（讲练测）高考英语一轮复习 模块8.4 Films and film events （练）（含解析）牛津译林版-牛津版高三全册英语试题

Unit4Filmsandfilmevents一、重点词汇考点-1.representative【教材原句】Ourgueststodayarerepresentativesfromsixofthemajorinternationalfilmfestivals.(P50)我们今天的嘉宾是来自六个主要国际电影节的代表。【例句研读】根据英语句子完成汉语句子①Wediscussedtheseissueswithaseniorrepresentativeofthecompany.我们同公司的讨论了这些问题。②Thisquestionisveryrepresentative.这个问题。③Thepopularpresstendstorepresenthimasanenvironmentalleader.大众媒体往往把他。④Allpartieswonrepresentationinthenationalassembly.所有政党在国民大会中都赢得了。⑤Westandforreligiousfreedom.我们宗教信仰自由。⑥WhatdothelettersN.B.standfor?这两个字母什么?⑦Zhangsignedthecontractonbehalfofthechinanationalsilkimportexportcorporation.张先生中国丝绸进出口总公司在合同上签了字。【自主归纳】representativen.代表；典型人物；代理人adj.代表性的；典型的representation只能作名词，意为

代表；代理；代表权。这里的“代表”是泛指，比如代表机构等，不指特定的人佯称自己是representoneselfas把某人描写为representsb.asrepresent/onbehalfof/standfor辨析representvt.代表，也可表示“象征”，是动词。standfor表示，代替，为……的缩写，象征，代表，支持，是动词短语。onbehalfof代表……，为介词短语。【即时巩固】单项选择题①Icouldn’tbepresentmyself，butIsentmytothemeeting.A.represent B.sample C.representative D.representation②ThefiveringsontheOlympicflag________theunionofthefivecontinentsandthemeetingofathletesfromallovertheworld.A.present B.deliver C.represent D.resemble考点-2.deliberately【教材原句】TheSundanceFilmFestivaldeliberatelyboycottsallHollywoodfilms,andwedon’tforeseeeverincludingthem.(P50)圣丹斯电影节一贯刻意抵制所有好莱坞影片，我们预期今后也不会让它们参展。【例句研读】根据英语句子完成汉语句子①Weknowthathediditdeliberately.我们知道他是做那件事的。②Hepackeduphispossessionsdeliberately.他地收拾好自己的物品。③Heknockedthechairdowndeliberately/onpurpose/bydesign.他把椅子撞倒了。④Aftermuchdeliberation,adecisionwasreached.经过后终于作出了一个决定。⑤Ithadmoretheappearanceofadeliberatecrimethananaccident.那很像是罪行，而不像是意外的事故。【自主归纳】deliberately故意地；深思熟虑地；从容不迫地deliberateadj.故意的；蓄意的；不慌不忙的；小心翼翼的

vi.仔细考虑，反复思考；经常与about，on，uponover连用deliberationn.细想；考虑；从容故意地deliberately=onpurpose＝bydesign【即时巩固】完成句子①这种伤害是故意的行为，常与作战及战争有关。Itisabehavioroftenconnectedwithbattleandwar.②在作出决定之前，主任仔细斟酌了很久。Thedirectoritforalongtimebeforegivinghisdecision.考点-3.boycott【教材原句】TheSundanceFilmFestivaldeliberatelyboycottsallHollywoodfilms,andwedon’tforeseeeverincludingthem.(P50)圣丹斯电影节一贯刻意抵制所有好莱坞影片，我们预期今后也不会让它们参展。【例句研读】译出下列句中划线部分以完成汉语句子①Theunioncalledonitsmemberstoboycottthemeeting.工会号召其会员。②Theunioncalledonitsmemberstoboycottthecountry'sproducts.该协会呼吁会员。③InShenZhen,thousandsofprotesterscalledforaboycottofJapanesegoods.在深圳，成千上万的抗议者号召。④WehavemadeupourmindstoputJapanesegoodsunderaboycott.我们已经做出决定联合。⑤Theteachertoldusitwasn’twisetoboycottsomeoneintheclass.老师告诉我们是不明智的。自主归纳】refuse表示“拒绝”，强调态度的肯定和坚决，通常的用法是refusetodo/refusesth；也可以作为不及物动词，后面不跟宾语。reject则强调摈弃、不采用或不使用，通常只用作及物动词。(表示拒绝接受时)refuse和reject也可换用。resist强调抵制抵挡诱惑boycott排斥，拒绝参加n.联合抵制，联合拒绝购买。

①Iaskedhimtolendmehiscar,butherefused.②Iwaspuzzledthatherefused/rejectedherofferofhelp.③Theyrejectedallthebadapples.④Herefusedtocometothemeeting.⑤Hecan't

resistthetemptationofchocolate.【即时巩固】单项选择题①Weareaskingpeopleto__________goodsfromcompaniesthatusechildlabor.A.refuse B.resist C.reject D.boycott②Shethetemptationtobuyacoatshecouldnotafford.A.challenged B.objected C.contradicted D.resisted【答案】DD考点-4.expose【教材原句】RedfordhasactedinanddirectedmanybigHollywoodfilms,butwantedtoexposethepublictofilmsmadeoutsideoftheHollywoodsystemthatordinarypeoplemighthavenoaccesstootherwise.(P51)雷德福曾出演并执导过许多好莱坞大片，但是他希望公众了解好莱坞以外的影片，否则普通观众可能无从看到这些影片。【例句研读】译出下列句中划线部分以完成汉语句子①Whenhesmiledheexposedasetofperfectwhiteteeth.他笑时了一口漂亮的白牙。②Asanurseinthewarshewasexposedtomanydangers.作为战地护士，她各种各样的危险之中。③TheyconsideritalmostacrimetoexposechildrentoviolenceonTV.他们认为暴力电视节目几乎是一种犯罪行为。④Thepaintcameoffastheresultofexposuretotherain.油漆因而剥落了。⑤Thenewspaper’sexposureoftheircrimesledtotheir arrest.报上，这些人因而被捕。 【自主归纳】expose…to…使……受……影响，使……接触exposeoneselfto…使面临，使遭受beexposedto…被暴露于，经受exposureto…=beingexposedto…显露/暴露于……中①Myskinistooweaktobeexposedtothesummersun.②Exposureto/Beingexposedtothecoldwindleftmylipsfeelingdry.③Wemustexposethisshamefulactivity

tothenewspapers.④Ifyoudressthatway,youwillexposeyourselftobeinglaughedat.【即时巩固】单项选择题①_______tosunlightfortoomuchtimewilldoharmtoone’sskin.A.Exposed B.Havingexposed C.Beingexposed D.Afterbeingexposed【答案】C②ItisalmostacrimetochildrentoviolenceandsexonTV.A.disclose B.expose C.propose D.suppose③ThemoreoneistheEnglishspeakingenvironment，thebetterheorshewilllearnthelanguage.A.exposedto B.filledin C.caughton D.keptup考点-5.contradict/contradictory【教材原句】①Ihatetocontradictyou,butinrecentyears,theCannesFilmFestivalhasshownspecialfavourtoAmericanfilms.(P51)我不想反驳你，但是近几年，戛纳电影节对美国电影给予了特别的照顾。②Harryhascontradictoryfeelingsabouthisnewlife.(P62)对于新生活，哈利有一种矛盾的心情。【例句研读】根据英语句子完成汉语句子①Shedoesn’tliketocontradictherteacherinpublic.她不愿在众人面前。②Wethinkthatthesetwoorderscontradicteachother.我们认为这两个命令是。③Itwasnotpoliteofyoutocontradictyourparents.你真是没礼貌。④Thereseemstobeacontradictionbetweenherwordsandactions.她的言行似乎。⑤Whathedidwascontradictorytowhathesaid.他做的事与他说的话。⑥Contrarytoexpectation,hedidn’twininthecontest.，他在竞赛中没有获胜。⑦Itdoesn’tseemuglytome;onthecontrary,Ithinkit’sratherbeautiful.我觉得它并不丑，，它挺美。【自主归纳】contradictsb反驳/顶撞某人contradicteachother/oneself 自相矛盾incontradictiontosth./sb.与……相矛盾/对立incontradictionto/with与……相矛盾contradictionbetweenAandBA和B之间的矛盾becontradictoryto与……相矛盾becontraryto和……相反onthecontrary相反地【即时巩固】根据汉语句子完成英语句子①这则报道与我们昨天听到的相矛盾。Thereport_______whatweheardyesterday.②慌乱中，他不断地说出自相矛盾的话来。Inhisconfusion,hekept_________________.③他私下的行为与公开的言论完全是两码事。Hisprivateactionsare_____________________hispubliclyexpressedopinions.考点-6.resemble【教材原句】Someremarkthatithastakenastepbackwards，andisbeginningtoresembletheAcademyAwardsinHollywoodtoomuch.(P51)一些人评论说它在退步，而且开始太多地模仿好莱坞奥斯卡金像奖。【例句研读】根据英语句子完成汉语句子①Heresembleshisbrotherinappearancebutnotincharacter.他和他的兄弟。②CanyoutellmetheresemblancebetweenJohnandhiscousin? 你能告诉我吗？③ImetatwinbrotherswhoresembleeachotherinappearancesothatIcanhardlydistinguishbetweenthem.我遇到一对双胞胎兄弟。他们。④Everybodysaysthatmydaughterbearsastrikingresemblancetome.人人都说我女儿。【自主归纳】resemblev.看起来像，类似resemble的名词形式resemblance词义

相似；相貌相似；相似点；相似程度；相似物resemblev.

的同义词组=

besimilarto=

looklikeresemblesbin…

在某方面与某人像【即时巩固】单项选择题①Iclosely_________mymother.Somymother’sfriendssaylikemotherlikedaughter.A.like B.alike C.resemble D.likely②Soldiersaretrainedunderconditionsthatclosely______realarmyinspectionofPRConNationalDayinBeijing.A.similar B.resemble C.like D.compare【答案】B③ThemascotofShanghaiExpois“Haibao”.It’sdesignedto________theChinesecharacterfor“human”,whichgoeswiththethemeoftheExpo.A.reserve B.rescue C.resemble D.recognize考点-7.overlook【教材原句】Hollywoodfilmsareintheminority,whilefilmsthatarelikelytobeoverlookedatotherfestivals,forexampleatCannes,havearealchanceofbecomingchampions.(P51)好莱坞电影只是一小部分，而在其他电影节(如戛纳电影节)可能被忽视的电影有真正夺冠的机会。【例句研读】翻译下列句子①Itisaplacethatshouldnotbeoverlooked.。②Fromthewindowwecanoverlookthebay(海湾).。③Youhaveoverlookedseveralmistakesinthiswork.。④Hehasbeenoverlookedbyhisemployerssincehecame.。【自主归纳】overlook/ignore/neglect辨析ignore,neglect,overlook都有"忽略"的意思。ignorev.忽视，不理睬，指有意识地拒绝。neglectv.忽视，忽略，疏忽，指无意识地忽视或忘记。overlookv.忽略，疏漏，指有意识地遗漏，也指无意识地忽略。Shesawhimcomingbutsheignoredhim.她看见他走过来，但是装作没看见。Themotheroverlookedherlittleboy’sbadbehavior.那位母亲忽视了她的小儿子的不良行为。Heneglectedtomakerepairsinhishouse.他忘记了修理房子。【即时巩固】单项选择题①Whatmadehimratherfrustratedwasthatitwasbecausehehad________asmalldetailthathedidn’tpasstheexam.A.cancelled B.leaked C.dismissed D.overlooked②Thebestwaytodealwithanimpolitepersonisto______him.A.ignore B.neglect C.miss D.overlook考点-8.preference【教材原句】AttheAcademyAwards,thepreferenceistorewardtoprankingAmericanfilms.(P53)学院奖偏爱将奖项授予名列前茅的美国电影。【例句研读】根据英语句子完成汉语句子①Frickhadapreferenceforpre-twentiethcenturyWesternpaintings,andthesearewellrepresentedinthisexcellentcollection.弗里克对20世纪以前的西方绘画____________，而在这个陈列馆的珍藏品里这些绘画得以很好展出。②Preferencewillbegiventothegraduatesofthisuniversity.这所大学的毕业生会获得_____________。③Shechosetolearntheviolininpreferencetothepiano.她选择学小提琴______________。【答案】①弗里克对20世纪以前的西方绘画有偏爱，而在这个陈列馆的珍藏品里这些绘画得以很好展出。②这所大学的毕业生会获得优先考虑。③她选择学小提琴而不愿学钢琴。【自主归纳】preferencen.[U，sing.]偏爱，偏好；喜爱[C]更喜欢的人(或物)haveapreferencefor 更喜欢……give(a)preferenceto 给……以优惠；优待inpreferenceto 优先于，而不是【即时巩固】单项选择题①(2013浙江卷)Peopledevelop______preferenceforaparticularstyleoflearningat______earlyageandthesepreferencesaffectlearning.A.a;an B.a;不填 C.不填;the D.the;an②Tomysurprise，hedoesn'tlikehissonbuthasa/an________forhisdaughter.A.preference B.taste C.intension D.advantage 考点-9.accumulate【教材原句】Noreliablefiguresareavailableformoneyaccumulatedfrompopcornsales,...(P59)没有可靠的数字表明这些钱来自于(累积于)爆米花之类的小吃，……【例句研读】根据英语句子完成汉语句子①I’veaccumulatedquitealotofrarebooksovertheyears.多年来，我。②Thecapitalistsonlycareabouttheaccumulationofwealth.资本家只顾。③Sofar,anaccumulativetotalof1,000citieshavereachedthegoals.至此，1,000城市达到要求。【答案】①多年来，我积攒了大量的珍藏本。②资本家只顾积累财富。③至此，累计已有1,000城市达到了要求。【自主归纳】accumulatevt.&vi.积累，聚集accumulationn.(金钱、知识、经验的)积累，积聚accumulativeadj.

累积的，积累的，聚集的accumulate，collect，gather辨析accumulate可用于指任何事物的增加，侧重连续不断地，一点一滴地聚积collect普通用词，侧重精心地，有选择性地收集、收藏gather普通用词，指人或物，侧重于围绕一个中心的集合，聚集Itcostme100dollarstocollectthestamps.收集这些邮票花了我一百块钱。Thegeneralorderedhissoldierstogatheronthedeck.将军命令士兵们在甲板上集合。Thearticleaccumulatesmeaningeverytimeitisread.这篇文章越读含义越丰富。【即时巩固】单项选择题①Byworkinghardandspendinglittle，sheagreatdealofmoney.A.gatheredB.collectedC.accumulated D.accumulation②Asawriter,heusedtogodeepintolifeto__________materialsforhiscreation.A.accumulate B.accelerate C.apologize D.absorb考点-10.indefenceof【教材原句】Idon’tliketoargue，butindefenceoftheVeniceFilmFestival,Ihavetopointoutthatwedon’tjusthaveHolleywoodfilms.(P50)我不想争论，但是我得为威尼斯电影节说句话，我得指出的是我们有的不只是好莱坞影片。【例句研读】根据英语句子完成汉语句子①Imustsayinherdefencethatsheworksveryhard.我，她工作十分努力。②Soldiersdiedindefenceoftheircountry.战士们。③Thecountryputupstrongdefenceworksagainsttheenemy’sinvasion.为了抵制敌人的侵略，这个国家。④Hejoinedthearmyinordertodefendhismotherland.他参军。⑤Weshoulddefendtheearthfrombeingpolluted.我们应该。⑥Thenewspaperdefendedheragainsttheaccusations(指控).报纸。【自主归纳】捍卫，辩护，为……说句话inone’sdefence＝indefenceofdefendvt.保卫，防卫，辩解，辩护保护，保卫(使不受伤害)defendfrom保护某人/某物免受某人/某物的伤害defendsb./sth.from/againstsb./sth.defend/guard/protect辨析defend指“保卫，防御”，应用范围很广，对象可以是具体的，也可以是抽象的guard指“注意观察、戒备，以免遭受可能的攻击或伤害”protect指“保护……以免遭受危险或伤害等”Theirdutyistodefendthecountryagainstitsenemy.Itistheparents’responsibilitytoprotecttheirchildren.Thepresidentandhisfamilyarealwaysguardedbysecretservicemenwherevertheygo.【即时巩固】单项选择题①LiuHulanlostherlifethebenefitofourcountry.A.indefence B.inchargeof C.defendof D.indefenceof②Sheherselfsuccessfullyincourtandthejudgedeclaredherinnocence.A.expressed B.described C.replaced D.defended考点-11.aslongas【教材原句】Wemakenorestrictionsonthekindsoffilmsweshow—aslongasthefilm'squalitymeetsourstandards,weincludeit.(P50)我们对展映的影片种类没有限制——只要一部影片的质量符合了我们的标准，我们就会选中它。【例句研读】根据英语句子完成汉语句子①Youmayusetheroomasyoulike,as/solongasyoucleanitafterward.，你可以随意使用这间房。②Aslongasyouaregoingtothepostoffice,youcandosomethingforme.，就帮我做点事情。③Hewaitedforaslongasamonth,butshedidn’tturnup.他等了，但她没有出现。④Idon’tbelievethisriverisaslongasthatone.我认为这条河与那条河。【自主归纳】solongas＝aslongas只要表达“只要”时，还可使用onlyif，onconditionthat，provided，providing(that)等。asmuchas+不可数名词：多达 asmanyas+可数名词：多达asearlyas早在 asfaras远到；就……而言(论)assoonas尽早，尽快；一……就……aswellas也，又本句中restriction复现率比较低，请注意它的用法I’msorrytotellyouthatyouhavebrokenthespeedrestriction.很遗憾地告诉你：您超(限)速了。Thegovernmenthasagreedtoliftrestrictionsonpressfreedom.政府已同意撤销对新闻自由的限制。Thenewlawrestrictsthesaleofhandsguns.新法规定限制了手枪的销售。Whatareyoudoingintherestrictedarea?

你在禁区里做什么？

【即时巩固】单项选择题①(2013福建卷)—Wouldyoumindansweringsomequestionsonshoppinghabits?—________.A.Yes,withgreatpleasure. B.No,IamafraidIcan’tmakeitC.Yes,itisworththetime D.No,aslongasitdoesn’ttakelong②(2012江苏卷)One'slifehasvalueonebringsvaluetothelifeofothers.A.sothat B.nomatterhow C.aslongas D.exceptthat考点-12.makeanagreement【教材原句】MaryandImadeanagreementnevertoseeafilmlikethisagain.(P57)玛丽和我达成了一致意见，再也不看这种电影了。【例句研读】根据英语句子完成汉语句子①Theyhavemadeanagreementabouttheplan.他们在这个计划上。②Itisveryimportanttoreach/cometo/arriveatanagreementwiththisbigcompany.和这家大公司是很重要的.③Thetwoleadersagreeontheinvestmentplan.两位领导对投资计划。④Itoldhimaboutmyproposalandheatonceagreedtoit.我把我的建议告诉他，他立刻。⑤Theweatherdoesnotagreewithme.这种天气。⑥Idon’tagreewithyou.我不。⑦Iagreewithwhatyousay.我。⑧Averbmustagreewithitssubjectinpersonandnumber.动词必须和它的主语在人称和数方面。【自主归纳】make/reach/cometo/arriveatanagreement 达成协议，达成共识agreewithsb 同意某人(的意见)(气候、食物等)适合某人agreewithwhatsb.says 同意某人说的话agreetoone’sproposal/plan/suggestion 同意某人的建议/计划/提议agreeon

(双方)就……达成协议【即时巩固】单项选择题①Youlookwell.TheairandtheseafoodsinSanyamust________you,Isuppose.A.agreewith B.agreeto C.agreeon D.agreeabout②Thetradetalkendedwithnoagreement________asneithersidewouldaccepttheconditionsof________.A.toreach,others B.reaching,either C.reaches,another D.reached,theother③Atlastweanagreementweshouldstartatonce.A.made,that B.came,that C.reach,which D.arrivedat,onwhich【答案】ADA考点-13.dreamof/about【教材原句】Whohasnotdreamtoffindingoutthatheorsheisreallysomeonespecialandfamous？(P62)谁没有梦想过发现自己真的是一个特别而且著名的人物呢？【例句研读】根据英语句子完成汉语句子①Ineverdreamedofhappinesslikethis.我从来没有。②Hedreamsofrunninghisownbusiness.他。③Hisdreamofbecomingasingerwillcometrue.他就要实现了。④LastnightIdreamedadreadfuldream.昨晚我。⑤Whyshouldwedreamawayanotheryear?Afterall,timeandtidewaitfornoman！我们为什么?毕竟，时不我待啊！【自主归纳】梦想(做)某事dreamof/aboutsth./doingsth.虚度(光阴)dreamsth.away做了一个噩梦dreamadreadful/baddream【即时巩固】单项选择题①—IbecomingapilotwhenIwasatschool.—Really？Doyoustillthinkitwill？A.wasdreamed；cometrue B.wasdreamingof；cometrueC.wasdreaming；cometrue D.wasdreamingof；cometruly②Nowadays,moreandmoreyoungpeople_________becomingasupergirlorasuperboy.A.dreamaway B.dreamof C.serachfor D.referto【答案】BB考点-14.showoff【教材原句】Ithinkthisismoretoshowoffthespecialeffectsthantohelpthefilm'splot.(P63)我认为这与其说有助于诠释电影的情节不如说是炫耀特殊效果。【例句研读】根据英语句子完成汉语句子①Hewantedtoshowoffhistalentinpublic.他想在公共场合。②Shejustwantedtoshowoffhernewnecklaceattheparty.她只是想在晚会上。③Letmeshowyouaroundyourschool.我。④SometimesIexpectyourfriendnottoshowup.有时候我希望。⑤Pleaseshowthevisitorsin/out.请/。【自主归纳】showoff炫耀，卖弄；使引人注目；使……显得更加好看领某人(到处)参观showsb.around/round

出现；露面；到场showup领某人进/出去showsb.in/out

领进来/出去showin/out【即时巩固】单项选择题①(2011江西卷)She_______thevisitors_______themuseum,theconstructionifwhichhadtakenmorethanthreeyears.A.showed;around B.guided;round C.led;in D.introduced;to②—It’snousehavingideasonly.—Don’tworry.Petercanshowyou________toturnanideaintoanact.A.how B.who C.what D.where考点-15.givethoughtto【教材原句】Thisshowsthatthefilmmakersdidnotgiveenoughthoughttowhotheaudienceofthefilmwouldbe.(P63)这表明影片制作人并没有充分考虑到电影的观众是谁。【例句研读】译出下列句中划线部分以完成汉语句子①Hedidn’tgiveenoughthoughttothedifficultieshemightface.他没有他可能会面对的困难。②Shewaslostinthoughtforseveralminutes,butatlastshespoke.她几分钟,终于说话了.③Ihavenothoughtofannoyingyou.我。④Ahabitistheactofdoinganaction,overandover,usuallywithoutthought.习惯就是地一遍又一遍地重复做一个动作。⑤Hedidn’tintendpayingthebill,butonsecondthoughtspaidit.他并未打算付账，但经还是付了。【答案】①他没有充分考虑一下他可能会面对的困难。②她沉思了几分钟,终于说话了。③我没有要激怒你的想法。④习惯就是不假思索地一遍又一遍地重复做一个动作。⑤他并未打算付账，但经重新考虑后还是付了。【自主归纳】givethoughtto认真考虑，思考不假思索 withoutthought(没)有……的打算 have(no)thoughtof…乍一想atfirstthought一想到……(就)atthethoughtof经仔细考虑后onsecondthought(s)某人忽然想到……thethoughtstrikessb.陷入沉思bedeep/lostinthought看出某人的心思readsb.’sthoughts【即时巩固】根据汉语句子完成汉语句子①请思考一下这个问题。Please______________theproblem.②我一想到又要见你了，我就高兴。Iwasdelighted______________seeingyouagain.③汤姆惊讶于她把他的心思猜得那么准。Tomwassurprisedthatshe______________soaccurately.二、经典句型考点-1.表语提前【教材原句】JoiningusinthestudioareIsabelRosefromtheCannesFilmFestival,…(P50)和我们一起在演播室的嘉宾有：来自加纳电影节的伊莎贝尔•罗斯……【句法分析】这是一个倒装句，因为句子的主语太长，所以将谓语部分提到了主语之前，其正常的语序为：IsabelRosefromtheCannesFilmFestival,…arejoiningusinthestudio.【考点聚焦】做表语的过去分词和形容词也可以这样提前。Gonearethedayswhenweusedforeignoil.我们使用洋油的日子一去不复返了。Presentatthemeetingaresomefamousartists.与会的是一些著名的画家。【即时巩固】根据汉语完成英语句子①昨天与我一起散步的是我多年不见的好朋友。wasmygoodfriend,whomIhadn’tseenformanyyears.②在教室读书的是一些用功的学生。aresomediligentstudents.③耸立在山顶的是那座著名的塔。isthefamoustower.考点-2.Thereisagoodchancethat…句型【教材原句】Nowadays,if