石油工程双语版课件08分离和处理井液

Chapter8SeparatingandTreatingWellFluids1PrinciplesandOperationofProductionSeparators

─Gas,oilandwaterseparationwasachievedbythedifferenceingravity,orweight,ofeachfluid.─Productionseparatordothesamejob,excepttheyarebuilttohandleacontinuous-flowstreamandhavefeaturestoimproveseparationefficiencyunderflowconditions.23Threegeneraltypesofseparators─Horizontalseparator─forhigh-pressureandmedium-pressureservice─Verticalseparator─forlow-pressureservice(generally)

─Sphericalseparator─morecompactandcheaper─limitedseparationspaceandliquidsurgecapacity─forlow-volumeremoteplatforms456Separationmethods─

Stageseparationmethod─Low-temperatureseparationmethod7Stageseparationmethod(twostageseparation)

Anynumberofseparatorsmaybeusedinstageseparationaslongasstageoperatesatsuccessivelylowerpressures.8Low-temperaturesseparationmethod

Itisusedtohandletheproductionfromhigh-pressuregaswellsWellfluids–amixtureofgas&somelightliquidsDehydration–theremovalofwatervaporfromgas

9

Low–temperatureseparationmethodusesthecoolingeffectofexpandinghigh–pressuregas10Low-temperatureseparationmethod

Forhigh-pressuregaswells(wellfluids:mixtureofgasandsomelightliquids)─Dehydrationtoremovewatervaporfromgas11Treatingoil–fieldemulsions

Emulsion–amixtureinwhichoneliquid,termedthedispersedphase,isuniformlydistributed(usuallyasminuteglobules,inanotherliquid,calledthecontinuousphaseorthedispersionmedium(phase))Oil–wateremulsion–theoilisthedispersedphase,andthewater(is)thedispersionmedium(orcontinuousphase)Water-oilemulsion–thewateristhedispersedphase,andtheoilthedispersionmedium12Waterandoilareimmiscible

Thesetwoliquidswillformanemulsiononly(1)ifthereissufficientagitationtodisperseoneliquidasdropletsintheother,and(2)ifthereisanemulsifyingagent,oremulsifier,present.

Emulsifyingagents–asphalt瀝青柏油

resinoussubstancesoil-solubleorganicacids.13Stableemulsion–willnotbreakdownintoit’scomponentswithoutsomeformoftreating.Emulsion–tight(difficulttobreak)orloose(easytobreak)Depending–(1)thepropertiesoftheoil&water(2)thepercentageofeachfoundintheemulsion(3)typeandamountofemulsifierpresent.14Treatingoil-fieldemulsions15Water-removal—beforetheoilcanbedeliveredtothepipeline--Freewater–someofthewaterproducedwiththeoilwillnotbemixedwithit;thisisknownasfreewater.16Waterremoval─Treatmentoffree-waterFreewaterknockout(FWKO)─Treatmentofoil-waterorwater-oilemulsion

（1）Heat

（2）Chemicals

（3）Electricity

（4）Combinationofthese(heater-treater)flowtreateroremulsiontreated

（5）Gunbarrelorwashtankifemulsionisnotstableusing17Applicationofheat

Onetheoryassumesthatverysmalldroplets,likethosefoundinemulsions,areinconstantmotionevenwhentheemulsionitselfisnotrest.

Applicationofheat(1)Heatincreasesthemovementaremakesthedropletsstrikeeachotherwithgreaterforceandfrequency.(2)Heatalsoreducestheviscosity–theresistancetoflow–oftheoil.Heater(加熱器)(1)directheater(2)Indirectheater—waterbath(fig5.22P.161)18ApplicationofchemicalsOnetheorysuggeststhatchemicalshouldbeusedstrictlytoneutralizetheemulsifyingagent.Thus,tobreakawater–in-oilemulsion,anotheremulsifyingagenttoproduceoil-in-wateremulsionshouldbeadded.Anothertheorysuggeststhechemicalsshouldmakethefilmofemulsifyingagentaroundthewaterdropletinawater-inoilemulsionveryrigid.Thus,tobreakrigidfilmapplyheatoraddchemical.19Heater-treateralsocalledaflowtreateroranemulsiontreater.Heater-treaterapplytheeffectsofChemicalheatsettlingandoftenelectricityAnyorallofthefollowingelementsmaybeincludedinatreater:oil-gasseparator,free-waterknockout,heater,water,wash,filtersection,stabilizingsection,heatexchanger,andelectrostaticfield.20Treater

Treatercanbeoperatoratatmosphericpressure,oftenbeoperatedunderlowworkingpressure.

Alow-pressure,second-stageseparatoraswellastreatingunit.Whenflow-linepressurearelow,itcanbeusedasaprimaryseparatorthuseliminatingtheneedforaregularseparator.(fig5.25,P.164)21Treatingnaturalgas

Fieldprocessingofnaturalgasconsistoffourbasicprocesses:(1)thegasmustbeseparatedfromfreeliquidssuchascrudeoil,hydrocarboncondensate,water,andentrainedsolids,(2)thegasmustbeprocessedtoremovecondensableandrecoverableH.C.vapors(3)thegasmustbetreatedtoremovecondensablewatervapor,whichmightcausehydrateformation(4)thegasmustbetreatedtoremoveotherundesirablecomponents,suchashydrogensulfideorcarbondioxide.22TreatingNaturalGasTheprimarytreatmentsfornaturalgasinvolve（1）preventionofhydrateformationHeat Hydrateinhibitor:ammoniabrineglycol(乙二醇)methanol(甲醇)（2）dehydration,absorption(吸收)–Liquid乾燥劑

adsorption(吸附)–Solid乾燥劑（3）Theremovalofundesirablecomponents(H2O、CO)

AlkanolamineprocessIron-spongeprocessGlycol/amineprocess

SulfinolprocessMolecular-sieveremoval23PreventionofhydrateformationWaterisalwaysnecessaryforhydrateformation.wateralwaysacceleratescorrosion.2425Phasediagramforapuresinglecomponent26DehydrationmeansremovalofwaterWatervapors(aswellascertainothervapor)areremovesfromgasbyeither(1)theabsorptionprocess,or(2)theadsorptionprocessAbsorptionprocess--Watervapormayberemovedfromnaturalgasbybubblingthegascountercurrentlythroughcertainliquidsthathaveaspecialattractionoraffinityforwater.27DehydrationmeansremovalofwaterAdsorption--Somesolidsalsohaveanaffinityforwater,andwhengasflowsthroughabedofsuchgranularsolids,thewaterisretainedonthesurfaceoftheparticles.Desiccant--Theliquidorthesolidsthathastheaffinityforwaterineitherprocessiscalledadesiccant.Dehydrationequipment--Theliquid-desiccantdehydrator--Thesolid-vdesiccantdehydrator28RemovalofundesirablecomponentsAlkanolamineprocess--Itisacontinuous-operationliquidprocessthatusesabsorptionfortheacid-gasremoval,withsubsequentheatadditiontostringtheacid-gascomponentfromabsorbentsolution.OtherprocessesthatareusedtoremovalH2S&CO2areTheIron-spongeprocess,Theglycol/amineprocess,Thesulfinolprocess,andThemolecular-sieveremoval.29TypicalNaturalGasComponents30Casingheadgas--gasproducedwithoilfromanoilwell.Residuegas--anygassuitableforascommercialnaturalgasthatcomesfromaprocessingplant.Sweetgas--thecontentofhydrogensulfide,othersulfurcompounds,andcarbondioxideislowenoughthatgasmaybesoldcommerciallywithoutfurtherefforttoremovethesecompounds.Sourgas--theoppositeofsweetgas.31TypesofNaturalGasLiquidsCommercialpropane(丙烷)--propaneand/orpropylene(atleast95%)--vaporpressure<215psigat1000FCommercialButane(丁烷)--butanesand/orButane(atleast95%)--vaporpressure<70psigat1000F--Atleast95%mustevaporateat340Forlowerinastandardtest.LiquefiedPetroleumGas(LPG)--Amixtureofcommercialpropaneandcommercialbutane.--maximumvaporpressure<215psigat1000FAtleast95%mustevaporateat340Forlowerinastandardtest.

32TypesofNaturalGasLiquidsNaturalGasoline--Thispetroleumproductisextractedfromnaturalgas--specifications:Vaporpressure:10-34psiPercentageevaporatedat140F:24-85%Percentageevaporatedat275F:notlessthe90%33Vaporpressure,usuallyreferredtoasReidvaporpressure(RVP),usedtodesignategrades.Motorfuels:5-8psiRVPVerylightoils(60-70AIP):12psiRVPNaturalgasolineproduct:14-26psiRVP34TheStorageSystem35TheStorageSystemStocktanks(orstoragetanks)─Tankbattery─separationequipmenttreatingequipmenttankbatterystoragefacilities─stocktanksBoltedsteeltank–500bblsorlarger;assembledonlocationWeldedsteeltank–90bbltoseveralthousandbbls; weldedinashopandthentransported asacompleteunittothesite─VaporRecoverySystem─LACT(Leaseautomaticcustodytransfer)unit

Oilsamplingthief–samplingmethod

Botlle–samplingmethodGassampling36373839404142Treatmentofemulsion

Therefore,Tobreakdownapetroleumemulsion

thepropertiesofemulsifyingagentmustbeneutralizedordestroyed.Byapplicationof(1)heat(2)chemicals(3)electricity,or(4)combinationofthese(heater–treater)43ThewellstreamThewellstream--high-velocity,turbulent,constantlyexpandingmixtureofgasesandhydrocarbonliquids,intimatelymixedwithwatervapor,freewatersolidsandothercontainment.44Thebottletest--Itisusedtohelpdeterminewhichchemicalcanmosteffectivelybreaktheemulsionfromagivenwell,lease,orfield.Resultfromabottletestalsoindicatetherequiredratiosoftreatingcompoundtoemulsion.Thatis,thesmallestaroundoftheproperchemicalneedtosatisfactorilybreakthevolumeofemulsionbeingproduced.ApplicationofelectriccurrentUsuallyinconjunctionwithheat&chemicals.45GunbarrelorWashtankSometimesanoil-wateremulsionisnotstable,Givenenoughtime,thewaterwillsettletothebottomofatankandoilwillrisetothetop.Thesettlingve