2021年12月英语六级真题及答案-第1套

2021年12月英语六级真题及答案-第1套

2021年12月大学英语六级考试真题（第一套）

PartIWriting(30minutes)

(请「正式开考后半小时内完成该部分.之后将进行听力考试)

Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteanessayrelatedto(he

shortpassagegivenbelow.Inyouressay,youaretocommentonthe

phenomenondescribedhithepassageandsuggeslmeasurestoaddress

theissue.Youshouldwriteatleast150wordsbutnomorethan200

words.

Nowadaysstarchasingisprevalentamongmanyteenagers.Theytake

popstarsastheiridols,imitatingIheirwayoftalking.Ibllowingtheir

styleofdressing,andseekingevenchancetomeettheminpersonat

grealexpenses.

PartIIListeningComprehension(30minutes)

SectionA

Directions:hithissection,youwillheartwolongconversations..Attheendof'each

conversation,youwillhearfourquestions.Boththeconversationandthequestions

willhespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustschoosethebestanswer

fromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),(1)andD)Theftmarkthecorrespondingletter

onAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre

Questions1to4aITbasedontheconversationyouhavejusthenrd.

I.A)Ithasgivenrisetomuchcontroversy.

B)Ilhasbeenverytavorablyreceived.

C)llwasprimarilywriltenforvegetarians.

D)Itollendsmanyenvironmentalists

2.A)Sheneglectspeople*sellbrtsinanimalprotection.

B)Shetriestothreepeopletoacceptherradicalideas.

C)Sheignoresthe\ariousbenelltsofpublictransport.

D)Sheinsistsvegetariansarebanningtheenvironment.

3.A)The\aresignificant.

B)Theyarcrevolutionary.

C)Theyarerational.

D)Theyarcmodest.

4.A)ltwouldhelptoprotecttheenvironment.

13)11wouldgeneratemoneytorpublichealth.

C)Itwouldneedsupportfromthegeneralpublic.

D)Itwouldforcepoorpeopletochangetheirdiet.

Questions5to8arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.

5.A)Wheresucccsstiilpeople'sstrengthscometroni.

B)Whymanypeoplelightsoliardforsuccess.

C)Howsheacliicvedherlife'sgoal.

D)Wliatmakespeoplesuccessiiil.

6.A)Havingsomeonewhohasconfidenceinthem.

B)HavingsomeonewhoisreadslohelpIhem.

C)IIavingafirmbeliefintheirownability.

D)Havingarealisticaltiludetowardslilc.

7.A)Theyadjust(heirgoalsaccordingly.

B)TheytryIwrdtoappearoptimistic.

C)iheystaypositive.

I))Theyremaincalm.

8.A)Anunderstandingleadership.

B)Anurturingenvironment.

C)Mutualrespectamongcolleagues.

D)Highlycooperativeteammates.

SectionB

Directions:Inthissection,youwillheartwopassages.Attheendofeachpassage,

youwillhearJourquestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonly

once./IJieryouhearac/uestion,youmustschoosethebestansyverfromtheJour

choicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).Thenmark(hecorrespondingletteronAnswer

SheetIwithasinglelinethroughthecentre.

Questions9to11arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.

9.A)Theyusetheirsenseofhearingtocapturetheirprey.

B)Theirfoodmainlyconsistsofsmallanimalsandfish.

C)Theyhavebigeyesanddistinctivevisualcenters.

D)TheirancestorisdiHerentfromthatofmicrobats.

1().A)Withthehelpofmoonlight.

B)Bymeansofecholocation.

C)Withtheaidofdaylightvision.

D)B\meansofvisionandsmell.

1LA)*Ibmakeuptbrtheirnaturalabsenceofvision.

B)Toadaptthemselvestoaparticularlitcstylc.

C)ToiaciIitatetheirtraveloverlongdistances.

D)Tosurviveintheever-changingweather.

Questions12to15arebasedonthepassageyouhavejusthcaixl.

12.A)Theyacquireknowledgenotibundinbooks.

B)TheyleamhowtointeractwithIhcirpeers.

C)TheybecomemorecmoHonallyaggressive.

D)The、getmuchbetterpreparedlorschool.

13.A)Theyarclartromemotionallyprepared.

B)Theylendtobemoreattractedbyimages.

C)TheycanIfollowtheconllictsiniheshow.

D)Theylackthecognitiveandmemoryskills.

14.A)Chooseappropriateprogramsfortheirchildren.

B)Helptheirchildrenunderstandtheprogram'splot.

C)Outlinetheprogram'splottortheirchildrenfirst.

D)Monitortheirchildren'swatchingofTVprograms.

15.A)ExplainitsmessagetoIheirchildren.

B)Checkiftheirchildrenhaveenjoyedit.

C)Encouragetheirchildrentoretellthestory.

D)AsktheirchildrentodescriIKitscharacters.

SectionC

Directions:bithissection,youwillhearthreerecordingsoflecturesortalksfollowed

bythreeorfourquestiom.Therecordingswillbeplciyedonlyonce.Afteryouheara

question^youmustschoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)

andDhThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasingleline

t/trouglithecentre.

Questions16to18arcbasedontherecordingyouhavejustheard.

16.A)The>areairaidofinjuringtheirleet.

B)Theyhaveneverdevelopedthehabit.

C)Theybelievealittledirtharmsnoone.

I))The、finditrathertroublesometodoso.

17.A)Ditlercnttypesofbacteriaexistedonpublic-loiletfloors.

B)Thereweremorebacteriaonsidewalksthaninthehome.

C)Officecarpetscollectedmorebacteriathanelsewhere.

I))Alargenumberoi'bacteriacollectedonasingleshoe.

18.A)Thechemicalsonshoescandeteriorateairquality.

B)Shoescanupsettainilymemberswiththeirnoise.

C)Themarksleftbyshoesarchardtoerase.

D)Shoescanleavescratchesonthefloor.

Questions19to21arebasedontherecordingyouhavejustheard.

19.A)IlissinfuIandimmoral.

B)Ilisdeemeduncivilized.

C)Ilisanunconlroltablebehavior.

D)Itisaviolationoflaithandtrusl.

2O.A)Assesstheirconsequences.

B)Guardagainsttheirharm.

C)Acceptthemasnormal.

D)bindouttheircauses.

21.A)Trytounderstandwhatmessagestheyconvey

B)Payattentiontotheirpossibleconsequences.

C)Considerthemfromdirtcrcnlperspectives.

D)Makesuretheyarcbroughtundercontrol.

Questions22to25arebasedontherecordingyouhavejustheard.

22.A)Cultivationofnewvancticsofcrops.

B)Measurestocopewithclimatecliangc

C)Developmentol'moreellcctivepesticides.

D)Applicationofmorenitrogen-nchiertiiizers.

23:A)TheexpansionofQinnlandindevelopingcounlries.

B)Theresearchoncroprotationindevelopingcounlries.

C)Thecooperationoftheworld'sagnculturalscientists.

D)Theimprovementofagricultunilinfrastructure

24.A)ForencouragingHinnersloembracenewfanningtechniques.

B)Foraligningtheirresearchwithadvancesinfarmingtechnology.

C)borturning(heirfix:ustoiheneedsoftannersinpoorercounlries.

I))Forcooperatingcloselywithpolicymakersindevelopingcountries.

25.A)Rapidtransitiontobecomeatbodexporter.

B)Suhstantialfimdinginagriculturalresearch

C)Quickrisetobecomealeadinggrainproducer.

D)Assumptionofhumanitarianresponsibilities.

PartIIIReadingComprehension(40minutes)

SectionA

Directions:hithissection,thereisapassagewithtenhhuiks.Youarerequiredto

selectonewordforeachblankJr(>nialistofchoicesgiveninawordhankfollowing

thepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Each

choiceinthehankisidenlijiedbyaletter.Pleasemarkthecorrespondingletterfor

eachitemonAns^verSheet2withasinglelinethroughiheceiure.YoumayHOIuse

(imofthewordsinthehankmorethanonce.

AccordingtopsychologistSharonDraper,ourclothingchoicescanabsolutely

afleetourwellbeing.Whenwe.wearill-Httingclothes,orledover-orunder-dressed

Ibranevent.il,snaluraltofedsell-consciousorevenstressed.Conversely,shesays,

optingtorclolhesthatGtwelland26withyoursenseofstylecanimprove

sourconfidence.

Buicanyouimproveyourhealththroughyour27clothing,withouthaving

todashoulandbuyawholenew28?**Absolutel\J*saysDraper.Ifyourgoalis

toimproveyourthinking,sherecommendspickingclothesthatfitwellandare

unlikelytoencouragerestlessness,so.avoidbows,ticsandunnecessary29.It

alsohelpstoopttorclothesyou30astyinginwithyourgoals,so.ifyouwant

toperformletteratwork,selectpiecesyouviewasprofessional.Drapersaysthisfits

inwiththeconceptofbehavioralactivation,whereby31inabehavior(inthis

case,selectingclothes)cansetyouonthepathtothenachievingyourgoals(working

harder).

Anotherwaytoimproveyour32ofmindistomixthingsup.Drapersays

wcoftentcclstuckinamt(常规)ifwewearthesameclothes-evenifthey"reour

favorites-thusopingibranitemyoudon'twearotten.oraddingsomethingdifierent

toanoutiit.suchasahat.can33_shitjourmood.Ondayswhenyourereally

34lobravetheworld.Drapersuggestsselectingsentimentalitemsofclolhing.

suchasonesyouworeonaspecialday,orgiventoyoubyalovedone,asclothes

with35associationscanhelpyoulapintoconstructiveemotions.

A)accessories

B)align

C)concurrently

D)current

E)engaging

F)ibnd

G)frame

H)locations

I)perceive

J)positively

K)profile

L)prospering

M)reluctant

N)showcase

O)wardrobe

SectionB

Directions:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatements

allachedtoit.Eachslatemenlcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.

Identijy'theparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Younui\fchoosea

paragraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.Answerthe

questionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2.

Whyfactsdon'tchangeourminds

|A]TheeconomistJ.K.Galbraithoncewrote.'Tacedwithachoicebetweenchanging

one'smindandprovingthereisnoneedtodoso.almosteveryonegetsbusywiththe

proof?'

|B]LeoTolstoywasevenbolder"Themostdifllcullsubjectscanbeexplainedtothe

mostslow-wittedmanifhehasnotformedanyideaofthemalready；butthesimplest

thingcannotbemadecleartothemostintelligentmanifheis11milypersuadedthat

heknowsalready,withoutashadowofdoubt,whatislaidbelbrchim."

|C|What'sgoingonhere?Whydon'ttactschangeourminds?Andwhywould

someonecontinuetobelieveataiscorinaccurateideaanyway?Howdosuch

behaviorsserveus?Humansneedareasonablyaccurateviewoftheworldinorderto

survive.Ifyourmodelofrealityiswildlydiflerentfromtheactualworld,thenyou

struggletotakeeffectiveactionseachday.However,truthandaccuracyarcnotthe

onlythingsthatmattertothehumanmind.Humansalsoseemtohaveadeepdesireto

belong.

|D]InAtomicHabits.Iwrote."Humansarcherdanimals.Wcwanttofitin,tobond

withothers,andtoearntherespectandapprovalofourpeers.Suchinclinationsarc

essentialtooursurvival.Formostofourevolutionaryhistory,ourancestorslivedin

tribes.Becomingseparatedirointhetribe—orworse,beingcastout—wasadeath

sentence.

|E]UnderstandingIhetruthofasituationisimportant,butsoisremainingpartofa

tribe.Whilethese(wodesiresoftenworkwelltogetherthe\occasionallycomeinto

conllict.Inmanycircumstances.socialconnectionisactual!)morehelplultoyour

dailylilethanunderstandingthetruthofaparticularfactoridea.TheIlanard

psychologistStevenPinkerputitthisway."Peopleareembracedorcondemned

accordingtotheirbeliefs,soonelunctionofthemindmaybetoholdbelielsthat

bringthebeliei-holderthegreatestnumberofallies,protectors,ordisciples(信徒).

ratherthanbeliefsthatarcmostlikelytobetrue/'

|F|Wedon'talwaysbelievethingsbecausetheyarecorrect.Sometimeswebelieve

thingsbecausetheymakeuslookgoodtothepeoplewccarcabout.IthoughtKevin

Simlerpulitwellwhenhewrote.T「abrainanticipatesthatitwillberewardedtor

adoptingaparticularbelief,it'sperfectlyhappyTOdoso.anddoesn'tmuchcare

wheretherewardcomesfromwhetheritspragmaiic(实用主义的)(bcttc「outcomes

resultingfrombetterdecisions),social(bettertreatmentfromone'speers),orsome

mixofthetwo”

[G]Falscbcliciscanbeusefulinasocialsenseeveniftheyarcnotuscliilinatactual

sense.卜orlackofabetterphrase,wemightcallthisapproach^tactuallyfalse,but

sociallyaccurate/7When\vchavetochoosebetweenthetwo.peopleoftenselect

friendsandfamilyovertacts.Thisinsightnotonlyexplainswhywemightholdour

tongueatadinnerpartyorlooktheotherwaywhenourparentssaysomctliing

ollensivc,butalsorevealsabetterwastochangethemindsofothers.

fllJConvincingsomeonetochangetheirmindisreallytheprocessofconvincingthem

tochangetheirtnbe.Ifthe、abandontheirbelie瓜theyruntheriskoflosingsocial

ties.Youcan?texpectsomeonetochangetheirmindifyoutakeawaytheir

communitytoo.Ybuhavetogiveihemsomewheretogo.Nobod、wantstheir

worldviewtomapartiflonelinessistheoutcome.

|T|Thewaytochangepeople’smindsistobecomeInendswiththem,tointegrate

themintoyourtribe.Iobringihetnintosourcircle.Now.the\canchangetheirbeliels

withouttheriskofbeingabandonedsocially.

|J]Perhapsitisnotdifference,butdistance,thatbreedstribalismandhostility.As

proximityincreases,sodoesunderstanding.IamremindedofAbrahamLincoln's

quote,"aldon'tlikethatman.Imustgettoknowhimbetter/'

|K(Factsdon'tchangeourminds.hriendshipdocs.Yearsago.BenCasnocha

mentionedanideatonicthatIhaven'tbeenabletoshake:Thepeoplewhoaremost

likelytochangeourmindsarctheonesweagreewithon98percentoftopics.If

someoneyouknow,like,andtrustbelievesaradicalidea.\ouarcmorelikelytogive

itmerit,weight,orconsideration.Youalreadyagreewiththeminmostareasoflite.

Maybeyoushouldchangeyourmindonthisonetoo.Butifsomeonewildlyditlcrcnt

thanyouproposesthesameradicalidea.well,it'seasytodismissthemasnuts.

|L|()ncwaytovisualizethisdistinctionisbymappingbeliesonaspectrum.Ifyou

dividethisspectruminto10unitsandyoufindyourselfatPosition7.thenthereis

littlesenseintryinglocoiixincesomeoneatPosition1.Thegapistoowide.When

you'reatPosition7,yourlimeisbetterspentconnectingwithpeoplewhoareat

Positions6and8.graduallypullingtheminyourdirection.

|M]ThemostheatedargumentsoRenoccurbetweenpeopleonoppositeendsofthe

spectrum,butihemostirequenllearningoccursfrompeoplewhoarenearby.Ihe

closeryouaretosomeone,themorelike!)itbecomesthattheoneortwobeliefsyou

don,tsharewillbleedoverintoyourownmindandshapeyourthinking.Thelurther

awayanideaisiroinyourcurrentposition.Ihemorelikelyyouaretorejectitoutright.

Wheni(comestochangingpeople'sminds,itisverydilllculttojumptronioneside

toanother.Youcan'tjumpdownthespectrum.Youhaveloslidedownit.

|N|AnyideathatissuOlcientlydiilerenttroniyourcurrentworldviewwillieel

threatening.Andthebestplacetoponderathreateningideaisinanon-threatening

environment.Asaresult,hooksarcoftenabettervehicle,tbrtransformingbeliefs

thanconversationsordebates.Inconversation,peoplehavetocaretullyconsiderIheir

statusandappearance.Theywanttosavefaceandavoidlookingstupid.When

controiHcdwithanuncomfortablesetoftacts.thetendencyisoftentodoubledown

ontheircurrentpositionratherthanpubliclyadmittobeingwrong.Booksresolvethis

tension.Withabook,theconversationtakesplaceinsidesomeone'sheadandwithout

theriskofbeingjudgedbyothers.It'seasiertobeopcn-niindcdwhenyouarentt

feelingdefensive.

|O]Thereisanotherreasonbadideascontinuetoliveon.whichisthatpeople

continuetotalkaboutthem.Silenceisdeathibranyidea.Anideathatisneverspoken

orwrittendowndiesuiththepersonwhoconceivedit.Ideascanonlyberemembered

wiientheyarerepeated.Theycanonlybebelievedwhentheyarerepeated.1have

alreadypointedoutthatpeoplerepealideaslosignaltheyarepartofthesamesocial

group.Buthcrcsacrucialpointmostpeoplemiss:Peoplealsorepeatbadideaswhen

lhe\complainaboutthem.Beibreyoucancriticizeanidea.\ouha\elorelerencethat

idea.Youenduprepeatingtheideasyou'rehopingpeoplewillIbrgetbut.ofcourse,

peoplecan'tIbrgetthembecauseyoukeeptalkingaboutthem.Themoreyourepeata

badidea,themorelikelypeoplearclobelieveit.

|P]Let'scallthisphenomenonClear\LawofRecurrence:Thenumberofpeople

whobelieveanideaisdirectlyproportionalto(henumberoflimesilhasbeen

repeatedduringthelast\eareveniftheideaislaIse.

36.Accordinglotheauthor,humanscanhardlysurviveifseparatedfromtheir

community.

37.Peopleoftenacceptfalsebeliefsbecausetlicyprioritizesocialbondsratherthan

facts.

38.Mostoftenpeoplelearnfromthoseclosetothem

39.Sometimespeopleadoptcertainbcliclsinordertoleavealavorablcimpressionon

thosedeartothem.

40.Comparedwithtacc-to-tacecommunication,booksoftenprovideabettermedium

ibrchangingpeople'sbeliefs.

41.Onmanyoccasionsindailylite,peoplebcncihmorefromtheirsocialbondsthan

fromknowingthetnith.

42.Ifyou\vanltochangesomebody'sbclicls.youshouldlirstestablishsocial

connectionwiththem.

43Humanscannotsurvivewithoutalairknowledgeoftheactualworld

44.Repetitionofbadideasincreasestheirchancesofbeingaccepted.

45.Nobcxlyiswillingtogiveupiheirbeliefsalthenskofgettingisolated.

SectionC

Directions:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysome

questionsortuifitiishedstatements.Foreachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarked.4；.

B),C)andD).Ycntshoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorresponding

letteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.

PassaicOne

Questions46to50arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

Thesubjectofautoinalionanditsroleinoureconomyhastakenholdin

Americanpublicdiscourse.Technologybroadlyandautomationspecilicallyare

dnimaticallyreshapingthewaywework.Andweneedtoliaveaplanlorwhat'sstill

tocome.

Wcdon'thavetolookfurtherthanourowncoirunuiiiticstoseethedevastating

impactofaulonialion.Fromautomatedwarehousestocashicrlcssgrocerystoresto

neighborhocxilibrariesthatoilersell-checkoutlanesinsteadofemployingreal

peopleautomationisincreasinglyreplacingjobsandleavingtoolewgoodnew

jobsbehind.

Thestatisticsinmanutacturingarcstaggering.Despitethewidespreadtears

abouttrade,arecentreportshowedthatjusl13percentofjobslostinmanutacturing

areduetotradetherestofthelosseshavebeenduetoadvancesintechnology.

Thatiswhymorepeoplearecriticizingtheever-increasingroleoftechnolog\,

inoureconomy.Ourcountnismanutacturingmorethaneverbefore,butwcare

doingitwithfewerworkers.Howeveril'snotjustlactoricsthatareseeing

losses-solhvareandinlbnnationteclmologyarealsohavingadramaticimpacton

jobsmostpeopleihinkaresecureIrointheIbrcesofarapidly-changingecononix.

SomethingtranslbnnativeishappeninginAmericaihalishavinganadverseellecl

onAmericantainilics.Whetherpolicymakersandpoliticiansadmititornot.workers

havemadecleartheirfeelings,abouttheireconomicinsecurityanddesiretokeep

goodjobsinAmerica.

Sowhyarepeoplesoinsistentonignoringtheperilsofautomation?Theyare

tailingtolookaheadatatimewhenplanningtorthefiitureismoreimportantthan

ever.Resistingautomationisfutile:itisasinevitableasindustrializationwasIxrtbrc

it.Isincerelyhopethatthosewhoassertthatautomationwillmakeusmorectlcctivc

andpaveIhewaxfornewoccupationsareright,buttherealityofautomation's

detrimentalellectsonworkersmakesmeskeptical.Noonecancurrentlysay"here

thenewjobsarecomingfromorwhen,andanysensiblecompanyorcountnshould

preparetbrallalternatives.

I,mnotoverstatingthedanger:lookatwhat'shappenedtothelaborforce.

Accordingtoeconomicresearch.oneinsixworking-agemen.25-54.doesn'thavea

job.Fillyyearsago.nearly100percentofmenthatagewereworking.Women'slabor

forceparticipation,meanwhile,hasslippedbacktothelevelitwasatinthelate

1980s.

Americanlinniliesandprominentbusinessleadersarcawarethattheresabig

problemwithautomation.Ihevalueofacollegedegreeisdiminishing,andour

upwardmobilityisdeclining.Ifwewantaneconomythatallowsevenonetobe

economicallysecure,weneedtostartthinkingabouthowwecanrightfullyaddress

automation.

46.Whatcanwcobservefromtheauthor'sdescriptionofourcommunities?

A)lhcgrowingpassiontbrautomaUon.

B)TheshiftfrommanualjobstoTTones.

C)Theirchangingviewsonemployment

I))Theirfadingemploymentopportunities.

47.Whatdowelearntromarecentreport?

A)Theinanulacturingsectorisdecliningatafastrate.

B)Theconcernsthecllcctoftradeareexaggerated.

C)Thetearsabouttradehavebeenspreading(arandwide.

D)Theimpactoftradeonemploymenthasbeenstaggering.

48.WhaldoesthepassagetellusaboutAmericanworkersinaneraortransibnnation?

A)The\ieelignoredbypoliticians.

B)Theyleelincreasing］、vulnerable

C)Theykeepadaptingtothechanges.

D)The、keepcomplainingbuttonoavail.

49.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofautomation?

A)1twillhavethesameimpactasindustrialization.

B)Itprovidessensiblecompanieswithalternatives.

C)ltsallegedpositivectlcctsarcdoubtiiil.

l))ltsdetrimentalctlcctsarcunavoidable.

5().Whatshouldweattachimportancetowhendealingwithautomation?

A)Collcgcgraduates'jobprospects.

B)Women'saccesstocmployincnt.

C)Pcoplc,seconomicsecurity

D)People'ssocialmobiliK

PassageTwo

Qui*stions51to55sirebasedonthefollowingpassive.

Iookatthepeoplearoundyou.Somearcpassive.othersmoreaggressive.Some

workbestalone,otherscravecompaiiionsliip.Wceasilyrecognizethatthereisgreat

variationamongtheindividualswholivenearus.Yet.whenuespeakofpeoplefrom

elsewhere,wcseemtoinevitablycharacterizethembasedontheircountnoforigin.

Statisticsspecialists,whentheyspeakofnationalaverages,oftenmakethesame

mistake.

Newlypublishedresearchshowshowerroneoussuchoverv沁wsare.Three

researchersanalyzeddecadesofvalues-basedsuncysandibundthatonlybetween

16°vand21°oofthevariationinculturalvaluescouldbeexplainedbydillcrcnccs

betweencountries.Inotherwords,thevastmajorityofwhatmakesusculturally

distinctfromoneanotherhasnothingtodowithourhomeland.

Todeterminewhatfactorsreallyarcassociatedwithculture,theauthors

combineddatafrom558priorsurveysthateachmeasuredonemoreofHofstcdc's

culturaldimensions.Thesearctraits,suchasindividualismandmasculinity,that

describework-relatedculturalvalues.(Thc\arcnotameasureofvisibleculturaltrails,

suchasfoodordress.)I'houghthevalidityofHotstcdc'sdimensionshasbeen

questioned,theyhavethesingularbenefitofhavingbeeninusetbrdecades,which

allowstbrhistoricalandintcniationalcomparisons.

Theresearchersfoundthatbothdemographictactors.suchasage.and

environmentallactors,suchaslong-termuiiemployinentrales,weremorecorrelated

withculturalvaluesthannationality.OccupationandsocialeconomicstatuswereIhc

moststronghcorrelated,suggestingthatourvaluesarcmoreeconomicallydriven

thanvveusuallygivethemcredilIbr.

Theevidenceimplieslha(peoplewithsimilarjobsandincomesaremore

cullurallyalike,regardlessofwhere(he\live.VasFaras,theleadauthorof(hestudy,

pulsitthisway""TellmehoumuchyoumakeandIwillmakeaprettyaccurate

predictionaboutyourcuhuralvalues.TellmewhatyournationalityisandIprobably

willmakeawrongprediction/'

Tarassaysourerroneousbeliefthatcountriesarecultureshascausedbusinesses

toteachtheiremployeesuselessorevenhamiiulwaysofinteractingwiththeir

internationalpeers.ChineseandAmericanlawyersmightbetrainedtointeractbased

ontheassumptionthattheChinesepersonislessindividualistic,eventhoughtheir

similarsocialeconomicsituationsmakeitprobabletheyareactuallyquitealikein

thatregard.

Thecountry,astheunitofauthority,isoftenaconvenientwayofgeneralizing

aboutapopulation.However,ourtbcusoticountriescanmaskbroadvariationswithin

them.Inthemajorityofcaseswcwouldbebetterotridentityingpeoplebythetactors

thatconstraintheirlives,likeincome,ratherthanbythelinessurroundingthemona

map.

51.WhaterrordoexpertsollenmakewhendescribingpeopleIromotherplaces?

A)Theylendtooverlyrelyonnatioiuility.

B)The>oftenexaggeratetheirdifferences.

C)Theyoltenmisunderstandtheircultures.

1))Theyendtodwellonnationalaverages.

52.WhatdowelearnaboutHolstede'sculturaldimensions?

A)Theyareusefulincomparingculturalvaluesacrosslimeandspace.

B)The\havebroughtunusualbenefitstopeopleofdiHerentcultures.

C)The>arewidelyusedIoidentilypeople'sindividualtraits.

I))rheyprovidevaluablequestionstorresearcherstostudy.

53.Whatdidresearchersfindalx)utpreviousstudiesontactorsdeterminingpeople's

value?

A)Environmentalfactorswereprioritizedoverotherfactors.

B)Anindividualsfinancialstatuswasoftenunderestimated.

C)Toomuchemphasishadbeenplacedonone'soccupation.

D)Theimpactofsocialprogressonone'svalueswasignored.

54.Whatistheimpactonemployeeswhenculturesarcidentifiedwithcountries?

A)rhcymaytailtoseetheculturalbiasesoftheirbusinesspartners.

B)Thcymaytailtoattachsufficientimportancetoculturaldiversity.

C)Thcymaynotbetaughthowtoproperlyinteractwithoverseaspartners.

D)TheymaynotbeabletoIearnthelegalproceduresibrbusinesstransactions.

55.Whatdoestheauthorsuggestattheendofthepassage?

A)I'hereissullkientreasontogeneralizeaboutacountn'spopulation.

B)Themajorityofpeoplea