高中英语命题技巧及试题考点分析方法(课堂)课件

高中英语命题技巧

及试题考点分析方法兰春寿12/6/20231一、英语测试的质量评估评估英语测试的质量，首先要研究测试的有效性问题，即效度（validity）；质量评估要考虑的第二个问题，是测试结果的可信（可靠）程度，即信度（reliability）；还要考虑施测的可行性问题（practicality）；以及区分力（discriminatingpower）。12/6/20232考试设计与命题:基本原理信度试卷结构是否考了所要考的？是否保证考试分数的公平性？分数准确性一致性效度12/6/20233考试内容代表性覆盖面考试内容是否是大纲的重点？考试内容是否涵盖大纲的主要内容？抽样数量质量考试设计与命题:基本原理12/6/202341.效度简单地说，是指某一种/某一次测试能在多大的程度测出预定要测量的东西，或者能在多大的程度完成预期的测量任务。我们希望通过测试所测量的是我们想要测量的东西，而且仅仅是想要测量的东西，绝对不是不想测量的东西。例如测“写作能力”，不要牵扯进“阅读能力”的测试或其他能力的测试。实际上，由于种种原因，常常不能完全如愿。12/6/20235因此，效度是程度的问题，可以分成若干等级，如高、较高、中等、较低和低。效度只有高低之分，没有有无之别。谈效度，不能离开具体的测试以及具体的目标。12/6/20236影响效度的因素1）测试的目标不当。测试目标的确定要在测试能够到达的范围之内。英语测试能揭示的，不是受测者在英语学习中的全部情况，而只是那些可测的，可计数的现象。2）测试的内容不妥。必须使测试的内容尽可能准确地反映测试的目标。命题实际上是一个抽样的过程，要使抽样合理，每一次测试的题项必须有代表性，侧重点要明确

例如：某一大题以考语法为测试目标，如何合理抽样？12/6/20237以考语法为测试目标的大题，每小题就要尽可能合理地覆盖想测的那些语法点，每小题应该有特定任务，重点考某个语法点。命题时要尽量避免别的内容来干扰主要内容。由于重点考语法，不是考词汇，不是考文化背景知识，涉及的词语就不宜太难，太偏，而且要用所谓的culture-freeitems，以避免考生仅因为不认识某些词语或不了解某种文化而做不好题。又如，考词汇的试题，如何回避无关内容？12/6/20238同样，测试的内容太少、太多、太易、太难

样本太少‘不足反映整体题量太大’变成速度测试测不出考生的实际水平测不出考生的实际水平12/6/202393）测试方法不对。测试的方法要与测试的内容相适宜。如：考口试要用口试法。4）测试组织不好。测试需要严密、科学的组织工作，组织得好将有利于提高测试的效度和信度。5）没有合理使用分数。要正确有效地使用通过测试获得的包括分数在内的各种数据。6）考生方面的一些主观因素。如：考生的积极性，情绪等等。12/6/2023102.信度信度是指考试结果的可信程度，实际上是指考试的一致性，所要了解的是考试在多大程度上具有一致性。信度的研究必须有比较，通常从三个方面来研究：12/6/2023111）测试的稳定性（stability）。常用的方法是测试-再测试法（thetest-retestmethod)，就是用同一套试卷在尽可能相似的环境中对同一批考生测试两次。即第一次测后隔一段时间再测，间隔的长短按需要而定。比较两次测试的成绩，求出相关系数，判定测试的稳定程度。求相关系数，有pearson的积矩相关系数和spearman排列次序相关系数。用前一种方法只要知道总人数，两次的分数就可以算出来。用后一种方法，是研究两次测试的次序相关（rankcorrelation),根据成绩把考生两次测试的名次排出来，比较两次名次上的差异。相关系数最好高于0.9，至少不低于0.8。系数高，测试稳定性就高。12/6/2023122）测试的等值性（equivalence）。常用等值（卷）法（theequivalent-formsmethod)。用同一测试的两份等值试卷对同一批人进行测试，比较两次的成绩，算出相关系数，判断两次测试的等值性。12/6/2023133）测试的内部一致性（internalconsistency）。测内部一致性用得比较多的方法是分半法（split-halfmethod）。用一份试卷施测，然后把试卷分成题数相等的两个部分，求这两部分分数的相关系数。（奇数题与偶数题、前一半题与后一半题）只计算客观题，用KuderRichardson的KR21公式，如果是主观题，则用Cronbach的公式。12/6/20231412/6/20231512/6/202316提高信度的主要方法1）适当增加题量。题量增加，试题的覆盖面大，题目的代表性好，测量误差就在一定程度上减少。2）注意各题的同质性。即题目的一致程度，如：题型一样、题量一样、覆盖面一样、指导语一样，编排一样。3）控制好题目的难易程度，提高区分度。题目难易程度适当，区分度高，对两次或多次测试考生按照成绩高低排列次序就比较任意一致，测试的相关性就可能提高，信度也就提高了。4）尽可能消除各种干扰因素。使全体考生在十分相似的考试环境中考试。5）改进评分方法，提高评分的客观性和准确性。

标准化测试在以上5个方面都有切实可行的办法，因此信度高。12/6/2023173.可行性测试无论规模大小，其过程分为三个阶段：准备阶段、施测阶段和评分阶段，每个阶段都有可行性问题。对于大规模的考试，命题人员尽可能考虑周到，为后续工作提供方便。例如：试卷的版面设计要规范、方便考生、阅卷教师和工作人员；为阅卷教师提供的答案要明确、全面，评分标准要详尽，答题卡的设计要方便计算机阅卷。编排12/6/2023184.区分性测试应该要起到能够区分考生能力高低的作用。测试要具有多大的区分度，视具体情况具体分析。一般的“过关”考试，希望大部分甚至全部的人都通过考试，这时区分度就不宜太高。高考是选拔类的考试，区分度应该怎样？对于具有选拔性功能的高考来说，考试目的是为了择优，这就需要有很强的区分力。12/6/202319难易度与区分度测试评分结束后，应依据测试的结果进行题项分析（itemanalysis），计算每小题的难易度（facilityvalue）和区分度（discriminationindex）难度值：该数值与难度呈反比，范围在0—1，数值越高，越容易。把试卷中每道题的难度值加起来除以题数，所得的值为整卷的难度值。12/6/20232012/6/202321区分度：反映的是试题区分力的强弱程度。区分指数为-1--+1.在计算区分指数时，把考生按照所得的总分的高低分成人数相等的高低两个组。

当高分组答对某题的人数比低分组答对此题的人多时，区分指数为正数；当两组人数一样时，区分指数为0；当前者人数反比后者少时，区分指数为负数。12/6/202322高分组答对该题的人数区分指数低高分组答对该题的人数每组人数（高分组和低分组人数应一样）区分度12/6/202323为了提高试题的区分度，通常在试测之后要修改或删除区分度低的题目，特别是区分度≤0的。把所有题目的区分度加起来除以题数就获得整份试卷的区分指数。12/6/20232412/6/20232567.Thepurposeofthepassageistoshowyouhowto____.A.playyourcardsrightB.useyourcardsabroadC.drawcashwithyourcardsD.payforgoodswithyourcards12/6/202326一道试题至少由以下三个部分组成：输入

题干（文本、图片、音频、视频等）过程（辨析、理解、分析、推理、概括、产出……）输出答案(选择式和构建式)二、命题:试题结构12/6/20232721.Tom:Mike,ourteamwillplayagainsttheRocketsthisweekend.I’msurewewillwin.Mike:________!A.CongratulationsB.CheersC.Bestwishes D.Goodluck题干考点干扰项答案选项选材设置考点设置干扰项命题的基本过程无偏颇性、难易适中考点明确单维性12/6/2023281.单项填空本大题的命制要着重考查语法和词汇知识在特定语境中的应用，要特别注意语境的设置，并保证主干知识的覆盖面。12/6/2023291.单项填空[题干] 由一个句子或一组短对话构成。题干至少包含一个可作为考点的语法结构或意义关系。[答案] 答案选项通常是一个词、短语、结构或交际用语。它是正确理解题干中的语法结构或意义关系的必然结果，也就是，正确答案的选择必须基于对题干结构或意义的正确理解。[干扰项]

单项填空中的干扰方式主要包括（1）词形干扰、（2）词义干扰、（3）用法干扰以及（4）结构干扰。12/6/202330单项填空:考点分类题干结构语法属性结构分析固定结构意义意义理解逻辑关系选择项动词变化语法辨析意义辨析语用辨析二维分类Icouldhavebeenontimeforthemeeting,butI___inatrafficjamforoverhalfanhour.havecaughthavebeencaughtwascaughtcaught12/6/202331FacedwithChallenges,youshouldbelieveyourcourageis____makesadifference.whatthatwhichwhether12/6/202332考点设置突出:

知识链干扰项设置突出：

相同语法范畴或具有某一区别特征●考点明确●分布合理12/6/202333单项填空考点分析（福建2009高考英语）21.A.Ipracticeeveryday B.ThankyouverymuchC.No,Idon’tthinkso D.Well,it’snotgoodenough

22.A.havepolluted B.isbeingpolluted C.hasbeenpollutedD.havebeenpolluted23.A.of B.for C.by D.about24.A.that B.when C.which D.where 25.A.voiceshadcome B.camevoices C.voiceswouldcomeD.didvoicescome 26.A.shemeans B.youmean C.Imean D.wemean27.A.beg B.hesitate C.desire D.seek28.A.fightfor B.applyfor C.callon D.waiton29.A.delay B.effort C.schedule D.consideration30.A.exactly B.fortunately C.surprisingly D.hardly31.A.willmake B.hadmade C.wasmaking D.makes 32.A.Reminding B.Reminded C.Toremind D.Havingreminded 33.A.when B.while C.after D.since34.A.marking B.marked C.havingmarked D.beingmarked 35.A.wouldnotwin B.wouldnothavewonC.wouldwin D.wouldhavewon 12/6/202334单项填空考点分析（福建2009高考英语）21.A.Ipracticeeveryday B.ThankyouverymuchC.No,Idon’tthinkso D.Well,it’snotgoodenough

22.A.havepolluted B.isbeingpolluted C.hasbeenpollutedD.havebeenpolluted

23.A.of B.for C.by D.about24.A.that B.when C.which D.where

25.A.voiceshadcome B.camevoices C.voiceswouldcomeD.didvoicescome

26.A.shemeans B.youmean C.Imean D.wemean27.A.beg B.hesitate C.desire D.seek28.A.fightfor B.applyfor C.callon D.waiton29.A.delay B.effort C.schedule D.consideration30.A.exactly B.fortunately C.surprisingly D.hardly31.A.willmake B.hadmade C.wasmaking D.makes

32.A.Reminding B.Reminded C.Toremind D.Havingreminded

33.A.when B.while C.after D.since

34.A.marking B.marked C.havingmarked D.beingmarked

35.A.wouldnotwin B.wouldnothavewonC.wouldwin D.wouldhavewon 12/6/202335单项填空考点分析（福建2009高考英语）21.A.Ipracticeeveryday B.ThankyouverymuchC.No,Idon’tthinkso D.Well,it’snotgoodenough

22.A.havepolluted B.isbeingpolluted C.hasbeenpollutedD.havebeenpolluted

23.A.of B.for C.by D.about24.A.that B.when C.which D.where

25.A.voiceshadcome B.camevoices C.voiceswouldcomeD.didvoicescome

26.A.shemeans B.youmean C.Imean D.wemean

27.A.beg B.hesitate C.desire D.seek28.A.fightfor B.applyfor C.callon D.waiton29.A.delay B.effort C.schedule D.consideration30.A.exactly B.fortunately C.surprisingly D.hardly31.A.willmake B.hadmade C.wasmaking D.makes 32.A.Reminding B.Reminded C.Toremind D.Havingreminded

33.A.when B.while C.after D.since

34.A.marking B.marked C.havingmarked D.beingmarked 35.A.wouldnotwin B.wouldnothavewonC.wouldwin D.wouldhavewon

12/6/202336单项填空考点分析（福建2009高考英语）21.A.Ipracticeeveryday B.ThankyouverymuchC.No,Idon’tthinkso D.Well,it’snotgoodenough

22.A.havepolluted B.isbeingpolluted C.hasbeenpollutedD.havebeenpolluted23.A.of B.for C.by D.about24.A.that B.when C.which D.where 25.A.voiceshadcome B.camevoices C.voiceswouldcomeD.didvoicescome 26.A.shemeans B.youmean C.Imean D.wemean

27.A.beg B.hesitate C.desire D.seek28.A.fightfor B.applyfor C.callon D.waiton29.A.delay B.effort C.schedule D.consideration30.A.exactly B.fortunately C.surprisingly D.hardly31.A.willmake B.hadmade C.wasmaking D.makes 32.A.Reminding B.Reminded C.Toremind D.Havingreminded 33.A.when B.while C.after D.since34.A.marking B.marked C.havingmarked D.beingmarked 35.A.wouldnotwin B.wouldnothavewonC.wouldwin D.wouldhavewon 12/6/202337单项填空考点分析（福建2009高考英语）21.A.Ipracticeeveryday B.ThankyouverymuchC.No,Idon’tthinkso D.Well,it’snotgoodenough

22.A.havepolluted B.isbeingpolluted C.hasbeenpollutedD.havebeenpolluted23.A.of B.for C.by D.about24.A.that B.when C.which D.where 25.A.voiceshadcome B.camevoices C.voiceswouldcomeD.didvoicescome 26.A.shemeans B.youmean C.Imean D.wemean27.A.beg B.hesitate C.desire D.seek28.A.fightfor B.applyfor C.callon D.waiton29.A.delay B.effort C.schedule D.consideration30.A.exactly B.fortunately C.surprisingly D.hardly31.A.willmake B.hadmade C.wasmaking D.makes 32.A.Reminding B.Reminded C.Toremind D.Havingreminded 33.A.when B.while C.after D.since34.A.marking B.marked C.havingmarked D.beingmarked 35.A.wouldnotwin B.wouldnothavewonC.wouldwin D.wouldhavewon

12/6/202338选择项结构意义分类词类语法属性结构分析固定结构意义理解逻辑关系动词变化谓语动词22，312535非谓语动词3234语法辨析情态动词冠词代词26介词23连词从句引导词2433语义辨析动词27，28名词29形容词副词30语用辨析交际用语2112/6/20233922.-WhydoestheLakesmellterrible? -Becauselargequantitiesofwater______. [语法属性] A.havepolluted B.isbeingpolluted C.hasbeenpollutedD.havebeenpolluted25.ForamomentnothinghappenedThen______allshoutingtogether.[结构分析] A.voiceshadcome B.camevoices C.voiceswouldcomeD.didvoicescome 31.Accordingtotheliteraryreview,Shakespeare______hischaritieslivethroughtheirlanguageinhisplays.[语法属性] A.willmake B.hadmadeC.wasmaking D.makes32.______nottomisstheflightat15:20,themanagersetoutfortheairportinahurry.[结构分析] A.Reminding B.Reminded C.ToremindD.Havingreminded34.InApril,2009,PresidentHuinspectedthewarshipsinQingdao,______the60thanniversaryofthefoundingofthePLANavy.[意义理解] A.marking B.marked C.havingmarked D.beingmarked35.ButforthehelpofmyEnglishteacher,I______thefirstprizeintheEnglishWritingCompetition.[特殊结构] A.wouldnotwin B.wouldnothavewon C.wouldwinD.wouldhavewon 12/6/20234023.-Howamazingitisthatastronautsareexploringouterspace! -It’sachallenge,Iguess,______managainstnature. [意义理解] A.of B.for C.by D.about24.It’shelpfultoputchildreninasituation______theycanseethemselvesdifferently.[结构分析] A.that B.when C.which D.where26.-Yourmumisverykind.-Yeah,Mymumisprettyconsiderate,youknowwhat______,she alwaysarrangeseverythingaroundme.

[逻辑关系] A.shemeansB.youmeanC.ImeanD.wemean33.Shehadjustfinishedherhomework______hermotheraskedhertopracticeplayingthepianoyesterday.

[固定结构] A.when B.while C.after D.since12/6/20234127.Weareatyourservice.Don’t______toturntousifyouhaveanyfurtherproblems.[意义理解]A.begB.hesitateC.desireD.seek28.TheSomalirobbers’frequentattacksontheseaurgedtheUnitedNationsto______allnationstotakeimmediateaction.[意义理解]A.fightforB.applyforC.callonD.waiton29.TheWorldHealthOrganizationgaveawarningtothepublicwithoutany______whenthevirusofH1N1hitMexicoinApril,2009.[意义理解]A.delayB.effortC.scheduleD.consideration12/6/202342命题技巧：(a)考点与答对概率

You’regoingtothemovies,________?aren’tyoudon’twearen’ttheyaren’tIYou’regoingtothemovies,_______you?aren’tdon’taredo12/6/202343Don’tyoufinditsurprisingthatsuchanicehouse_________uninhabitedbyitsownereversincethetimeitwasbuilt?wouldhavebeenleavedshouldhavebeenleftshouldbeleavedwouldbeleft命题技巧：12/6/20234422.-WhydoestheLakesmellterrible? -Becauselargequantitiesofwater______.A.havepolluted B.isbeingpolluted C.hasbeenpollutedD.havebeenpolluted

12/6/202345(b)干扰项的相容：

对于不懂得正确选项的考生来说，每个干扰项都应该具有似乎可能性命题技巧：12/6/20234612/6/202347(C)答案的唯一性Whichdoyouthinktastes______,thechickenorthefish?wellgoodbetterbestFranklyonlyoneofthesetwodishestastesgood.Theothertastesawful.Whichdoyouthinktastesgood,thechickenorthefish?Thesetwodishes,thechickenandthefish,bothtastebetterthanalltheothers.Butwemustchooseoneforthefirstprize.Whichdoyouthinktastesbest,thechickenorthefish?You’vetriedmywife’stwofamousdishes–thechickenandthefish.Whichdoyouthinktastes______?命题技巧：12/6/202348(d)消除提示正确选项的线索Somepeoplethinkthattheyhavea____totheproblemsofcarcrowdingandpollutioninlargecities.A.solutionB.answerC.adviceD.suggestionHeisabrutalmanandsoeverybody_________him.A.dislikeB.respectsC.pitiesD.praises命题技巧：12/6/202349(e)避免诡题WhenImetTimyesterday,itwasthefirsttimeI_________himsinceChristmas.sawhaveseenhadseenhavebeenseeingIwouldsayitisnotimpossibleforsomeonenotascarefulasyouareto_______thisnotveryimportantpoint.overdooverlookoverrateoverstate命题技巧：12/6/202350(f)注意口语与书面语的使用----Themeetinghasbeencanceled.----______Iwouldnothavecome.A.HaveIknowearlier

B.HadIknowearlierC.KnowingthatearlierD.Knowthatearlier命题技巧：12/6/202351命题技巧：(g)题干与选项的简洁I_____thistimeyesterday.A.amwritingtomyparentsB.waswritingtomayparentsC.hasbeenwritingtomyparentsD.wrotetomyparents12/6/202352完型填空试题结构

线索词语考试词语干扰短文答案12/6/202353考点设置：突出关联性[考点词语] 选择考试词语的原则是：它必须可以根据篇章结构、意义连贯或其它上下文信息进行推导的词语。[线索词语] 线索词语或结构主要来源于词语搭配、句子结构、篇章衔接和意义连贯等信息。[干扰项] 完形填空的干扰项主要从搭配、结构、意义或连贯四个层面对答案进行干扰。12/6/202354完形填空题：考点分类词：词语搭配句：结构和意义篇：衔接和连贯12/6/202355考点层次与焦点因素12/6/202356考点分布12/6/202357ThepositionofchildreninAmericanfamilyandsocietyisnolongerwhatisusedtobe.The36familyincolonialNorthAmericawasmainlyconcernedwithsurvivaland37that,itsowneconomicprosperity.Thus,childrenwere38intermsoftheirproductivity,andtheyplayedtheroleofproducerquiteearly.39theyfulfilledthisrole,theirpositioninthefamilywasoneofsubordination.36.A.poorB.ordinaryC.happyD.wealthy37.A.exceptB.forC.beyondD.through38.A.supportedB.receivedC.encouragedD.valued39.A.UntilB.AfterC.AlthoughD.When12/6/2023582009试卷完形填空考点归纳12/6/202359阅读理解

试题结构阅读理解试题由阅读短文和若干个理解问题组成，要求考生按照理解问题的要求，从阅读短文中获取合适的信息，回答阅读理解的问题，即：判断所获取的信息是否与试题提供的4个选项中的某一项相匹配。所以，阅读理解问题的4个选择项中只有一项是基于原文信息内容的正确理解，其余3个选项或是对原文信息的错误理解，或是基于原文以外的信息。阅读理解试题结构可以用右图表示：12/6/202360阅读理解：考点分类信息处理

单句信息 句组信息 全文信息信息理解

意义理解

字面意义 解释意义 语境意义

隐含意义

推理意义

概括意义

语言理解

词义猜测

篇章结构

超篇章信息

作者态度

写作目的考点设置突出信息块12/6/202361阅读理解：干扰项基本原则：a.干扰信息来源于原文b.干扰信息要集中c.不要互相干扰信息组合12/6/202362阅读理解：干扰项干扰方式局部信息信息组合信息不符（干扰项信息大于、小于或相反于原文信息）篇外信息12/6/202363阅读理解：干扰项干扰项写题技巧：利用语篇层面的信息理解错误a)对信息的错误联想：即：某点意思是阅读材料里本来有的，却把它和材料语篇里没有的、不相干的一些别的意思联系在一起，产生错误联想。b)对信息的错误判断：利用的是对信息在语篇中的意义的判断错误，体现为真假混淆，似是而非或似非而是（考潜在信息）。c)弄错信息间的关系：阅读试题考的是篇章包含的信息。信息与信息之间以一定的关系互相组合（如：并列、主次、先后、因果、正反、目的和手段、命题和例证、前提和结论、包容和被包容的关系），如文章里有信息a、b、c、d，a是因，b是果，干扰项可以把b说为因，等。d)推理或演算错误：即：给出前提，再给出结论，让考生根据推理或演算来判断选项中的结论那个是正确的。

12/6/20236412/6/20236512/6/20236612/6/20236712/6/202368Anewstudyhasfoundnoevidencethatsunscreen,commonlyusedtoreducetheriskofskincancer,actuallyincreasetherisk.ResearchersfromtheUniversityofIowabasedtheirfindingsonareviewof18earlierstudiesthatlookedattheassociationbetweensunscreenuseandmelanoma（黑素瘤）.TheysaidthattheyfoundflawsinstudiesthathadreportedassociationsbetweensunscreenuseandhigherriskofmelanomaMosthealthexpertsbelievethatbyprotectingtheskinfromtheharmfuleffectsofthesun,sunscreenhelpspreventskincancer,whichisincreasinginincidencefasterthananyothercancerintheUnitedStates.Butquestionshasbeenraisedaboutsunscreenandwhetheritmayhasoppositeeffect,perhapsbyallowingpeopletoremainexposedtothesunlongerwithoutburning.Theresearcherssaidthatamongtheproblemswithsomeearlierstudiesisthattheyoftenfailedtotakeintoaccountthatthosepeoplemostatriskforskincancer---peoplewithfairskinandfreckles,forexample---aremorelikelytousesunscreen.Asaresult,itmayappearthatsunscreenusersgetcancermoreoften.Thestudies,whichgenerallyreliedonvolunteerstorecalltheirsunscreenuse,werealsounabletoprovehowwelltheproductshadbeenapplied,saidthenewstudy.72.Theunderlinedword“flaws”inthe2ndparagraphmostprobablymeans（p=0.25）.A.evidence（局部信息，单数）13.35，-0.08

B.Facts（语境不当12.83，0.04

C.faults（词义猜测14.25，

0.25

D.Failures（搭配不当11.00,0.2973.Peoplewithfairskinandfreckles0.5510.4814.7810.2712.330.370.620.440.11

.A.seldomusesunscreen解释错误B.aremoreindangerofskincancer(单句理解,解释意义C.canbefreefromtheharmofthesun(解释错误D.oftenexposethemselvestothesun(过度概括12/6/202369Anewstudyhasfoundnoevidencethatsunscreen,commonlyusedtoreducetheriskofskincancer,actuallyincreasetherisk.ResearchersfromtheUniversityofIowabasedtheirfindingsonareviewof18earlierstudiesthatlookedattheassociationbetweensunscreenuseandmelanoma（黑素瘤）.TheysaidthattheyfoundflawsinstudiesthathadreportedassociationsbetweensunscreenuseandhigherriskofmelanomaMosthealthexpertsbelievethatbyprotectingtheskinfromtheharmfuleffectsofthesun,sunscreenhelpspreventskincancer,whichisincreasinginincidencefasterthananyothercancerintheUnitedStates.Butquestionshasbeenraisedaboutsunscreenandwhetheritmayhasoppositeeffect,perhapsbyallowingpeopletoremainexposedtothesunlongerwithoutburning.Theresearcherssaidthatamongtheproblemswithsomeearlierstudiesisthattheyoftenfailedtotakeintoaccountthatthosepeoplemostatriskforskincancer---peoplewithfairskinandfreckles,forexample---aremorelikelytousesunscreen.Asaresult,itmayappearthatsunscreenusersgetcancermoreoften.Thestudies,whichgenerallyreliedonvolunteerstorecalltheirsunscreenuse,werealsounabletoprovehowwelltheproductshadbeenapplied,saidthenewstudy.74.Wecanlearnfromthepassagethat(0.2213.2710.3213.0014.70/-0.060.400.000.32)A.sunscreenusersgetskincancermoreoften(局部信息)B.thevolunteershaveprovedtheeffectofsunscreen(解释错误)C.thenewstudywasbasedontheexperiencesofvolunteers(过度概括)D.thenumberofskincancerpatientsisincreasinginAmerica(单句信息)75.Whichofthefollowingcanbethetitleforthispassage?(0.1313.0814.0211.8110.51/0.01-0.370.220.32)A.SunscreentoPreventSkinCancer(全文主旨信息)B.SunscreentoIncreaseSkinCancer(概括错误)C.SkinCancerCausedbySunscreen(局部信息)D.SkinCancerCausedbyFreckles(篇外信息)12/6/2023702009试卷阅读考点归纳12/6/202371选项的同质性长度一致性Theprisonerescapedbytheskinofhisteethfromtheheavily-guardedprison.bitthroughtheelectriccablesandescapedpretendedtogotoadentistandsoescapedbarelyescapedwashelpedbytheprisondentisttoescape.daringlyescapedcunninglyescapedbarelyescapedeasilyescaped命题技巧12/6/202372结构一致性Anautomobilecoilcanbeused______.tochargethebatterytoincreasethevoltageofelectriccurrentitcoolstheignitionsystemdeliveringthecurrenttosparkplugsThepurposeoftheautomobilecoilisto_______.chargethebatterycooltheignitionsystemdelivercurrenttothesparkplugsincreasethevoltageofelectriccurrent命题技巧：不平行的结构12/6/202373写题的简洁尽可能将选项中的措辞放到题干中.如果选项中有重复的部分应该放到题干中。Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizes“IHearAmericaSinging”?ThegreatnessofAmericaisinitsindustrialstrengthcombinedwithanadequatelaborforce.ThegreatnessofAmericaisintherecognitionoftheindividual’sabilities.ThegreatnessofAmericaisintheindividual’sworkingindependentlyandyetharmoniously.ThegreatnessofAmericaisineachindividual’sappropriateworkchoice.InWaltWhiteman’s“IHearAmericaSinging,”thegreatnessofAmericaisinsummarizedby______.itsindustrialstrengthcombinedwithanadequatelaborforcetherecognitionoftheindividual’sabilitiesindividualsworkingindependentlyandyetharmoniouslyeachindividual’schoiceofwork命题技巧12/6/202374题干和选项尽量避免否定的措词。如果无法避免，一定要通过划线或大写来突显否定的词。Whichofthefollowingisnotalwayscompatiblewithautomobilesafety?four-wheelbrakessafetyglasspowerdualbrakesystemAllofthefollowingarecompatiblewithautomobilesafetyEXCEPT_____.命题技巧12/6/202375避免使用一些如下的表述Whichofthefollowingsis(not)true?Avoidusing“alloftheabove”asanalternative.Whichwouldbeanothernamefor9?4+515-6(6+6)-3AlloftheaboveWhichwouldbeanothernamefor9?Allofthefollowing4+515-6(6+6)-3命题技巧12/6/202376选项的排列可以按照字母顺序、数字大小顺序、以及其他有规律的顺序。WhendidThomasarrivedattheairport?10:30am6:30am8:30am9:30amWhichofthefollowingrequiresyoutopreparewinterclothesifyougothere? A.Austria B.Wales C.France D.NorwayWhatdoesthemanimply? A.It’sbusyyearfortheclinic. B.Theafternoonwillbelesscrowded. C.Alotofpeoplearesickduringthisseason. D.Thedoctorskepttalkingforalongtime.命题技巧12/6/202377短文填词设题思路、方法1）重点考查单词拼写、语言基础知识、语篇理解能力和语言表达能力；在考查词汇的同时也考查学生读与写的能力。考生必须在理解短文内容的基础上，把握短文主旨大意，运用所学语言知识填空，使短文语篇完整。12/6/202378短文填词设题思路、方法2）选材符合考生的书面表达水平，短文词数在130左右，共设10小题，第一行不设题，其余每行挖空一处设一题；考查以实词为主，兼顾其他词类。12/6/202379短文填词设题思路、方法3）每个空格根据提示用一个单词的适当形式填空，提示的方式有：汉语提示、首字母提示、语境提示，其中首字母提示、汉语提示各3-4个，语境提示2-3个。12/6/202380Lastweek,wetalkedaboutdifferentkindsofshortstories.Manyofyousaidyoulikethe___(美国的）writerErnestHemingway,whoiswknownforhisshortstories.Isupposeyouhaveallfmyadviceandfinishedreadinghisstory.We’regoingtostudyit____(一起）inthislesson.Now,firstofall,Iwouldlikeyoutohavea____(讨论）.Pleaselookatthethreeqontheblackboard.First,whendidthestory____place?Second,wh