英美文学简明教程

OldandMedievalEnglishLiterature（中世纪英语时期文学）=1\*ROMANIUnderstandingandapplication:(理解应用)1.

England’sinhabitantsareCelts.AnditisconqueredbyRomans（罗马）,AngloSaxons(盎格鲁撒克逊人)andNormans（日耳曼）.TheAnglo-SaxonsbroughttheGermaniclanguageandculturetoEngland,whileNormansbroughttheMediterraneancivilization（地中海文明）,includingGreekculture（古希腊文化）,Romelaw（罗马法律）andtheChristianreligion（基督教）.ItistheculturalinfluenceofthesetwoconqueststhatprovidedthesourcefortheriseandgrowthofEnglishliterature.2.TheoldEnglishliterature（古英语文学）extendsfromabout450to1066,theyearoftheNormanconquestofEngland.3.TheoldEnglishpoetry(古英语诗)thathassurvivedcanbedividedintotwogroups:Thereligiousgroupandthesecularone(宗教类和世俗类)4.Beowulf（贝尔武夫）:atypicalexampleofOldEnglishpoetryisregardedasthenationalepic(民族史诗)oftheAnglo-Saxons.Itisanexampleoftheminglingofnaturemythsandheroiclegends.一、GeofferyChaucer杰弗里•乔叟1343~1400(首创“双韵体”，英国文学史上首先用伦敦方言写作。约翰·德莱顿（JohnDryden）称其为“英国诗歌之父”。代表作《坎特伯雷故事集》。)ThefatherofEnglishpoetry.Writingstyle:wisdom,humor,humanity.作品：=1\*GB3①<TheCanterburyTales>坎特伯雷故事集：firsttimetouse‘heroiccouplet’(双韵体)bymiddleEnglish=2\*GB3②<TroilusandCriseyde>特罗勒斯与克丽西德③<TheHouseofFame>声誉之堂=4\*GB3④<ThebookoftheDuchess>公爵夫人之书⑤<TheParliamentofFowls>百鸟议会Heroiccouplet（英雄双韵体）:Heroiccoupletisarhymedcoupletofiambicpentameter.itisthemostcommonEnglishmeter,inwhicheachfootcontainsanunaccentedsyllableandanaccentedsyllablecanunstressedsyllablefollowedbyastressedone.“TheFatherofEnglishpoetry”:（乔叟的贡献）①ChaucerintroducedfromFrancetherhymedstanzasofvarioustypestoEnglishpoetrytoreplaceit.②InTheRomauntoftheRose(玫瑰传奇),hefirstintroducedtotheEnglishtheoctosyllabiccouplet(八音节对偶句).③InTheLegendofGoodWomen,heusedforthefirsttimeinEnglishheroiccouplet.④Andinhismasterpiece,TheCanterburyTales,heemployedheroiccoupletwithtrueeaseandcharmforthefirsttimeinthehistoryofEnglishliterature.⑤HisartmadehimoneofthegreatestpoetsinEnglish;JohnDrydencalledhim“thefatherofEnglishpoetry”.Chapter1:TheRenaissancePeriod文艺复兴TheRenaissance:TheRenaissancemarksatransitionfromthemedievaltothemodernworld.Generally,itreferstotheperiodbetweenthe14th&17thcenturies.ItfirststartedinItaly,withthefloweringofpainting,sculpture&literature.FromItalythemovementwenttoembracetherestofEurope.TheRenaissance,whichmeans"rebirth"or"revival,"isactuallyamovementstimulatedbyaseriesofhistoricalevents,suchas:①There-discoveryofancientRoman&Greekculture古罗马和古希腊文化的发掘②Thenewdiscoveriesingeography&astrology地理天文大发现,thereligiousreformation&theeconomicexpansion席卷欧洲的宗教改革.③TheRenaissance,therefore,inessenceisahistoricalperiodinwhichtheEuropeanhumanistthinkers&scholarsmadeattemptstogetridofthoseoldfeudalistideasinmedievalEurope,tointroducenewideasthatexpressedtheinterestsoftherisingbourgeoisie,&torecoverthepurityoftheearlychurchfromthecorruptionoftheRomanCatholicChurch.2.Humanism:（人文主义）HumanismistheessenceoftheRenaissance.Renaissancehumanistsfoundintheclassicsajustificationtoexalthumannatureandcametoseethathumanbeingsweregloriouscreaturescapableofindividualdevelopmentinthedirectionofperfections,andthattheworldtheyinhabitedwastheirsnottodespisebuttoquestion,explore,andenjoy.Thus,byemphasizingthedignityofhumanbeingsandtheimportanceofthepresentlife,theyvoicedtheirbeliefsthatmandidnotonlyhavetherighttoenjoythebeautyofthislife,buthadtheabilitytoperfecthimselfandtoperformwonders.ThomasMore,ChristopherMarloweandWilliamShakespearearethebestrepresentativesoftheEnglishhumanists.1.EdmundSpencer(斯宾塞):Thepoets’poet.（后人称之为“诗人的诗人”。）ThefirsttobeburiedinthePoet’scornerofWesterminsterAbbey

①Spenser'smostimportantwork&masterpieceis<TheFaerieQueen>仙后(forQueenElizabeth),hisgreatallegoryThethemeisnot“Armsandtheman”,butsomethingmoreromantic“Fiercewarsandfaithfullloves”.

Artisticfeatures:

1.UsingSpenserianStanza

SpenserianStanza斯宾塞诗节:astanzaofninelinesababbcbcc.Eightlinesiniambicpentameter,andlastlineiniambichexameter.

②<TheShepherdsCalendar>牧人日历

ThethemeistolamentoverthelossofRosalind.

③<Amoretti>爱情小唱

3.领会HisInfluenceMainqualitiesofSpenser'spoetry

Bacon’squote1knowledgeispower知识就是力量。Beautyisassummerfruits,whichareeasytocorrupt,andcannotlast;andforthemostpartitmakesadissoluteyouth,andanagealittleoutofcountenance美犹如盛夏的水果，是容易腐烂而难保持的，世上有许多美人，她们有过放荡的青春，却迎受着愧悔的晚年。Naturalabilitiesarelikenaturalplants,thatneedpruningbystudy;andstudiesthemselvesdogiveforthdirectionstoomuchatlarge,excepttheybeboundedinbyexperience.天生的能力好像天然生成的植物，必须通过学习加以修整；然而学习本身如若不由实践去约束，必然方向纷杂而漫无目的。Virtueislikearichstone,bestplainset美德好比宝石，在朴素背景的衬托下反而更华丽。评价thefounderofEnglishmaterialistphilosophy.ThefounderofmodernscienceinEngland.arepresentativeoftheEnglishrenaissance.awell-knownphilosopher,scientistandessayist.Bacon’sworksestablishandpopularizeaninductivemethodologyforscientificinquiry,oftencalledtheBaconianmethod.Induction（归纳法）impliesdrawingknowledgefromthenaturalworldthroughexperimentation,observation,andtestingofhypotheses.（哲学家、散文家；在论述探究知识的著作中提出了知识就是力量这一著名论断；近代唯物主义哲学的奠基人和近代实验科学的先驱。）Philosopher,scientist,laythefoundationformodernscience.ThefirstEnglishessayist.马克思称他为“英国唯物主义及现代实验科学之父”Writingstyle:brevity,compactness&powerfulness,well-arrangingandenrichingbyBiblicalallusions,metaphorsandphilosophytoman’sreason.十七世纪英国诗人JohnDonne约翰邓恩theMetaphysicalpoet(17世纪玄学派诗人)Englishpoet,preacher英国诗人牧师HewasthemostoutstandingoftheEnglishMetaphysicalPoets他是最杰出的玄学派诗人作品：SongsandSonnets《歌与十四行诗》TheGood-Morrow《早安》BreakofDay《破晓》Epithalamions,ormarriagesongs《颂歌》Elegies《挽歌》OnHisMistressToHisMistressGoingtobedDivinepoems《圣歌》HolySonnets《神圣十四行诗》AttheRoundEarthsImaginedCorner,BelowDeathBeNotProud<死神休的张狂>Artisticfeatures:艺术特点conceitsorimagery奇思妙喻syllogism三段论Metaphysicalpoetry玄学派诗歌：用语thedictionissimple,theimageryisfromtheactual,(形式)theformisfrequentlyanargumentwiththepoetsbeloved,withgod,orwithhimself.（主题：love,religious,thought）Metaphysicalpoetry:Theterm"metaphysicalpoetry"iscommonlyusedtonametheworkofthe17thcenturywriterswhowroteundertheinfluenceofJohnDonne.Witharebelliousspirit,themetaphysicalpoetstriedtobreakawayfromtheconventionalfashionoftheElizabethanlovepoetry.ThedictionissimpleascomparedwiththatoftheElizabethanortheNeoclassicperiods,andechoesthewordsandcadencesofcommonspeech.Theimageryindrawnfromtheactuallife.Theformisfrequentlythatofanargumentwiththepoet'sbeloved,withGod,orwithhimself.JohnMilton约翰•弥尔顿1608~1674革命诗人JohnMiltonwasanEnglishpoet,政论家，\o"Polemicist"polemicist(辩论家）Heisbestknownforhis\o"Epicpoetry"epicpoem\o"ParadiseLost"ParadiseLost失乐园,whichisconsideredasthegreatestEnglishliteraryepic.评价：\o"WilliamHayley"WilliamHayley's1796biographycalledhimthe"greatestEnglishauthor".Heremainsgenerallyregarded"asoneofthepreeminentwritersintheEnglishlanguageandasathinkerofworldimportance."Milton'sliteraryachievementscanbedividedintothreegroups:theearlypoeticworks,themiddleprosepamphlets&thelastgreatpoems.写作的3个主题:ChurchgovernmentDivorceRepublicanism作品：1637：\o"Lycidas"Lycidas《利西达斯》1650：\o"Areopagitica"Areopagitica《轮出版自由》1667:\o"ParadiseLost"ParadiseLost《失乐园》是无韵体1671:\o"ParadiseRegained"ParadiseRegained《复乐园》1671:\o"SamsonAgonistes"SamsonAgonistes《力士参孙》TheDefenceoftheEnglishPeople为英国人民声辩ParadiseLost(1667),ParadiseRegained(1671),&SamsonAgonistes(1671).Amongthethree,thefirstisthegreatest,indeedtheonlygenerallyacknowledgedepicinEnglishliteraturesinceBeowulf;&thelastoneisthemostperfectexampleoftheversedramaaftertheGreekstyleinEnglish.文学地位：MiltonisoneoftheveryfewtrulygreatEnglishwriterswhoisalsoaprominentfigureinpoliticsandwhoisbothagreatpoetandimportantprosewriter.MiltonisthegreatestEnglishpoetafterShakespeare,wastheonegreatliteraryfigurewhowanttriedseriouslytocombineRenaissanceandReformation.Miltonwaspoliticalinbothhislifeandhisart.MiltonwrotethegreatestepicinEnglishliterature.HeandShakespearehavebeenregardedastwopatternsofEnglishverse.Miltonisamasteroftheblankverse.Hefirstusedblankverseinnon-dramaticworks.Miltonisagreatstylist.Hisstyleisneverexactlynatural.It’sartattainedbydefiniteandconscientiousrhetoricaldevices.Miltonhasalwaysbeenadmiredforhissublimityofthoughtandmajestyofexpression.Thissonnetiswritteniniambicpentameterrhymedinabbaabbacdecde,typicalofItaliansonnet.ItsthemeisthatpeopleusetheirtalentforGod,andtheyservehimbestwhocanendurethesufferingbest.Chapter3:TheNeoclassicalPeriod新古典主义时期1．时间界定：NeoclassicalperiodistheoneinEnglishliteraturebetweenthereturnofStuartstotheEnglishthronein1660andthefullassertionofRomanticismwhichcamewiththepublicationofLyricalBalladsbyWordsworthandColeridgein1978.It’sinfactaturbulentperiod.3.文学形式A.伤感主义文学Inthelastfewdecadesofthe18thcentury,however,theneoclassicalemphasisuponreason,intellect,witandformwasrebelledagainstorchallengedbythesentimentalists,andwasgraduallybyRomanticism.B.新古典主义诗歌TheneoclassicalperiodwitnessedtheflourishofEnglishpoetryintheclassicalstyleclimaxingwithJohnDryden,AlexanderPopeandSamuelJohnson.C.现实主义小说Themid-centurywas,however,predominatedbyanewlyrisingliteraryform-themodernEnglishnovel,givesarealisticpresentationoflifeofthecommonEnglishpeople.D哥特式小说及其它Gothicnovels-mostlystoriesofmysteryandhorrorwhichtakeplaceinsomehauntedordilapidatedMiddleAgecastles-wereturnedoutprofuselybybothmaleandfemalewriters.Gothicnovels:GothicnovelsaremostlystoriesofmysteryandhorrorwhichtakeplaceinsomehauntedordilapidatedMiddleClasscastles.Theyappearedfromthemiddlepartofthe18thcenturyandwereturnedoutprofuselybymaleandfemalewriters.1JohnBunyan(1628-1688)约翰·班杨代表作《天路历程》，宗教寓言，被誉为“具有永恒意义的百科全书”，是英国文学史上里程碑式著作。与但丁的《神曲》、奥古斯丁的《忏悔录》并列为世界三大宗教题材文学杰作。）Puritanpoet(清教徒派诗人)GraceAboundingtotheChiefofSinners《功德无量》thevanityfair<名利场>节选自ThePilgrim’sProgress《天路历程》TheLifeandDeathofMr.Badman《培德曼先生传》TheHolyWar《圣战》2JonathanSwift乔纳森斯威夫特ATaleofaTub(satirist)《木桶的故事》TheBattleoftheBooks《书籍之战》TheExaminer《主考》Gulliver’sTravels(hisgreatestsatiricwork)《格列佛游记》(AVoyagetoLilliput/Brobdingnag/Laputa,Balnibarbi,Luggnagg,GlubbdubdribaandJapan/TheCountryoftheHouyhnhnms小人国/大人国/拉普他等地/智马国游记)AModestProposal(morepowerful)《一个温和的建议》Drapier’sLetters布商的书信3.Writingstyles:②SwiftisoneofthegreatestmastersofEnglishprose.Heisalmostunsurpassedinthewritingofsimple,direct,preciseprose.Hedefinedagoodstyleas"properwordsinproperplaces."Clear,simple,concretediction,uncomplicatedsentencestructure,economy&concisenessoflanguagemarkallhiswritings-essays,poems&novels.3.AlexanderlPope亚历山大•蒲柏1688~1744

（18世纪英国最伟大的诗人，其诗多用“英雄双韵体”/“heroiccouplets”。词句工整、精练、富有哲理性。）

OneofthefirsttointroducerationalismtoEngland.

①<AnEssayonCriticism>批评论madehisnameasagreatpoet

Artisticfeatures:

1.Using“heroiccouplets”

②<TheRapeoftheLock>卷发遇劫记madehefamousasapoet.

③<MoralEssays>道德论<EssayonMan>人论<TheDunciad>愚人记Pastorals《田园诗集》4.DanielDefoe丹尼尔•笛福1660~1731

（小说家，新闻记者，小册子作者；十八世纪英国现实主义小说的奠基人，英国小说之父、不信奉国教派nonconformist）

1.Heisthefirstwriterstudyofthelower-classpeople,hislanguageissmooth,easy,colloquialandmostlyvernacular,andheisthefounderofrealisticnovel.2主要作品Theshortestwaywithdissenters<成为异教徒的捷径>使他坐牢ThetruebornEnglishman《地地道道的英国人》赢得了国王的友情RobinsonCrusoe《鲁宾逊漂流记》CaptainSingleton《辛格顿船长》MollFlanders《摩尔·弗兰德斯》ColonelJack《杰克上校》Roxana《洛珊娜传》AJournalofthePlagueYear《大疫年记》3分析鲁滨逊的形象5.HenryFielding亨利•菲尔丁1707~1754

（英国小说家，戏剧家，被誉为“英国小说之父”十八世纪最伟大的小说家）①FatheroftheEnglishNovel—becauseofhiscontributionandestablishmentoftheformofthemodernnovel②Ofalltheeighteenth-centurynovelistshewasthefirsttosetout,bothintheoryandpractice:First:givethemodernnovelbothitsstructureanditsstyleSecond:adoptedthe“third-personnarration”inwhichtheauthorbecametheall-knowingGodHewasthefirsttowritea“Comicepicinprose”(散文体史诗①novels:

<TheHistoryofTomJones,aFoundling>弃婴汤姆•琼斯

<TheHistoryoftheAdventuresofJosephAndrews>约瑟夫•安德鲁

<TheLifeofMrJonathanWild,theGreat>大诗人江奈生•威尔德

<Amelia>爱米利亚n

②plays:

<TheHistoricalRegisterfor1736>一七三六年历史记事

<DonQuixoteinEngland>堂吉柯德在英国3.分析汤姆琼斯：Plot:Tom,afoundling,wasdrovefromthehouseoftheMr.AllworthyandtookaseriesofadventureinLondon,andatlast,TommarriedSophiaaftersomemisunderstandingbetweenthem.④ThepersonalityofTom:anationalhero,honest,kind-hearted,high-spirited,loyal,andbrave,butimpulsive(冲动)⑤ItwasTomJonesthatbroughthisauthorthenameofthe“proseHomer”⑥Writingcharacteristics:Thepanoramicviewissuperb(辉煌全景)ThelanguageisclarityandsupplenessTheplotconstructionisexcellent6.SamuelJohnson(1709-1784)塞缪尔·约翰逊ADictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage《英语词典》LivesofthePoets《诗人传》London《伦敦》TheVanityofHumanWishes《人类欲望之虚幻》TheHistoryofRasselas,PrinceofAbyssinia《阿比西尼亚王子拉塞拉斯》“TotheRightHonorabletheEaelofChesterfield”《致切斯特菲尔德书》地位johnsonwasthelastgreatneoclassicistenlightenerinthesecondhalfoftheeighteenthcentury.7.ThomasGray(1716-1771)托马斯·格雷“AnElegyWritteninaCountryChurchyard”《墓园挽歌》“OdeontheSpring”《春天颂》“OdeonaDistantProspectofEtonCollege”《伊顿学院的遥远前景颂》“OdeontheDeathofaFavoriteCat”《爱猫之死颂》“HymntoAdversity”《逆境赞》8.RobertBurns罗伯特•彭斯1759~1796ScottishpoetandwriteroftraditionalScottishfolksongs,whoseworksareknownandlovedwherevertheEnglishlanguageisread.是英国苏格兰著名的农民诗人。ThegreatestScottishpoetinthelate18thcentury.PoemsChieflyintheScottishDialect苏格兰方言诗集①<JohnAnderson,MyJo>约翰•安德生，我的爱人②<ARed,RedRose>一朵红红的玫瑰③<AuldLongSyne>往昔时光④<AMan’saManforA’That>不管那一套⑤<MyHeart’sintheHighlands>我的心在那高原上⑥<BruceAtBannockburn>⑦<TheTreeOfLiberty>9.WilliamBlake威廉•布莱克1757~1827PoetandPainter、Engraver、Developedownmythology/religionFirstmajor“Romantic”poet浪漫主义诗人英国文学史上最复杂、最有个性的诗人之一他打破了18世纪新古典主义的教条，用歌谣和无韵体诗来书写理想和生活。Featuresofhispoems1.useofsimplelanguage2.serious,somberthemes3.lyricalbeauty4.symbolism5.mysticism常出现的主题：Good&evilHeaven&hellKnowledge&innocenceExternalreality&inner作品：1.SongsofInnocence天真之歌．ahappyandinnocentworldfromchildren’seye.<TheChimneySweeper>《扫烟窗的孩子》Lambisasymbolofpeaceandpurity2.SongsofExperience经验之歌awordofmisery,poverty,disease,warandrepressionwithamelancholytonefrommeneyes.Include:<TheChimneySweeper>、<London>、<TheTyger>《老虎》Tygerisasymbolofdreadandviolence3．PoeticalSketches诗的素描4．TheMarriageofHeavenandHell天堂和地狱的结合6．TheBookofThel塞尔书7．VisionsoftheDaughtersofAlbion阿尔比昂的女儿们之幻想8．“Propheticbooks预言书”：TheBookofUrizen《尤里真之书》TheSongofLos罗斯之歌Milton《米尔顿》TheFourZoas《四个佐亚》jerusalem《耶路撒冷》TheRomanticPeriod

Theromanticperiodbeganin1798thepublicationofWordsworthandColeridge’s<LyricalBallads>,andendin1832withSirWalterScott’sdeath.

Romanticism:Itemphasizethespecialqualitieofeachindividual’smind.(人应该是独立自由的个体)

Init,emotionoverreason,spontaneousemotion,achangefromtheouterworldofsocialcivilizationtotheinnerworldofthehumanspirit,poetryshouldbefreefromallrules,imagination,nature,commonplace.

TwomajornovelistsoftheRomanticperiodareJaneAusten(realistic)andWalterScott(romantic).

“TheLakePoets”湖畔诗人，wholivedinthelakedistrict.

WilliamWordsworth;SamuelTaylorColeridge;RobertSouthey

1.WilliamWordsworth威廉•华兹华斯1770~1850

（与柯尔律治、骚塞同被称为“湖畔派”诗人。TheLakePoets）

①<LyricalBallads>抒情歌谣集(withSamuelTaylorColeridge)

②<IWonderedLonelyAsACloud>

Theme:1.Natureembodieshumanbeingsintheirdiversecircumstance.Itisnaturethatgivehim“strengthandknowledgefullofpeace”

2.Itisblisstorecolledthebeautyofnatureinpoetmindwhileheisinsolitude.

Comment:Thepoetisverycheerfulwithrecallingthebeautifulsights.Inthepoemonthebeautyofnature,thereaderispresentedavividpictureoflivelyandlovelydaffodils(水仙)andpoet’sphilosophicalideasandmysticalthoughts.

③LinesComposedAFewMilesAboveTinternAbbey

④TheSolitaryReaper孤独的割麦女

②<ThePrelude>序曲

2.SamuelTaylorColeridge塞缪尔•泰勒•科尔律治1772~1834

TheLakePoets

①<TheRimeoftheAncientMariner>古舟子颂

②<Christabel>柯里斯塔贝尔

③<KublaKhan>忽必烈汗

Artisticfeatures:mysticism,demonismwithstrongimagination,astrangeterritory④<FrostatNight>半夜冰霜

⑤<Dejection,anOde>忧郁颂

⑥<LyricalBallads>抒情歌谣集(withWilliamWordsworth)

3.GeorgeGordonByron乔治•戈登•拜伦1788~1824

（拜伦式英雄Byronicheroes孤傲、狂热、浪漫，却充满了反抗精神。内心充满了孤独与苦闷，却又蔑视群小。恰尔德·哈罗德是拜伦诗歌中第一个“拜伦式英雄”。）l

“Byronichero”isaproud,mysteriousrebelfigureofnobleorigin,againsttyrannicalrulesormoralprinciples.

①<DonJuan>唐•璜

<ChildeHarold’sPilgrimage>恰尔德•哈罗德尔游记

<Cain>该隐

②<WhenWeTwoParted>当初我们俩分别

<SheWalksInBeauty>

4.PersyByssheShelley波西•比希•雪莱1792~1822

①PoeticDrama：<PrometheusUnbound>解放了的普罗米修斯

Theme:thedramacelebraiesman’svictoryovertyrannyandoppression

②<QueenMab>麦布女王

<RevoltofIslam>伊斯兰的反叛

<TheCenci>钦契一家

<ADefenceofPoetry>诗辩

<TheNecessityofAtheism>无神论的必要性

③Lyrics:

<OdetotheWestWind>西风颂

Theme:Theauthorexpresshiseagernesstoenjoytheboundlessfreedomfromthereality.Comparethewestwindtodestroyeroftheoldwhodrivesthelastsignsoflifefromthetrees,andpreserverofthenewwhoscattertheseadsshichsillcometolifeinthespring.Thisisapoemaboutrenewal,aboutthewindblowinglifebackintodeadthings,implyingnotjustanarcoflife(whichwouldendatdeath)butacycle,whichonlystartsagainwhensomethingdies.

Comment:PercyByssheShelley's"OdetotheWestWind"iswritteniniambicpentameter.Itcontainsfivesonnetlengthstanzas,eachwithaclosingcouplet.Therhymingschemeformisababcbcdcdedee.Thetoneispoignant.Manywillagreethatthispoemisaninvocationforanunseenforcetotakecontrolandrevivelife.

Artisticfeatures:

Usingrerzarima(三行诗ababcbcdcdedefe…)

<ToaSkylark>致云雀

5.JohnlKeats约翰•济慈1795~1821

(“美即是真，真即是美”是他的著名诗句。)

①Fourgreatodes:<OdeonaGrecianUrn>希腊古瓮颂

<OdetoaNightingale>夜莺颂

<OdetoPsyche>心灵颂

<OdeOnMelancholy>忧郁颂

②<ToAutumn>秋颂n

Theme:ThethemeofJohnKeats'poem,"ToAutumn",isthatchangeisbothnaturalandbeautiful.Thepoempraisesthegloriesofthefallseasonbyusingalmosteverytypeofimagerytobothcharmandappealtothereader.

Comment:Thespeakerinthepoemacknowledgesthattimepassesby,butalsoassertsthatthischangeusuallyyieldssomethingnewandbetterthanwhatcamebefore.Eachofthepoem'sthreestanzasrepresentstheevolvingoftwodifferenttypesofchange.Onetypeofchangeshowninthepoemisthechangeofperiodsinaday.

6.JaneAusten简•奥斯丁1775~1817l

Shecomparedherworkstoafineengravinguponaliterarypieceofivoryonlyinchessquire.

①<SenseandSensibility>理智与感情

<PrideandPrejudic>傲慢与偏见(chapterI)

【ElizabethBennet&Darcy】intheendfalseprideishumbledandprejudicedissolved【Collins&CharlotteLucas】seetherealityofmarriageasanecessarystepifawomanistoavoidthewretchednessofagingspinsterhood

【Lydia&Wickham】shownthedangersoffecklessrelationshipsunsupportedbymoney.

【Mr.&Mrs.Bennet,Mr.Collins,LadyCatherinedeBurgh】comiccharacters

<MansfieldPark>曼斯菲尔德庄园

<Emma>爱玛<NorthangerAbbey>诺桑觉寺<Persuasion>劝导7.WalterlScott沃尔特•斯科特1771~1832

(历史小说之父”)Fatherofhistorynovels

①<RobRoy>罗伯•罗伊

②<Ivanhoe>艾凡赫TheVictorianPeriod

Commonsenseandmoralpropreity,againbecamethepredominantpreoccupation.Criticalrealistswereallconcernedaboutthefateofthecommonpeopleandeverydayevents.

1.CharlesDickens查尔斯•狄更斯1812~1870

（批判现实主义小说家）criticalrealistwriter

①<ThePosthumousPapersofthePickwickClub>匹克威克外传

②<OliverTwist>奥利弗•特维斯特（雾都孤儿）

③<TheOldCuriosityShop>老古玩店

④<AChristmasCarol>圣诞颂歌

⑤<DombeyandSon>董贝父子

⑥<DavidCopperfield>大卫•科波菲尔

⑦<BleakHouse>荒凉山庄

<HardTimes>艰难时世

⑧<ATaleofTwoCities>双城记(London&Paris)

⑨<GreatExpectations>远大前程

⑩<OurMutualFriend>我们共同的朋友

2.WilliamMakepeaceThackeray威廉•麦克匹斯•萨克雷1811~1863

①<VanityFair>oraNovelwithoutaHero名利场(thenameisanexcerptfrom<ThePilgrim’sProgress>byJohnBunyan)

②<TheBookOfSnobs>

3.CharlotteBronte夏洛蒂•勃朗特1816~1855

①<JaneEyre>简•爱

JaneEyre,aplainlittleorphan,wassenttoLowood,acharityschool.Thereshesufferalotand8yearslatersheleftschoolandbecameabovernessatThornfieldHall.Thereshefallsinlovewiththemaster,Mr.Rochester.

Itisnotedforitssharpcriticismoftheexistingsociety,e.g.charityinstitutionsuchasLowoodSchool

ItisasuccessfulintroductiontothefirstgovernessheoineintheEnglishnovel,whomrepresentsthosemiddle-classworkingwomenstrugglingforrecognitionoftheirbasicrightsandequalityasahumanbeing.

②<Shirley>雪莉

③<Professor>教师

4.EmilyBronte艾米莉•勃朗特1818~1854

①<WutheringnHeights>呼啸山庄

Astoryabouttwofamilieandanintrudingstranger.

【TheEarnshawFamily】Mr.Earnshaw,hiswife,thesonHindley,thedaughterCatherine,Heathcliff

【TheLintonFamily】Mr.Linton,hiswife,sonEdgar,daughterIsabella

②<OldStoic>

5.GeorgeEliot乔治•艾略特1819~1880l

①<TheMillontheFloss>弗洛斯河上的磨坊

②<AdamnBede>亚当•比德

③<SilasnMarner>织工马南

④<Middlemarch>米德尔马契

6.AlfredTennyson阿尔弗莱德•丁尼生1809~1892

（维多利亚时代最具代表性的伟大诗人）

PoetLaureate（桂冠诗人）

①<InMemoriam>悼念

Tomemorializehisfriend

②<Break,nBreak,Break>冲击、冲击、冲击

③<IdyllsoftheKing>国王叙事诗

7.RobertlBrowning罗伯特•白朗宁1812~1889

①<MyLastDutchess>我已故的公爵夫人

②<HomeThoughtsFromAbroad>海外乡思

ElizabethBarrettBrowing:

①<SonnetfromthePortuguese>葡萄牙十四行诗

8.RobertLouisStevenson

①<TreasureIsland>金银岛

9.ThomaslHardy托马斯•哈代1840~1928

（小说多以农村生活为背景；自然主义小说家。Wessexnovels;novelsofcharacterandenvironment）⑴Novels

①<TessOfTheD’Urbervilles>德伯家的苔丝

Theme:experienceisastointensity,andnotastoduration

②<JudeTheObscure>无名的裘德

③<UnderTheGreenwoodTree>绿荫下

④<FarFromnTheMaddingCrowd>远离尘嚣

⑤<TheMayorOfCasterbridge>卡斯特桥市长

⑥<TheReturnoftheNative>还乡

⑵Poems

WessexPoemsAndOtherVerses

PoemsOfThePastAndPresent1900~1950The20thCentury

Playwrights①OscarWilde②GeorgeBernardShaw1.OscarWilde奥斯卡•王尔德1856~1900

（TheAestheticMovement:ArtforArt’sSake）

①4Comedies:

<TheImportanceOfBeingEarnest>认真的重要

<LadyWindermere’sFan>温德米尔夫人的扇子

<AWomanOfNoImportance>一个无足轻重的女人

<AnIdealHusband>理想的丈夫

②Novel:

<ThePictureOfDorianGray>多利安•格雷的画像

③FairyStories:

<TheHappyPrinceAndOtherTales>快乐王子故事集

2.GeorgeBernardShaw乔治•伯纳•萧1856~1950

(英国杰出的批判现实主义剧作家）criticalrealisticdramatist

⑴Plays

①PlaysUnpleasant

<MrsWarren’SProfession>华伦夫人的职业

<Widowers’Houses>鳏夫的房产

②PlaysPleasant

<ArmsAndMan>武器与人

<TheManOfDestiny>左右命运的人

③Plays<ManAndSuperman>人与超人

<Pygmalion>匹格玛利翁

<TheAppleCart>苹果车

<SaintnJoan>圣女贞德Novelists(Realists)

1.JosephConcrad

①<LordJim>吉姆爷

②<HeartOfDarkness>黑暗的心

1.Whythebook’stitleisHeartofDarkness?

ThestoryhappenedinCongo,theheartofAfrica,andthecolorofpeople’sskininthereisblack.Mostimportantpointaboutthetitleistotheevilinhumans’heart.

2.Whatisthesymbolismofblackandwhite

【Black/dark-】death,evil,ignorance,mystery,savagery,uncivilized

MiddleAges,whenscienceandknowledgewassuppressed,astheDarkAges.

AccordingtoChristianity,inthebeginningoftimeallwasdarkandGodcreatedlight.

AccordingtoHeartofDarkness,beforetheRomanscame,Englandwasdark.Inthesameway,Africawasconsideredtobeinthe“darkstage”.

【White/light】life,goodness,enlightenment,civilized,religion.

Yet,inConcrad,theusualpatternisreverseanddarknessmeanstruth(Thetruthwithin,thereforedarkandobscure.),whitenessmeansfalsehood.ThiscontrasttellsapoliticaltruthaboutcolonialismintheCongo.ThecontrastalsosuggestsapsychologicaltruthaboutMarlowandtheEuropeansmind.

Whitealsosuggestsanynumberofunpleasantmoraltruths.Thetradeinivoryiswhiteanddirty.Kurtzthewhitemanistotallycorrupt

3.Comment

Thebookimpliesthatcivilizationsarecreatedbythelawsandcodesthatencouragementoachievehigherstandards.Thelawactsasabuffertopreventmenfromrevertingbacktotheirdarkertendencies.

Civilization,however