IEEE Std 946™-2020原版完整文件

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STANDARDS

IEEERecommendedPracticefortheDesignofDCPowerSystemsforStationaryApplications

IEEEPowerandEnergySociety

Developedbythe

EnergyStorageandStationaryBatteryCommittee

IEEEStd946™-2020

(Revisionof

IEEEStd946-2004)

IEEEStd946™-2020

(RevisionofIEEEStd946-2004)

IEEERecommendedPracticefortheDesignofDCPowerSystemsforStationaryApplications

Developedbythe

EnergyStorageandStationaryBatteryCommittee

ofthe

IEEEPowerandEnergySociety

Approved30January2020

IEEE-SAStandardsBoard

Abstract:Recommendedpracticesforthedesignofdcpowersystemsforstationaryapplicationsareprovidedinthisdocument.Thecomponentsofthedcpowersystemaddressedbythisdocumentincludelead-acidandnickel-cadmiumstoragebatteries,staticbatterychargers,anddistributionequipment.Guidanceinselectingthequantityandtypesofequipment,theequipmentratings,interconnections,instrumentationandprotectionisalsoprovided.Thisrecommendationisapplicableforpowergeneration,substation,andtelecommunicationapplications.

Keywords:auxiliary,backup,battery,batterycharger,chargersizing,control,cross-tie,dc,directcurrent,distribution,dutycycle,generatingstation,grounddetection,IEEE946™,instrumentation,nuclear,panels,protectioncoordination,rectifiers,reserve,selectiveprotection,short-circuit,substation,telecommunication

TheInstituteofElectricalandElectronicsEngineers,Inc.3ParkAvenue,NewYork,NY10016-5997,USA

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Participants

Atthetimethisrecommendedpracticewascompleted,theDCPowerWorkingGrouphadthefollowingmembership:

HaissamNasrat,Chair

RichardHutchins,Secretary

AmberAboulfaidaCurtisAshtonRobertBeaversRobertBeckChristopherBelcherStevenBelisleDuaneBrock

JamesBuniakThomasCarpenterLarryCarsonMuradDaanaRajeshDhimanRobertFeisleyKevinFellhoelter

DavidFranklinAliHeidaryDavidHoodWayneJohnsonRogerKangThomasKeelsYvesLavoieRufusLawhornJoseMarrero

TaniaMartinez-NavedoStephenMccluerMatthewMcConnellDanielMcMenaminJamesMidolo

SepehrMoghareiThomasMulcahyBansiPatel

ArtSalanderSurendraSalgiaChristopherSearlesJosephStevensThomasStomberskiKurtUhlir

GustavoVarelaLesleyVargaStephenVechyJasonWallisDonaldWengerter

Thefollowingmembersoftheindividualballotingcommitteevotedonthisrecommendedpractice.Ballotersmayhavevotedforapproval,disapproval,orabstention.

AmberAboulfaidaAliAlAwazi

StevenAlexandersonCurtisAshton

GaryBalashRadoslavBaracThomasBarnesRobertBeaversRobertBeckMarkBowmanJonBrasherDuaneBrockJeffreyBrogdonChrisBrooks

DemetrioBucanegJr.DavidBurns

WilliamBushWilliamCantorPaulCardinalThomasCarpenter

SureshChannarasappaMichaelChiricoRandyClelland

BryanColeMatthewDavisRayDavisJohnDisoswayGaryDonnerMichaelDoodEdgarDullni

KevinFellhoelter

RobertFletcherRostyslawFostiakDaleFredricksonDavidGiegelMietekGlinkowskiJalalGohari

JosephGravelleRandallGrovesAjitGwal

AliHeidaryLeeHerronWernerHoelzlRobertHoerauf

RichardJacksonAnilJamesGezaJoos

InnocentKamwaPeterKelly

YuriKhersonskyHermannKochBorisKogan

JimKulchiskySaumenKunduMikhailLagodaChung-YiuLamDanielLambertRufusLawhornTimothyLensmireAlbertLivshitzJonLoeligerDebraLongtin

JoseMarreroHugoMarroquinMichaelMayStephenMcCluerWilliamMcCoyJamesMcDowall

DanielMcMenaminStevenMeinersLarryMeisnerJamesMidoloSepehrMoghareiDaleepMohlaThomasMulcahyJerryMurphyHaissamNasratDennisNeitzelArthurNeubauerMichaelNewmanNickS.ANikjooJoeNims

JamesO’BrienLorrainePaddenBansiPatelAnthonyPicagliJohnPolenzThomasProiosRobertRallo

JanReberTimothyRobirdsCharlesRogersThomasRozek

RyandiRyandiArtSalanderSurendraSalgiaStevenSanoBartienSayogoRobertSchuerger

ChristopherSearlesRobertSeitzNikunjShah

DevkiSharmaDavidSmithJeremySmithRalphStellGaryStoedter

ThomasStomberski

K.StumpSercanTeleke

MichaelThompsonWayneTimm

JamesVanDeLigtLesleyVargaGeraldVaughnStephenVechyJohnVergisDonaldWengerterKennethWhiteHughesWike

JianYu

WhentheIEEE-SAStandardsBoardapprovedthisrecommendedpracticeon30January2020,ithadthefollowingmembership:

GaryHoffman,Chair

VacantPosition,ViceChair

Jean-PhilippeFaure,PastChair

KonstantinosKarachalios,Secretary

TedBurseDougEdwardsJ.TravisGriffithGraceGuGuidoR.Hiertz

JosephL.Koepfinger*JohnD.Kulick

DavidJ.LawHowardLiDongLiuKevinLuPaulNikolich

DamirNovosel

JonWalterRosdahl

DorothyStanleyMehmetUlemaLeiWang

ShaWei

PhilipB.WinstonDaidiZhongJingyiZhou

*MemberEmeritus

Introduction

ThisintroductionisnotpartofIEEEStd946-2020,IEEERecommendedPracticefortheDesignofDCPowerSystemsforStationaryApplications.

DCpowersystemscontinuetoplayavitalroleingeneratingstation,substation,andtelecomcontrolsandprovidingbackupforemergencies.Thisrecommendedpracticefulfilsaneedwithintheindustrytoprovidecommonorstandardpracticesforthedesignofdcpowersystems.Thedesignfeaturesareapplicabletoallinstallationsandsystemscapacities.

TheoriginalissueofIEEEStd946waspublishedin1985withthetitleIEEERecommendedPracticefortheDesignofSafety-RelatedDCPowerSystemsforNuclearPowerGeneratingStations.The1992revisionchangedthetitletoapplytoallgeneratingstations,whileincludingspecificguidanceandadetailedbibliographyofnucleardesignreferencestandards.Thisrevisionmakesageneralupdatetoreflectthemostrecentindustrypracticesaswellassubstantialadditionstoannexes.Inadditiontopowergenerationapplications,thisrecommendedpracticecoversdcpowersystemdesigninsubstationsandtelecommunicationapplications.Somediscussionsandillustrativefigureshavebeenretainedastheyofferaconstructivecomparisontodesignswithouthavingtoresorttoadditionalstandards.

ThisrecommendedpracticewaspreparedbyaWorkingGroupthatispartoftheEnergyStorageandStationaryBatteryCommitteeandwassponsoredbytheEnergyDevelopmentandPowerGenerationCommitteeoftheIEEEPowerandEnergySociety.

NotethatIEEEStd1818™andIEEEStd946arecomplementarydocuments,developedbyindependentworkinggroups.1

1Informationonreferencescanbefoundin

Clause2

.

Contents

Overview 12

Scope 12

Purpose 12

Exclusions 13

Normativereferences 13

Definitions 14

Organizationofthisrecommendedpractice 15

Descriptionandoperation 15

General 15

Systemdesignconsiderations 16

Batteries 18

Numberofbatterystrings 18

Determinationofbatterydutycycleandbatterysize(capacity) 19

Installationdesign 21

Maintenance,testing,andreplacement 22

Qualification,relevantcodes,andstandards 23

Batterychargers 23

Numberofchargers 23

Loadsharingbetweenparalleledchargers 24

Determinationofratedoutput 24

Installationdesign 26

Outputcharacteristics 26

Qualification 29

Distributionsystem 30

Systemlayout 30

Distributionpanels 35

Availableshort-circuitcurrent 35

Protectivedevicedescriptionandrating 37

Voltageratingsforloads 38

Qualification 39

DCpowersysteminstrumentation,controls,andalarms 40

General 40

DCpowersystemgrounddetection 43

DCbusundervoltagealarm 45

Specialloadingconsiderations 45

Designfeaturestoassistinbatterytesting 46

Cross-tiebetweenbuses 46

Protectionagainstelectricalnoise,lightning,andswitchingsurges 46

Electromagneticinterference(EMI),radio-frequencyinterference(RFI) 47

Lightningandswitchingsurges 47

Spareequipment 48

AnnexA(informative)Bibliography 49

Annex

B(informative)Batterychargersizing—Samplecalculations 51

Annex

C(informative)Batteryavailableshort-circuitcurrent—Samplecalculations 56

Annex

D(informative)Batterychargeranddcpowersystem,short-circuitcurrentcontribution 59

AnnexE(informative)Effectofunintentionalgroundsontheoperationofdcpowersystems 62

Annex

F(informative)Telecommunication-specificconsiderations 65

AnnexG(informative)Loadsharingofchargers 70

AnnexH(informative)Centertappedbatterydesignconsiderations 71

AnnexI(informative)Additionalbatteriesinnuclearpowergenerationapplications 72

IEEERecommendedPracticefortheDesignofDCPowerSystemsforStationaryApplications

Overview

Scope

Thisrecommendedpracticeprovidesguidanceforthedesignofstationarydcpowersystems.Thecomponentsofthestationarydcpowersystemaddressedbythisrecommendedpracticeincludethefollowing:

Storagebatteries

Staticbatterychargers/rectifiers(includingsizing)

Distributionequipment

Protectionequipment

Controlequipment

Interconnections

Instrumentation

Guidanceforselectingthequantity,types,andratingsofequipmentisalsoprovided.

Theconsiderationsofeachofthesedifferentcomponentsandtheissueofloadvoltageandotherloadspecificsarediscussedintermsoftheireffectonthedesignofthewholesystem.Guidanceonshort-circuitcalculationandcontributionofdifferentdcpowersystemcomponentsisalsoofferedtoimprovereliability,performance,andsafetyoftheinstallation.

Purpose

Thepurposeofthisdocumentistoprovidetheuserwithinformationandrecommendationsconcerningsizinganddesigningdcpowersystemsinstationaryapplications.

Whiletherecommendedpracticesinthisdocumentapplytodcpowersystemsinsubstations,additionalguidanceforsubstationsisprovidedinIEEEStd1818.2

2Informationonreferencescanbefoundin

Clause2

.

IEEEStd946-2020

IEEERecommendedPracticefortheDesignofDCPowerSystemsforStationaryApplications

PAGE

13

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Exclusions

Electricallyself-containedac-acequipmentandthefollowingcomponentsofthedcpowersystem,withtheexceptionofhowtheyinfluencethedcpowersystemdesign,arespecificallyexcludedfromthescopeofthisrecommendedpractice:

Theacpowersupplytothebatterychargers/rectifiers

Photovoltaic,wind,andotheralternativedcpowersourcesystemdesigns

Loadsservedbydedicatedenginestartingbatterysystems

Applicationsrequiringdcvoltagesupplyabove1000Vnominal

Motorgeneratorsets

Batterytechnologiesotherthanlead-acid(L-A)andnickel-cadmium(Ni-Cd)

Separatesystemsareusuallyrecommendedforthefollowingspecialserviceapplications,andarenotwithinthescopeofthisdocument:

Engine(cranking)starting

Emergencylighting

Firedetectionandannunciation

Fireprotectionactuation

Normativereferences

Thefollowingreferenceddocumentsareindispensablefortheapplicationofthisdocument(i.e.,theymustbeunderstoodandused,soeachreferenceddocumentiscitedintextanditsrelationshiptothisdocumentisexplained).Fordatedreferences,onlytheeditioncitedapplies.Forundatedreferences,thelatesteditionofthereferenceddocument(includinganyamendmentsorcorrigenda)applies.

IEEEStd308™,IEEEStandardCriteriaforClass1EPowerSystemsforNuclearPowerGeneratingStations.3,4

IEEEStd344™,IEEEStandardforSeismicQualificationofEquipmentforNuclearPowerGeneratingStations.

IEEEStd450™,IEEERecommendedPracticeforMaintenance,Testing,andReplacementofVentedLead-AcidBatteriesforStationaryApplications.

IEEEStd484™,IEEERecommendedPracticeforInstallationDesignandInstallationofVentedLead-AcidStorageBatteriesforStationaryApplications.

IEEEStd485™,IEEERecommendedPracticeforSizingLead-AcidBatteriesforStationaryApplications.

IEEEStd649™,IEEEStandardforQualifyingClass1EMotorControlCentersforNuclearPowerGeneratingStations.

3TheIEEEstandardsorproductsreferredtoin

Clause2

aretrademarksownedbyTheInstituteofElectricalandElectronicsEngineers,Incorporated.

4IEEEpublicationsareavailablefromTheInstituteofElectricalandElectronicsEngineers(

/

).

IEEEStd650™,IEEEQualificationofClass1EStaticBatteryChargers,Inverters,andUninterruptiblePowerSupplySystemsforNuclearPowerGeneratingStations.

IEEEStd666™,IEEEDesignGuideforElectricPowerServiceSystemsforGeneratingStations.IEEEStd693-2005™,IEEERecommendedPracticeforSeismicDesignofSubstations.

IEEEStd979™,IEEEGuideforSubstationFireProtection.

IEEEStd1106™,IEEERecommendedPracticeforInstallation,Maintenance,Testing,andReplacementofVentedNickel-CadmiumBatteriesforStationaryApplications.

IEEEStd1115™,IEEERecommendedPracticeforSizingNickel-CadmiumBatteriesforStationaryApplications.

IEEEStd1187™,IEEERecommendedPracticeforInstallationDesignandInstallationofValve-RegulatedLead-AcidBatteriesforStationaryApplications.

IEEEStd1188™,IEEERecommendedPracticeforMaintenance,Testing,andReplacementofValveRegulatedLead-Acid(VRLA)BatteriesforStationaryApplications.

IEEEStd1189™,IEEEGuideforSelectionofValve-RegulatedLead-Acid(VRLA)BatteriesforStationaryApplications.

IEEEStd1375™,IEEEGuidefortheProtectionofStationaryBatterySystems.

IEEEStd1491™,IEEEGuideforSelectionandUseofBatteryMonitoringEquipmentinStationaryApplications.

IEEEStd1578™,IEEERecommendedPracticeforStationaryBatteryElectrolyteSpillContainmentandM