变化:
good/well-better-bestlittle-less-least
bad/badly/ill-worse-worstmany/much-more-most
far-farther-farthestold-older-oldest年龄大小
-further-furthest-elder-eldest家庭成员的长幼
2、比较级句型:(两者相比,用than表达)
A比B…A…+比较级thanB
A比B…得多A...+much+比较级thanB(much+比较级:…得多)
如:①Thecakeisbiggerthanthatone.
Thecakeismoredeliciousthanthatone.
②Igetupearlierthanmyfathereveryday.
③Theseproblemsaremucheasierthanthoseones.
TheseproblemsismuchmorebnDortcMthanthoseones.
注:1)比较级前可加much,alittle,even,still等,如:Sheisevenslowerthanbefore.
Shefelteven/muchworse.
2)比较级+and+比较级(越来越…),如:Daysgetlongerandlongerinsummer.
Ourcityisbecomingmoreandmorebeautiful.
3)the+比较级...,the+比较级…(越…越…),如:Thebusierheis・thehappierhefeels.
Themorehereadsthebook,thebetterheunderstandit.
4)the+比较级ofthetwo(两者中较…的),如:Heisthetallerofthetwoboys.
=Heistallerthantheotherone.
3、最高级句型:(三者以上,用of短语或in短语表达)
A是…中最…的:A...+(the)+最高级+of/in短语
注:l)in表场所或范围,如:inourclass,intheirfactory...
of与名复、代词或表具体数量的词连用,如:ofus,ofall,ofthethree...
2)形容词最高级前必须加Ihe,而副词最高级前则可不加。
如:Annistheyoungestinherfamily.
Tomdoeseverythingmostcarefullyofthefive.
4、同级比较:(用as...as或notas/so...as句型)
①A与B一样…A…+as+形、副原形+as
②A与B不一样…/A不如B…A…+as+形、副原形+as
5、同义句转换:
①变成否定句:
如:A比B高。二B没有A高。AistallerthanB.=Bisn'ttallerthanA.
②变成反义词:(A与B交换位置)
如:A比B高。二B比A矮。AistallerthanB.=BisshorterthanA.
③将more+形、副原形与less+形、副原形互换:(A与B交换位置)
4口:AismoreinterestingthanB.=BislessinterestingthanA.
④比较级与最高级的互换:A是…中最…。=A比其他任何一个都…
如:Chineseisthemostusefulsubject.
=Chineseismoreusefulthananyothersubject,(thananyother+名单)
=Chineseismoreusefulthantheothersubjects,(thantheother十名复)
=Chineseismoreusefulthantheothers,(theothers=theother十名复)
Hejumpshighestinourclass.
=Hejumpshigherthananyotherstudentinourclass.
=Hejumpshigherthantheotherstudentsinourclass.
=Hejumpshigherthantheothersinourclass.
注:1)ShanghaiisbiggerthananyothercityinChina.
ShanghaiisbiggerthananycityintheUSA.
2)Tomstudiesharderthananyotherstudentinhisclass.
Thefatherworksharderthananyworkerinthefactory.
⑤A和B都…=A与B一样…
V口:AandBarebothveryimportant.=AisasimportantasB.
6、形容词、副词的反义词:
7、形容词、副词的互换:
①一般情况在词尾+ly,如:quick-quicklyslow-slowlycareful-carefully
②以y结尾的,变y为i+ly,如:happy-happilyeasy-easily
③以e结尾的:polite-politelysafe-safely但:true-trulypossible-possibly
④特殊的:good-well
⑤形、副同形的:early,fast,straight,hard...
⑥频度副词always,sometimes,often,usually,never等放在be动词、情态动词、助动词之后,实义动词之前。
⑦程度副词very,so,too,quite,rather后+形、副原形,enough用于名前形、副后。
⑧副词home,here,there之前不能加the,也口:thewaytothehospital,onone'swayhomegettothefactory,getthere
©also,too与eitherso与neither/nor
⑩already,yet与ever
五、介词:
1)表时间的介词:
in表某年、月、星期、季节:in2002,inJanuary,inaweek,inautumn
固定短语:inthemorning,intheafternoon,intheevening,intheend...
on表某一天或某一天的某部分:onWomen'sDay,onAugust,3rd,
onMondaymorning,onthefifthday,onacoldevening
ontheeveningofSeptember,22nd...
固定短语:ontime…sth.is/areonthebed
at表某一时亥I:atseveno'clock,atthattime,
固定短语:atfirst,atlast,atnight,atnoon,attheendof...
for表时间段:fbrtwomonths,foramoment,foralongtime...
before在・••之前:beforebreakfast,beforewashing,beforetwelveo?clock
after在・••之后:afterlunch,afterrunning,thedayaftertomorrow,aftereight
from...to...从・••至4…fromTuesdaytoSaturday,frommorningtoevening,
fromninetoeleven
betweert..and…在•一之间betweennineandeleven
past表超过某时刻(半小时前):halfpastfive,twenty-threepastten
to表时间到某时刻差多少:twelvetotwelve,thirteentonine
2)表方位的介词:
in在…内,在大地方:inthegag,inbed,inBeijing,inatown...
。口在・••上(面上、线上、点上):ontheearth,ontheleft,onthehill,onafarm,
onone'swaytoschool...
ra在.・范围内on।~|相邻
to□□两地不相邻
XTaiwanisthesoutheastofChina,andit'stheeastofFujian.
SichuanisthenorthofYunnan.
at在・••小地方:atthebusstop,atthefootofthehill,attheschoolgate,
attheendoftheroad,standatthestartingline/atthesideoftheroad
beside在•,,旁边:besidethehouse
near在・••附近:nearthewindow,neartosb.=nexttosb.
behind在•••后面:behindthechair,behindme
under在♦••下面:underthetable
outside在・••夕卜者F:(反:inside)outsidetheschoolgate,insidethepark
into孑旨进入・・•go/comeintotheroom,sendupintothesky,runintotheforest
up向上:putupthemap,lookupthestarts
down向下,顺着•一下去:dodownthestreet
infrontof在•••前面:infrontme,(abigtree)infrontofmyhouse
inthefrontof在…前部:(thebus-driver)inthefrontofthebus,
(theteachers)inthefrontoftheclassroom
onthetree在树上(本身长在树上的东西)
inthetree在树上(外来物飞、落到树上)
onthewall在墙上(贴在墙上)
inthewall在墙上(镶嵌在墙上)Therearetwodoorsinthewallofourclassroom,
across横过,横跨,从点上、面上过,通常指过街、河、桥、马路。
动i司+across=crossgoacrossthestreet/river/bridge/road
through穿过,从物体内部穿过,通常指穿过森林,光、空气等透过窗、门洞。
Gothroughtheforest.Thelight/Thecoldairgoesthroughthedoor.
Thesunshinedoesthroughthewindow.
between两者之间,通常构成between...and...:betweenChengduandChongqing
ShesitsbetweenJimandme.
among三者以上的之间:Weliveamongtheair.Hebuiltahouseamongthetrees.
LeiFengalwayslivesamongus.
on在…上,两物体接触。Putyoureraseronyourdesk.
over在…的垂直上方:Thereisabridgeovertheriver.
above在,••上方:Theplanewasflyingabovetheclouds.
3)表方式和其他的介词:
by表方式,后直接+交通工具。bybus,byplane,byspaceship,bysatellite...
=in/on+冠词或代词+交通工具。ona/thebus,ontheboat,inhiscar...
inHecansingthenewsonginEnglish.
with①表伴随,在一起,拥有等:withhisfamily,withaboxunderhisarm,
withthesewords,aboywiththenameofBill,withone'shelp...
②表手段或方法:Thepictureisdrawnwithapen.=inpen
Icanfinishthehardworkeasilywithyourhelp.
without无,没有,with的反义词:withoutone\help
Icouldn'tfinishmyhomeworkwithoutyourhelp.
=Icouldn'tfinishmyhomeworkifyoudidn'thelpme.
Wecan'tlivewithoutairorwater.=wecan'tliveifthereisnoairorwater.
about与onThereisastoryaboutthepoorgirl.
IhaveanewbookonEnglishstudy.
on表方式,通过。Whenmyfatherwasyoung,healwayslearnedEnglishontheradio.
TheinterestingplaysareonChannelOne.
Exercises:1.Thelittleboyiswritingapencil.
2.LucycansingthesongJapanese.
3.Heusuallycomestoschoolbus.
4.Hecametoschoolwithhisfriendabus.
5.Mr.Whitegoestoworkhisowncar.
6.Wearecomingbackafewhours.
7.Myparentsaregoingbacknineo'clock.
8.TheforeignersvisitedourschoolthemorningofMay20th,2000.
9.WhatdoyouoftendoSundayevening?
10.Thelifttakeshimup/downthetwelfthfloor.
11.Jimlivesthefifteenfloor.
12.Sheisillbed.13.Whoseclothesarethesethebed.
14.Whatdoyouthink__thefilm?—Verygood.
15.WhatdoyoulikeChina?----Thepeopleandthefood.
六、连词:
1>并列连词:and表并列。but但是,表转折。or否则so因此,那么
2、从属连词:that,if,whether,who,whom,whose,what,whatcolour,when,while,where,which,why,how,howold,howmany,
howmuch,howlong,howsoon,
howoften,before,after,until,till,assoonas,if,because,so,though,since
七、动词:
1>动词的种类:1)连系动词:be,look,sound,smell,feel,become,get,turn,go
2)情态动词:can/could,may/might,must,need,haveto,shall,will
3)助动词:do,does一般现在时中did一般过去时中
shall,will一般将来时中should,would过去将来时中
have,has现在完成时中had过去完成时中
4)行为/实义动词:run,jump,sing,watch,speak...
注:1)连系动词+形容词作表语。
如:Howhappyhefeels!Howhappilyhelives!
形容词系动词副词动词
2)情态动词后+动词原形,如:Youmustgotoschooltomorrow.
can(could)表能力:能,会Icanhelpmyparentswithhousework.
表请求,允许:可以Can/CouldIaskyouaquestion?
--Yes,ofcourseyoucan.
当表示允许某人做某事时,用can回答。CouldIborrowyourbike?
…Yes,youcan.
could是can的过去式,也可表示语气比can更委婉。
如:Whenhewasfiveyearsold,hecouldswimwell.
=Whenhewasattheageoffive,hecouldswimwell.
Couldyouhelpmecarrytheheavebox?一一Certainly.
Canyou...?-Yes,Ican./No,Ican't.
can与beableto:
在表能力时,can的过去时态为could。要表其他时态时,用beableto,
即:can=am/is/areableto+动原could=was/wereableto+动原
Wecanseeitclearly.=Weareabletoseeitclearly.
Shecoulddoansmalloperation.=Shewasabletodoansmalloperation.
将来时中:Theyaregoing2beabletofinishthebuildinginayear.
=Theywillbeabletofinishthebuildinginayear.
may(might)表可能性:可能,也许Hemayberight.=Maybeheisright.
Hemayknowit.=Maybeheknowsit.
表许可:可以MayIgonow?一Yes,ofcourse.
MayI...?--Yes,ofcourse./No,youmustn't./No,youcan't.
must表义务、命令:必须,应当,务必。(由主观原因决定)
々口:Youmustfinishyourhomeworkfirst.
表猜测:一定是,否定句中用can't。ThatmustbeLingFeng.
-Thatcan'tbeLingFeng.
Theroadiswet,itmustrainjustnow.
mustn't表禁止,不允许:不准,不可以Youmustn^pickflowersinthepark.
MustI...?—Yes,youmust./No,youneedn't.(不必)
haveto不得不,由客观原因决定
也口:Motherisill,Ihavetostayathomeandlookafterher.
shall(shou
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