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IIOBJECTIVES:A)ReviewEmersonianTranscendentalismandAmericanPuritanismB)ThethemeofSelf-RelianceC)ThemainideaofSelf-RelianceD)Studyanddiscussionofkeypoints
ITOPIC:Self-Reliance1/23
Topic1―ReviewEmersonianTranscendentalism
andAmericanPuritanism
1.Keywords:over-soul,individualmanandnature.2.
Keywords:theologicalfoundation,styleoflife.2/23
Topic2―ThethemeofSelf-RelianceKeywords:
Fierceindividualism;Dignity3/23Topic2―ThethemeofSelf-Reliance
Thetheme:Thisessayfocusesonhisdiscussionontheindividual’srelationwithhisculture—cultureinthebroadestdefinition,thusexploringtheimplicationsofthefierceindividualismattheheartofhisTranscendentalfaith:thedignity,theultimatesanctityofeachhumanbeing.4/23Topic3―Themainidea
Keywords:
ConfidenceTheIndependenceThePersonalityNoSympathy5/23
Topic4―Studyanddiscussionofkeypoints
OnConfidence:
Thesoulisnotraveller;thewisemanstaysathome.
(P969—TheNortonAnthology)
Keywords:asenseofself-culture;themissionaryofwisdomandvirtue.
6/23
AccordingtoEmerson,amanisinwantofasenseofself-culture.Inmanlyhours,heshouldfeelthatdutyishisplace.Onanyoccasionheisathomestill,andshallmakemensensiblebytheexpressionofhiscountenance,thathegoesthemissionaryofwisdomandvirtue.7/23
Timeandspacearebutphysiologicalcolorswhichtheeyemakes,butthesoulislight;whereitis,isday;whereitwas,isnight.
(P964—TheNortonAnthology)
Keywords:asimplemindissimple;adivinewisdom;theworshipofthepast.8/23
InEmerson’sopinion,wheneveramindissimple,andreceivesadivinewisdom,oldthingspassaway.Andthesimplemindlivesnow,andabsorbspastandfutureintothepresenthour.ItshowsthatEmersonrejectedtheworshipofthepast.
9/23
Amanshouldlearntodetectandwatchthegleamoflightwhichflashesacrosshismindfromwithin,morethanthelustreofthefirmamentofbardsandsages.
(P956—TheNortonAnthology)Keywords:yourprivateheart;allformsofimitation;authorities;thespiritofself-trust10/23ForEmerson,tobelieveyourownthought,tobelievethatwhatistrueforyourprivateheartistrueforallmen.Speakyourlatentconviction,anditshouldbetheuniversalsense.Yetamandismisseswithoutnoticehisthought,becauseitishis.Ineveryworkofgeniuswerecognizeourownrejectedthoughts.Emersoncriticizedallformsofimitation,rejectedanyauthoritiesandopposedallself-abasedpeople.Hethoughtthattheconfidencewasaveryimportantvirtue.ThephilosophicalideahaditsspecialpowerandenlightenedmanypeopleandcateredtothespiritofoptimisminAmericaatthattime.
11/23OnIndependence:
Thegreatmanishewhointhemidstofthecrowdkeepswithperfectsweetnesstheindependenceofsolitude.(P21)WhatImustdoisallthatconcernsme,notwhatthepeoplethink.(P21)Tobegreatistobemisunderstood.(P22)
Keywords:nottobeinfluencedbytheothers12/23
Emersonthoughtthatthepeopleshouldn’tbeinfluencedbytheothers.Eachoneisthefirstwhoknowshimselfmuch.Itisknownthattheonlyrightistoconformtotheman’sownwill,namely,theonlywrongthingiswhatisagainsthisownwill.Emersonsupportedthatthepeopleinsistoncarryingthemselvesinthefaceofallopposition.Thetrueself-independenceisvoidofother’sencouragement;prizeisjustasanauxiliaryfunctionforachievements.Thetrueself-independentmanisonewhostillstandsfirmlywhenallpeoplefallover,andwhohimselfplaysthemajorroleinhisworld.Emersonpointedoutthatitwaseasytoliveaftertheworld’sopinion.Mostpeopleprefertothisindailylives.Butagreatmanalwaysseparateshimselffromthecrowds.
13/23
Theotherterrorthatscaresusfromself-trustisourconsistency;areverenceforourpastactorword,becausetheeyesofothershavenootherdataforcomputingourorbitthanourpastacts,andweareloathtodisappointthem.(P22)Keywords:environment;innovation14/23
Manypeopleareeasilyinfluencedbyenvironment.Emersonsharplyopposedthisideaandthoughtthemanshouldcultivatethepersonalityofself-independence.Indeed,alargenumberofpersonsalwayscopewiththeirlivesinthesameway,becausetheyareafraidofbeingdefeatedby
newmethods.However,theylackinnovation,whichmakesthemlackindependence.Becauseoftheirconsistency,itisverydifficultforthemtomakeprogressorstrideinlife.Independenceisestablishedonthebasisofcontinuousnewprogress.Therefore,thespiritofinnovationcanstrengthenself-reliance.AccordingtoEmerson’swords,thesocietyrefusesthepersonswithoutself-reliance.Noonecanhelpthemanexcepthimself.Thoseindependentpeoplecanstandeasilyandstably.Independenceisanindispensablequalityforone’ssuccess.Emersonpointedoutthatthemanwithoutanyindependentideaisdifficulttoconducthimself.Therefore,itisverynecessarytoformthehabitofself-reliance.
15/23AccordingtoEmerson’swords,thesocietyrefusesthepersonswithoutself-reliance.Noonecanhelpthemanexcepthimself.Thoseindependentpeoplecanstandeasilyandstably.Independenceisanindispensablequalityforone’ssuccess.Emersonpointedoutthatthemanwithoutanyindependentideaisdifficulttoconducthimself.Therefore,itisverynecessarytoformthehabitofself-reliance.16/23OnPersonality:
Nolawcanbesacredtomebutthatofmynature.Goodandbadarebutnamesveryreadilytransferabletothatorthis;theonlyrightiswhatisaftermyconstitution,theonlywrongwhatisagainstit.Amanistocarryhimselfinthepresenceofallopposition,asifeverythingweretitularandephemeralbuthe.(P20)
Letusneverbowandapologizemore.Agreatmaniscomingtoeatatmyhouse,Idonotwishtopleasehim;Iwishthatheshouldwishtopleaseme.”(P23)Keywords:
ownwill;ownworth;innerpower
17/23
Emersonadvocatedthatamanshoulddoeverythingaccordingtohisownwill.Thisthoughtiscloselyrelatedwiththeideaofconfidence.Aconfidentmanistheonewhoalwayskeepshisownpersonality.
Nowadays,manypeopletendtochasefashionandimitatestars.Somepeoplelovethestars’charactersdeeplyandevenwanttobestars.Infact,thesepeopleareexcellentinmanyaspects,buttheyneverlookfortheirmeritscarefully.Wemaysaythateachmanisdifferent,andeachmanhashisownworthintheworld.Itisuselesstoimitateanyone.
18/23NoSympathy:
Yourgoodnessmusthavesomeedgetoit,—elseitisnone.(P20)Thyloveafarisspiteathome.(P20)Theirvirtuesarepenances.
(P20)Keywords:thepoormind;harm;fullidea;emptyidea;noinnovative;atool19/23
Thispointofviewshowsthatifthesepoorpeopleareself-supported,theirlivingconditionswouldbebetter.Helpingthiskindofpeopleistodoharmtothemandmakethemmoreandmorepoor.Thereisapopularsaying:“Ifone’spocketisempty,butideaisfull,that’stemporary;onthecontrary,ifone’spocketisfull,butideaisempty,that’salsotemporary”.Atmosttime,thepoorlackindependentconducts,optimisticattitudes,andadventurousspirits.Theyhavenoinnovativeabilities,becausetheyneverthinkthattheyshouldchallengelifeandmakeprogress.Therefore,inmanyaspects,thepoorlagsfarbehindthesociety.FromEmerson’sopinion,hedefinitelyrejectedtohelpthiskindofpeople.20/23However,sometimesthesituationisdifferent,justasEmersonsaid“ThereisaclassofpersonstowhombyallspiritualaffinityIamboughtandsold;forthemIwillgotoprison.”(P20).Thesekindsofpeoplearepoorinpocket,buttheyarefullofideasinmind.T
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