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Diagnosisof
GastrointestinalBleedingProf.ChengweiTang(唐承薇教授)Dept.ofGastroenterology,WestChinaHospitalSichuanUniversityDiagnosisof
GastrointestinalHematemesisandHematochezia
呕血与便血HematemesisandHematochezia
2
Theapproachtogastro-intestinal(GI)bleedingistailoredtothemannerofappearance. Theapproachtogastro-intest3Isbleedingacuteorchronic?IntensivecareWhereisthesourceofbleeding?EmpirictherapyDiagnosisTreatment(经验治疗)Whatisthecausesofbleeding?Recognitionofhemorrhage
Isbleedingacuteorchronic?I4IntensivecareWhereisthesourceofbleeding?EmpirictherapyDiagnosisTreatment(经验治疗)Whatisthecausesofbleeding?Isbleedingacuteorchronic?RecognitionofhemorrhageIntensivecareWhereisthesou5ClinicalManifestations1Mannerofbleedingpresentation2Hypovolemia(低血容量)orshock3Anemia(贫血)
RecognitionofhemorrhageClinicalManifestations1Mann6Patientsmanifestbloodloss1)
Hematemesis
呕血
Bloodyvomitus,eitherfreshandbrightredorolderand“coffee-ground”(hematin酸化正铁血红素)incharacterHemoptysis? Nosebleeding?MannerofbleedingpresentationfromtheGItract
infiveways:Patientsmanifestbloodloss1)72)Melena
黑便Shiny,black,sticky,foul-smellingstooldegradationofbloodexogenousstooldarkenersironbismuth(铋剂)
Mannerofbleedingpresentation2)Melena黑便Mannerofble8Mannerofbleedingpresentation3)
Hematochezia
便血brightredormaroonbloodfromtherectum
purebloodbloodintermixedwithformedstoolbloodydiarrheaMannerofbleedingpresentatio9Mannerofbleedingpresentation4)
Occult
隐血detectedonlybytestingthestoolwithamonoclonalantibodyforhumanhemoglobin
Mannerofbleedingpresentatio10EstimateamountofbleedingfromupperGItract5~10ml/dOB+50~70ml/dMelena
250~300mlinshorttimeHematemesis
Estimateamountofbleedingfr11Mannerofbleedingpresentationwithoutanyobjectivesignofbleedingwithsymptomsofbloodloss
dizziness,dyspnea,anginacordis(心绞痛),orevenshock
digitalexamination(指检)oftherectumMannerofbleedingpresentatio12HypovolemiaorshockSpeedandvolumeofbloodlossWeakness,giddiness(眩晕),oliguria,(少尿)coldextremity,sweatingVitalsigns:tachycardia,(心动过速)hypotention(低血压)HypovolemiaorshockSpeedand13AnemiapaledizzinesspalpitationeasyfatigabilitydyspneaanginacordisAnemiapaleeasy14Isbleedingacuteorchronic?1)Bleedingspeed
Hematemesisoffreshbloodgenerallyindicatesamoreseverebleedingepisodethanmelena,whichoccurswhenbleedingisslowenoughtoallowtimefordegradationofblood
Isbleedingacuteorchronic?115呕血与便血6课件16Isbleedingacuteorchronic?2)Hematocrit
bleedingslowly
hypochromic(血红蛋白过少)microcytic(小细胞)redbloodcells
meancorpuscularvolume(MCV,
平均血球压积)ofthecellsmaybelow
Isbleedingacuteorchronic?217Isbleedingacuteorchronic?
Ifbloodlossisacute,thehematocritdosenotchangeduringthefirstfewhoursafterhemorrhageAbout24to72hourslater,plasmavolumeislargerthannormalandthehematocritisatitslowestpoint
Isbleedingacuteorchronic?187654321Volume(Liters)45%45%27%ABCIsbleedingacuteorchronic?HematocritchangesABeforebleedingBImmediatelyafterbleedingC24~72hoursafterbleeding7654321Vo19Isbleedingacuteorchronic?3)Bloodpressureandheartratedependon
amountofbloodlosssuddennessofbloodlossextentofcardiacandvascularcompensation
Isbleedingacuteorchronic?320posturalhypotension
----earlyphysicalfindingtachycardia
----greaterloss,compensaterecumbent(卧位)hypotension
----finalresults
Isbleedingacuteorchronic?posturalhypotensionIsbleedi21Isbleedingacuteorchronic?Posturalhypotension
Aposturaldropinbloodpressureof10to15mmHgIsbleedingacuteorchronic?P22Isbleedingacuteorchronic?4)
Bowelsound
ActivebowelsoundusuallybepresentedinacutebleedingfromGItractIsbleedingacuteorchronic?423Emergentandintensivecare
InitiallyvitalsignssupineanduprightbloodpressurepulseEmergentandintensivecareIn24Ifbloodlossissignificant,intravenousfluidsmustbestartedSalineorotherbalancedelectrolytesolutionsaremostrapidlyavailable
Ifbloodlossissignificant,25
Bloodissenttothelab.completebloodcountclottingstudiesroutinechemistrystudies.
Bloodfortypingandcross-matchingissenttothebloodbank.Bloodissenttothelab.26Whereisthesourceofbleeding?
Localization
UpperGIbleeding:bleedingfromasourceproximaltotheligamentofTreitz.
LowerGIbleeding:bleedingfromasitedistaltotheligamentofTreitz.Whereisthesourceofbleedin27
Localization
Treitz: TheligamentofTreitzisananatomiclandmarkfortheduodenal-jejunaljunction.Localization Treitz: 28
Localization
DifferentiatingfeaturesofupperGIandlowerGIbleeding UpperGI LowerGI Manifestation Hematemesis Hematochezia melena Nasogastricaspirate Bloody Clear BUN Elevated Normal Bowelsound Hyperactive NormalLocalization Differentiating29UpperGItractbleeding?ClinicalmanifestationBowelsoundNasogastrictubeUpperGItractbleeding?Clini30HematemesisMelenaHematocheziaHematemesisMelenaHematochezia31Moreproximallesionsproducehematemesisormelena,whereasmoredistallesionsaremorelikelytoproducehematochezia.Moreproximallesionspr32
IfhematocheziaisfromanupperGIsource,itusuallyreflectsamassivebleed(i.e.,greaterthan1000ml).
Ifhematocheziaisfroman33Whatisthecausesofbleeding?90%upperGIbleedingisduetofourlesions:1)pepticulcer(消化性溃疡)2)hemorrhagicgastritis(胃炎)3)esophagealorgastricvarices (静脉曲张)4) gastriccancerWhatisthecausesofbleeding34pepticulcerpepticulcer35hemorrhagicgastritishemorrhagicgastritis36esophagealvaricesesophagealvarices37gastriccancergastriccancer38Causesofgastrointestinalbleeding
Mallory-Weisstear
食道-贲门撕裂伤Causesofgastrointestinalble39CausesofgastrointestinalbleedingPortal-hypertensivegastropathy
门脉高压胃病Ancylostomiasis
钩虫病Post-sphincterotomy
括约肌切开术后Causesofgastrointestinalble40CausesofgastrointestinalbleedingColorectalcancerColitisLargehemorrhoid 大痔Rectumtear 肛裂VascularanomaliesHematologicdiseasesCausesofgastrointestinalble41Diagnosticapproachtogastrointestinalbleeding
1
Historyandphysicalexamination2Endoscopy3Bariumradiography4Angiography5NuclearscintigraphyDiagnosticapproachtogastroi42History
andphysicalexaminationAhistoryofpreviouslydocu-mentedGItractdiseasedeterminedbyradiography,endoscopy,orsurgicalproceduresisveryuseful.DiagnosticapproachtoGIbleedingHistoryandphysicalexaminati43DiagnosticapproachtoGIbleeding
PatientswithhepatitisBorchronicactiveliverdiseasemaypresentwithpainlesshematemesisfromesophagealvarices.
DiagnosticapproachtoGIblee44DiagnosticapproachtoGIbleeding
Patientswithforceful,retching(干呕)ormultipleepisodesofvomitingoffoodpriortotheonsetofhematemesismaybebleedingfromMallory-Weisstearsofthegastroesophagealjunction.DiagnosticapproachtoGIblee45DiagnosticapproachtoGIbleeding
Ahistoryofepigastric(上腹部)
burningpainpromptlyrelievedbyfoodorantacids(抗酸剂)
ornocturnal(夜间)painsuggestspepticulcerdisease,particularlyduodenal(十二指肠)ulcer.
DiagnosticapproachtoGIblee46DiagnosticapproachtoGIbleeding
Colorectalmalignancy
isoftensuggestebyahistoryofgradualweightlossintermittentbloodinthestoolsalteredbowelhabitsDiagnosticapproachtoGIblee47DiagnosticapproachtoGIbleeding
Hemorrhoidalbleedingisoftensuggestedbythepresenceofbrightredbloodsurroundingwell-formed,normal-appearingstools.DiagnosticapproachtoGIblee48DiagnosticapproachtoGIbleeding
Patientswithstigmata(特征)ofchronicliverdisease[e.g.,spiderangioma(蜘蛛痣),ascites(腹水),gynecomastia(男性乳房发育)]andupperGIbleedingoftenbleedfromesophagealvaricesorerosion(糜烂).DiagnosticapproachtoGIblee49DiagnosticapproachtoGIbleeding
Localizedepigastrictenderness(触痛)
topalpationmayindicatepepticulcerdiseaseorgastritis.DiagnosticapproachtoGIblee50DiagnosticapproachtoGIbleeding
OccasionallypatientswithlowerGItractbleedingfromamalignancyhaveapalpablelowerabdominalmass,hepatomegaly(肝肿大),signsofobviousweightloss.
DiagnosticapproachtoGIblee51DiagnosticapproachtoGIbleeding
Arectalexaminationisessen-tialtodocumentstoolcoloraswellastopalpateforgrossano-rectal(肛直肠)masslesionssuchaspolyps,cancers,orlargehemorrhoids.DiagnosticapproachtoGIblee52DiagnosticapproachtoGIbleeding
Endoscopy(内镜)
Endoscopyisthediagnosticprocedureofchoicebecauseofitshighaccuracyandimmediatetherapeuticpotential.
Endoscopy,however,mustbePerformedonlyfollowingadequateresuscita-tion(复苏).DiagnosticapproachtoGIblee53DiagnosticapproachtoGIbleeding
Endoscopy
Contraindications:
acutemyocardialinfarctio
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