高级英语视听说教程3文本246单元

第第页高级英语视听说教程3文本246单元Letmebeginthelecturetodaybyasking,Whate*actlyisculture?Thisquestionhasbeenapproachedbyanthropologistsinmanydifferentways.Murdock,fore*ample,inOutlineofWorldCultures,producedwhatmanyhavecalledtheultimatelaundrylistofthingsculturalbynaming900-oddcategoriesofhumanbehavior.Iwontattempttogointotheseatthistime.AnotherlesslengthylististhefamousgrocerylistofEdwardB.Tyler.Hewrote,Cultureisthatcomple*wholewhichincludesknowledge,belief,art,morals,custom,andanyothercapabilitiesandhabitsacquiredbymanasamemberofsociety.Butanotherdefinitionofculturethatmanyfindusefulis,thetotalityoflearned,sociallytransmittedbehavior.Obviouslythisdefinitionleavesoutmuchifwefeelobligatedtoincludeallthewaysoflifethathavebeenevolvedbypeopleineverysociety.

Aparticularculture,then,wouldmeanthetotalsharedwayoflifeofagivengroup.Thiswouldincludetheirwaysofthinking,acting,andfeelingasreflectedintheirreligion,iaw,language,art,andcustoms,aswellasconcretethingssuchashouses,clothing,andtools.Culturalanthropologyisthestudyofcultures-livinganddead.Initstotality,itincludeslinguistics,thestudyofspeechforms,archaeology(thestudyofdeadcultures),andethnology,whichisthestudyoflivingcul-turesorthosethatcanbeobserveddirectly.

Whystudyculturalanthropology?OnereasonnotedbyRuthBenedict,anotherwell-knownanthropologist,isthatthestoryofhumanityfromtheStoneAgetothepresentissuchafascinatingoneofculturalgrowth.Interestingly,everysocietyhasgonethroughthreestagesorstepsofculturalgrowth.Thesearesavagery,barbarism,andfinally,civilization.Thelastis,ofcourse,tovaryingdegrees.

Weareoftenremindedofanothercompellingreasontolearnaboutdifferentcultures-tolearnanduseaforeignlanguageeffectively.Mostofusrealizethatjustknowingthelanguageofanothercultureisnotenoughformeaningfulcommunication.YoucanaskanyonewhohastriedtousetheirhighschoolSpanishinsideaSpanish-speakingcountry.NedSeelye,inhis1993bookTeachingCulture,listssi*skillstonurtureandsupportinterculturalcommunication:

Number1:Cultivatecuriosityaboutanothercultureandempathytowarditsmembers.Number2:Recognizethatdifferentrolesandothersocialvariablessuchasage,se*,socialclass,religion,ethnicity,andplaceofresidenceaffectthewaypeoplespeakandbehave.Number3:Realizethateffectivecommunicationrequiresdiscoveringtheculturallyconditionedimagesofpeoplewhentheythink,act,andreacttotheworldaroundthem.Number4:Recognizethatsituationalvariablesandconventionsshapepeoplesbehaviorinimportantways.Number5:Understandthatpeoplegenerallyactthewaytheydobecausetheyaree*ercisingtheoptionstheirsocietyallowsforsatisfyingbasicphysicalandpsychologicalneeds.And,finally,number6:Developtheabilitytoevaluatethetruthofageneralizationaboutthetargetcultureandtolocateandorganizeinformationaboutthetargetculturefrombooks,massmedia,people,andpersonalobservations.Cultureandsocietymustcoe*ist.Withoutlivingtogetherpeoplecannotcreateacultureorwayoflife.Ifagrouporsocietyissmall,isolated,andstable,itmightalsoshareasingleculture.Fore*ample,thinkoftheTasaday,allegedlyaStoneAgepeopleinthePhilippinerainforest,whowerediscoveredbyanthropologistsbackin1971.Asidenoteisthatduetotheirsupposedisolation,theyhadnoweaponsorknownwordsintheirlanguageforenemyorwar.Inyourread-

ingafterthelecture,youlllearnmoreabouttheTasadayandtheconroversysurroundingthemuptothepresenttime.

Itisimportanttoremember,however,thatlargesocieties,suchasthoseinCanada,theUnited

States,India,orEgypt,aremulticulturalorpluralistsocieties.Theyalsotendtohavemanysubcultures.Inthelonghistoryofhumanlife,multiculturalismisafairlyrecentphenomenon.Thoseofusinmulticulturalenvironmentsmustrememberthatdiscoveringsimilaritiesamongpeoplefromdifferentculturesisasimportantasidentifyingdifferences.Fore*ample,inclassroomsonjustabouteveryuniversitycampusintheworld,wefindstudentsfrommanydifferentsocialandethnicbackgrounds.Whataresomeoftheuniversalsthatyouandotherinternationalstudentshavealle*periencedinyourearliereducationallife?

Onecommonuniversalisthatallculturesuserewardsandpunishmentstoencouragecorrectbehavior.Anothere*ampleisthatsocietieswithholdcertaininformationfromtheyoung.Thismightincludefaultsinourleadersorse*ualtaboos.Athirduniversalistheeffortbythecontrollinggroupinaculturetoeducatetheyoungtostrengthenandsecureitsdominantposition.Inthemajorityofcontemporarysocietiesthiscontrolisreachedthroughpoliticalmeansincontrasttothemilitaryactionsofearliertimes,suchastheRomanConquestsandtheMoorishinvasions.Inclosingthislectureonsocietiesandculture,letmeremindyounottoforgetthecontributionsofthoughtsandactionsoftheindividualpersoninagroup.NotetheobservationofEdwardSapir,anotherfamousanthropologist:Itisalwaystheindividualthatreallythinksandactsanddreamsandrevolts.Obviouslytheconceptofculturewillbearguedbyanthropologistsforyearstocome.

Thefieldsofhistoryandarchaeologygohandinhand.Letmee*plainwhatImean.Historyisoftenthestoryofaparticularperson,apersonliketheEmperorNapoleon.Or,historyisthestoryofanation,suchasthecountryofFrance.Ontheotherhand,archaeologyisthestudyofthepeople,thecustoms,andthelifeofancienttimes.Archaeologistsfindoutabouttheseancienttimesbystudyingtheruinsofcities,monumentsortombs,oranywrittenrecordsthatremain.

IntodayslectureImgoingtotalkalittleaboutaparticularpersoninancientChinesehistory,andImalsogoingtotalkaboutoneofthegreatestarchaeologicaldiscoveriesofthelatetwentiethcentury.ThehistorypartofmytalkwillbeaboutQinShihuang,whowasthefounderofthefirstunifiedempireinChina.Helivedbetween259D.C.E.and210D.C.E.,andheisoftencalledtheFirstEmperorofChina.Justasthee*ploitsoftheEmperorNapoleonstillfascinatemanypeopleandscholarstoday,sodoesthestoryofQinShihuangandhishouseofeternity.Today,Imalsogoingtobetalkingaboutwhathasbeenfound,todate,intheareaofQinShihuangstomb.WedontknowwhatadditionaltreasuresofChinesehistoryandculturewillbefoundinthetombarea(ortombmound]inthefuture,butwhathasbeendiscoveredsofarisanincrediblefindforancientChinesehistoryandarchaeology.

Tosetthehistoricalconte*tforthee*cavationofQinShihuangsHouseofEternity,Idliketofirsttalkalittlebitaboutthemanhimsell.HisnamewasYingZheng.Andbeforeheunifiedtheempirein221D.C.E.,Chinahadbeentomapartbywarsbetweensevenregionalkingdoms.UndertheleadershipofYingZheng,oneoftheseregionalkingdoms,theKingdomofQin,eventuallydefeatedtheothersi*kingdoms.YingZhengsdefeatoftheothersi*kingdomsaccomplishedtwothings:First,itendedthepoweroftheseothersi*kingdoms.Second,theunificationofthesevenkingdomsstartedacentralizedimperialsystemthatlastedmorethan2,000years.

WhenhebecameEmperor,QinShihuangdidanumberofthingstounifyandprotecthisempire.First,hestandardizedthesystemforwritingChinesecharacters.Priortohisunificationoftheempire,thewritingofChinesecharactersvariedinthedifferentkingdoms.WhenQinShihuangbecameEmperor,hedecreedthatastandardizedsystemofChinesecharacterswastobeusedthroughouttheempire.Ne*t,hedecreedthattherewouldbejustonesystemofweightsandmeasures,andonesystemofcurrency,ratherthanmanydifferentsystems,ashadbeenthecasebeforeunification.

Toprotecthisnewempirefromthebarbariantribestothenorth,heorderedtheconstructionoftheGreatWallofChina.Now,therealreadyweresmallwallsscatteredacrossthenorthwestfrontieroftheempire,butQinShihuanghadthesewallsjoinedtogethertocreate1,500milesoffortificationandprotectionforhisempire.QinShihuangalsobegananenormousroad-buildingproject.Inthesecondyearafterunification,constructionofthreemajorimperialhighwayswasbegun.Thesehighwayseventuallystretchedappro*imately6,800kilometers(or4,225miles]throughouttheempire.Justincomparison,bytheyear150C.E.theRomanEmpiresroadsystemwasabout5,984kilometersor3,718miles.TheRomanEmpiressystemstretchedallthewayfromScotlandtoRomeandthentoJerusalem.

QinShihuangalsobegananotherlargeconstructionproject-thebuildingofhistombormausoleum.ItseemsthatassoonastheEmperorgainedpower,hebecamepreoccupiedwithdeath,andwithconstructingamagnificentHouseofEternityforhisafterlife.Atthispoint,ImgoingtoseguefromtalkingaboutthebiographyofQinShihuangtotalkingaboutthearchaeologypartofmylecture.Letssee.OK.AsImentioned,whenQinShihuangbecameemperor,heimmediatelybeganconstructionofhisHouseofEternity.AndwhatanincredibleHouseof

Eternityitwas!Archaeologistsbelievethat700,000laborerswereforcedtoworkonthetombforaboutelevenyears.Theentireareaofthetombcoversappro*imately56.25squarekilometers.ItisbelievedthatthetombwasintendedtobeamicrocosmicreplicaoftheQincapitalaroundtheyears221to210B.C.E.ArchaeologistsalsobelievethatQinShihuangstombcontainedimperialpalacesfilledwithraregemsandothertreasures,andthatitalsocontainedgardensandtemples.Itisevenbelievedthatthechemicalmercurywaspumpedthroughthetombtocreatetheimageofflowingriversinthetombarea.Canyouimagineriversofmercuryinatomb?

A12,000-square-meterareaatthesiteofthetombhasaveryhighmercurycontent-infact,tentimeshigherthanthatofthesurroundingareasoarchaeologiststhinkthatitisverylikelythatthemercuryriversdid,indeed,flowthroughthetombarea.

Withoutadoubt,themoststrikingfeaturesoftheEmperorQinsHouseofEternityaretheterracottawarriorsandhorsesfoundinthetombarea.In1975,Chineseauthoritiesbuiltamuseumonthee*cavationsitetopreservetheseterracottawarriorsandhorses,andtheotherincredibletreasuresthatwerebeinguncovered.Today,themuseumcoversanareaof16,300squaremeters.Thatmeanstheareaismorethantwofootballfieldslong!Theareaisdividedintothreesections,orwhatarecalledpits:No.1Pit,No.2Pit,andNo.3Pit.No.1Pitisthelargestofthethreepits;itsappro*imately960squaremetersinsize.ItfirstopenedtothepubliconChinasNationalDayin1979.InNo.1Pit,therearecolumnsofsoldiersatthefront,followedbywarchariotsattheback.Itisestimatedthatthereare3,210terracottafootsoldiersinthispit,alone.Twoyearslater,in1976,No.2Pitwasunearthed.Itcontainednearlyathousandwarriorsandninetywoodenchariots.Thispitwasopenedtothepublicin1994,andtodayvisitorsfromallovertheworldgotoseeQinShihuangsHouseofEternity,andtoseehisterracottaarmythatwastoprotecthistomb.Altogethermorethan7,000terracottasoldiers,horses,chariots,andevenweaponshavebeenfoundinthesethreepits,andmorewilllikelybefoundinthefutureasarchaeologistscontinuetoe*ploreande*cavatethetombarea.

IdliketofinishupmytalkbyreferencingwhatPeterHassleofNationalGeographicmagazinesaysabouttheancientChineseemperorsviewoftheafterlife.Mr.HasslesaysthattheemperorsofancientChinasawtheafterlifeasacontinuationoflifeonEarth,muchastheancientEgyptiansdid.HealsonotesthatarchaeologistsworkingonthetomboftheFirstEmperorofChinaaredustingoffawindowtothepast.Theyredustingoffthiswindowtogiveusavisionofwhatmatteredtotheancientrulersandtheircultures.WehavemuchmoretolearnfromthctomboftheFirstEmperorofChinaase*cavationofthetombareacontinues.Wedontknowwhenthee*cavationwillbecomplete.ChineseofficialssaythatthetombmoundofthefirstChineseemperorwillnotbee*cavateduntilpreservationtechniqueshaveadvancedsignificantly.Well,thatsaboutallIhavetosayfortoday.Forhomework,Idlikeyoutoreadthedescriptioninyourte*tbookoftheterracottawarriorsandhorsesfoundinQinShihuangstomb.Seeyoune*ttime.TheFillltEmperorofChina:BuildinganEmpireandAHouseofEternity

ThewomensmovementhasgainedalotofattentioninrecentyearsintheU.S.,andincountriesaroundtheworld,asyouheardinthelastlecture.Thewomensmovementhasinspiredmanywomentofightforequalrightsandtreatmentintheirhomes,theirpersonalrelationships,andatwork.Ithasalsoforcedmanywomentoe*amineandtorethinktherolestheyplayinsociety.However,notonlyhavewomenbeguntoe*amineandrethinktherolestheyplayathomeandwork,andinmodemsocietyasawhole,butmenalsohavebeguntoe*amineandrethinktherolestheyplayinsociety,andtoe*amineandrethinkthevariousandchangingrolestheymustplayathomeandworktoday.

Menhavealsobeguntoreactinbothpositiveandnegativewaystothenewe*pectationstheymustmeetathomeandwork.Somemenareadjustingwelltothenewrolestheymustplayasmoreandmorewomenenterthejobmarket,andsomemenarepleasedthattheirwivesandpartnershavejobsoutsidethehome.However,someoftherolechangesmenarehavingtomaketoaccommodatetheirworkingwivesandgirlfriends,andsomeofthenewe*pectationsconcerningtheirmasculinityarecausingsomeofthemagooddealofstress,anger,andconfusion.SomemenareevenaskingthequestionWhatdoesitmeantobearealmanintodaysworld?Manyareconfusedabouthowtheyshouldtreatwomen,whetherthesewomenaretheirfemalecolleaguesatwork,theirfriends,ortheirwives.Somefeeltheyarenolongerkingofthecastleathome.Asaresultofthisconfusionandunhappiness,acountermovementcalledthemensmovementhassprungupalongsidethewomensmovementintheUnitedStates.Meninthemovementseektoprovideoneanotherwiththesupporttheyneedtocopewiththestressesandstrainsofbeingamanintodaysworld,andtocopewiththestressesandstrainsbroughtaboutbytheprofessionaladvancesmadeandthepersonalfreedomswonbywomeninmanycountriesoverthepastfewdecades.

Somewomenviewthemensmovementasabacklashagainsttheprofessionaladvanceswomenhavemadeandthepersonalfreedomstheyhavewon,asaresultofthewomensmovement.Manymenlandmanywomen,also)secthemensmovementasmensneedtoformabrotherhoodforpsychologicalsupport,justaswomenhaveformedsupportgroupswithotherwomen.Othersseethemensmovementasmensattemptandneedtounderstandmorefullywhatitmeansandtakestobearealmanatthestartofthetwenty-firstcentury,whentraditionaldefinitionsofmanhoodarechanging,orareunderattackinmanycountriesaroundtheworld.

Tobeginthisdiscussionofsomeofthecatalystsforthemensmovement,Illsayjustafewwordsaboutwhysomewomenconsiderthemensmovementareactionagainstthewomensmovement-whatthewell-knownauthorSusanFaludicallsthebacklashagainstthewomensmovement.Ms.Faludisuggeststhatsomemenfeelthatwomenarebecomingtooindependentandpowerfultodayasaresultoftheprofessionaladvancestheyhavemadeintheworkplaceandbecauseofthepersonalfreedomstheyhavegainedintheirfamilyandpersonalrelationships.Shenotesthattheresentmentofsomementowardwomensgainingpowerisnotarecentphenomenon.Morethan1,900yearsago,thewomenofRometriedtorepealalawthatforbadethemfromridinginhorse-drawnchariotsandfromwearingmulticoloreddresses.In195B.C.E.,theRomansenatorCato!E*pressedthefearandconcernthatthewomenofRomehadbecomesopowerfulCatothattheindependenceofthemenofRomehadbeenlostintheirhomes,andwasbeingtrampledunderfootinpublic.InherbooktitledBacklash:TheUndeclaredWarAgainstAmericanWomen,SusanFaludipointsoutthatmanymentodaystillresentwomensprogressinbecomingindependentpersonallyandprofessionally.Faludinotesthataseven-yearsurveyof

Americanmaleattitudesinthe1980sfoundthatnomorethan5to10percentofthemensurveyedgenuinelysupportedwomensdemandsforindependenceandequality.Itislikelythatthisattitudehasnotchangedmuchtoday.

Althoughsomewomenviewthemensmovementasabacklash,manyothersseethemensmovementassomethingthatisgoodforbothmenandwomen.Theyseeitasmensneedtoformabrotherhoodforpsychologicalsupporttoprotecttheirrightsandpersonalfreedomsevenaswomenformedsupportgroupswithotherwomentoprotectandadvancetheirrights.Theythink,fore*ample,thatwomenshouldnotautomaticallybegivencustodyofchildrenwhenadivorceoccurs,andyetthisiswhatoftenhappensintheUnitedStatestoday.Finally,someauthoritiesrelatethedevelopmentofthemensmovementtotheconfusioncreatedbythecrisisofmasculinityincontemporarysociety,andthemanyandchangingimagesportrayedinthepopularmediaofwhoandwhatrealmenareandhowtheyaresupposedtoact.1youwatchAmericanmovies,youmightfindyourselfasking:Istherealman,fore*ample,asensitiveguylikeDustinHoffmansTootsielIsheaninvolveddadlikeRobinWilliamssMrs.DonbtfireorthefatherplayedbySteveMartininParenthood?AmachomanlikeArnoldSchwarzeneggerplaysinTheTerminator,orisheacaringnurturerlikethemanSchwarzeneggerplayedinKindergartenCop?Manymenaresearchingforanswerstothisquestionandareattemptingtofindanswersfromtheleadersofthemensmovement.

Whataretheoriginsofthiscrisisofmasculinitythatposesproblemsformanymentoday?Oneofthehistoricalreasonsforthecrisis,accordingtoRobertBly,apoetwhoisconsideredtobeoneofthefoundingfathersofthemensmovement,isrootedinthechangesthatplaceintheU.S.asaresultoftheIndustrialRevolution,whichoccurredintheearlytomid-1900s.WhentheIndustrialRevolutionbegan,thekindsofworkthatpeopledid(thatis,thekindsofworkmendid]changedformanyAmericans.BeforetheCivilWar,88percentofAmericanmalesweresmallfarmers,independentartisans,orsmallbusinessowners.Intheseprofessionstheworkersusuallyworkedclosetotheirhomes.Thismeantthatsonswereconstantlylearninghowtoworkandsupportthemselvesandtheirfamilybyworkingalongsidetheirfathers.By1910,however,lessthenone-thirdofallmenintheUnitedStateswereself-employed.SociologistMichaelKimmelpointsoutthateventhenmanymenfeltthattheconceptofmanhoodwasbeingthreatened(andwasevenvanishing)becausemennolongerworkedtheirland,orhadcontrolovertheirlabor.Manynevergottoseethefruitsoftheirlabor,asfarmersandcraftsmenusuallydo.Manymeninthepost-IndustrialRevolutionerahadbecomemerecogsinthemachinesofindustrialAmerica.Inaddition,thechangefromafarmtoanindustrialsocietymeantthatinsteadofsupportingtheirfamiliesbyworkingneartheirhomesasfarmers,craftsmen,orsmall-businessowners,themajorityofmenbeganworkinginfactoriesoroffices.Oftenthefactorieswerefarfromtheirhomesandmenhadtotravellongdistancestowork.Thismeantthatthemenwerenothomeandtheamountoftimefathersspentwiththeirsonswasgreatlyreduced.Youngboys,therefore,didnothavetheirfathersaroundtoactasrolemodels.TheeffectsoftheIndustrialRevolutioncontinueintothepresentday,accordingtomeninthemensmovement,andtheywanttoaddresstheproblemsithasbrought.Fore*ample,manypeopleareconcernedthatmenstillhavelittlesayintheupbringingoftheirchildren.

Theevolutionofthewomensmovementhadaprofoundeffectonthedevelopmentofthemensmovement.Asaresultofthewomensmovement,morewomenareworkingoutsidethehome,andmanymenareplayingamoreactiveroleinfamilylifeandtheyaretakingonsomeofthe

tasksinvolvedinchildcareandhousework.Thirtytofortyyearsago,careofthehomeandchildrenwasalmoste*clusivelytheresponsibilityofwomen.Inadditiontothesechangesinsidethehome,intheworkplace,menaretodayenteringoccupationsthatusedtobeconsideredwomensjobs.Moremenarebecomingnursesandteachersofyoungchildren.Othermenarefindingthattheyhavemorefemalecolleaguesandbossesatworkthaneverbefore,andtheyarehavingtoadapttowomensstylesofcommunicationandmanagement,whichcandifferconsiderablyfromthoseofmen.Atwork,aswellasathome,manymentodayintheU.S.havetoplayverydifferentrolesthantheirfathersdid.Asaresult,theyarejoiningwithothermeninthemensmovementortheyarereadingbookssuchasRobertBlysIronJohntotrytounderstandandcopewiththerolese*pectedofmenintodaysworld.

So,someofthereasonsforthemensmovementcanbeattributedtothreethings:11thechangingrolesbroughtaboutbythewomensmovement,2)theIndustrialRevolution,and31mensdesiretounderstandandaffirmtheconceptofmanhood.E*actlywhatformsdoesthemensmovementtake,andwhatdomeninthemensmovementhopetoachievebybeingactiveinthemovement?Tobeginwith,themensmovementhasnounified,monolithicphilosophy.Althoughthereareanumberofunifyingthemes,therearealsosomeinterestingdifferencesbetweenthebasicgroupsassociatedwiththemensmovement.Severalwriterswhowriteaboutthemensmovementhaveidentifiedfourbasicgroupsofmenactiveinthemovement.

Thefirstgroupislabeledthemalefeminists,andthesemenworkforwomensrightsandequalitybetweenthese*es.Someofthemeninthisfirstgrouparevocalaboutblamingothermenformuchoftheviolenceagainstwomenandfortheinequalitythate*istsbetweenmenandwomeninrelationshipsandinthejobmarket.Notallmembersofthemensmovement,however,considerthisfirstgroupofmentobeanintegralpartofthemensmovement.Tobesure,theotherthreegroupsfocusmoreonmensissuesthandotheso-calledmalefeminists.

Thesecondorientationinthemensmovementattractsmenwhojoinmenssupportgroupstomeetregularlyandgiveandreceivepsychologicalsupportinwithproblemscreatedbythenewrolestheyhavetoplayathomeandatwork.Thesemenareattemptingtolearntobettere*presstheirfeelingsandemotions,andtoshowsensitivitywithoutbeingashamed.Athirdgroupinthemensmovementconsistsofmenwhowanttogetbackthepowertheyfeeltheyhavelostbecauseoftheadvancesmadebywomenasaresultofthewomensmovementandfeministcauses.Finally,thereisanapproachtothemovementcalledthemytho-poeticmensmovement.Themytho-poeticmensmovementisoftenidentifiedwithRobertBly,thepoetwhowroteoneofthemostwell-knownbooksofthemensmovement:IronJohn.Themeninvolvedinthisaspectofthemensmovementbelievethatmenshouldbeinitiatedintomanhoodasmenwereinitiatedwhenpeoplestilllivedinsmalltribesandbandsinancientcultures.Thisgroupinitiatesmenusingmythology,poetry[hencethenamemytho-poetic),andotherrituals,suchasdancing,toe*ploreandaffirmthevalueofmasculinityandmasculineapproachestoproblemsolving.Menwhosubscribetothisviewpointworrythattoomuchcontactwithwomenandtoolittlecontactwithothermenhasturnedthemintoweaklingsorwimps.

So,themensmovementisverydiverse.Amanwhowantstojointhemovementhasmanyoptionsofjusthowhewille*plorethequestionWhatdoesitmeantobeamanintodaysworld?

Whatdowomenthinkofthemensmovement?Justastherearemanydifferentwaysformentoapproachthemensmovement,therearemanydifferentopinionsaboutthevalueandworthofthemovement.Somewomen,especiallymanyfeminists,donotlikethemensmovement.Theyfeelit

isabacklashandthatitisane*ampleofhowmenaretryingtokeepwomenfromachievingequalitybyformingstrongergoodoldboy(ormale-only)networksandbyadvocatingwomensreturntotheirrolesofhousewifeandmotherratherthanbusinesspartnerorcompetitor.However,somewomen,particularlythosewhosehusbandsarepartofmenssupportgroupsorwhohavegoneonmensweekendretreats,aregladthatmenarelearningtoe*presstheiremotionsandgettingsupportfromothermen.BarbaraBrotmanreportsinanarticleintheChicago1Iibunethatonewomansheinterviewedisgladthatherhusbandhasjoinedthemensmovementbecauseshenolongerfeelsthatshealoneisresponsiblefortheirfamilysemotionalwell-being.Sheandherhusbandnowsharethatroleandresponsibility.

Thislecturehasbeenonlyabriefintroductiontosomeoftheissuesrelatedtothemensmovement.Becauseofmanydifferentperceptionsconcerningthegoalsandpurposeofthemovement,itisdifficulttogiveasimpledefinitionordrawasimpleportraitofthemovement.Perhapsitwouldbebettertosaythemensmovementislikeatreewithmanybranchesandmanyroots.Themovementismuchyoungerthanthewomensmovement,butinoneformoranotheritisbeginningtohavesubstantialimpactonmanymenandwomen,astheytrytoadapttotheirchangingrolesinAmericansocietyinthetwenty-firstcentury.

TheMensMovement:WhatDoesItMeantoBeaMan?

Letmebeginthelecturetodaybyasking,Whate*actlyisculture?Thisquestionhasbeenapproachedbyanthropologistsinmanydifferentways.Murdock,fore*ample,inOutlineofWorldCultures,producedwhatmanyhavecalledtheultimatelaundrylistofthingsculturalbynaming900-oddcategoriesofhumanbehavior.Iwontattempttogointotheseatthistime.AnotherlesslengthylististhefamousgrocerylistofEdwardB.Tyler.Hewrote,Cultureisthatcomple*wholewhichincludesknowledge,beli