高中英语句子成分与句子种类(配练习题)

句子成分（一）句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。（二）主语：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在therebe结构、疑问句（当主语不是疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如：Duringthe1990s,Americancountrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.（名词）WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.（代词）One-thirdofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls.（数词）Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.（不定式）Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.（动名词）Therichshouldhelpthepoor.（名词化的形容词）WhenwearegoingtohaveanEnglishtesthasnotbeendecided.（主语从句）Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage.（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）（三）谓语：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：Hepracticesrunningeverymorning.2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.Hehascaughtabadcold.（2）由系动词加表语构成。如：Wearestudents.（四）表语：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。例如：OurteacherofEnglishisanAmerican.（名词）Isityours?（代词）Theweatherhasturnedcold.（形容词）Thespeechisexciting.（分词）-ing形式作adj.，故为现在分词，而非动名词Threetimessevenistwentyone?（数词）HisjobistoteachEnglish.（不定式）Hishobby（爱好）isplayingfootball.（动名词）-ing形式作n.，故为动名词，而非现在分词Themachinemustbeoutoforder.（介词短语）Timeisup.Theclassisover.（副词）Thetruthisthathehasneverbeenabroad.（表语从句）（五）宾语：宾语表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如：Theywenttoseeanexhibition（展览）yesterday.（名词）Theheavyrainpreventedmefromcomingtoschoolontime.（代词）Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?Ihavefive.（数词）Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday.（名词化形容词）Hepretendednottoseeme.（不定式短语）Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.（动名词短语）-ing形式作n.，故为动名词，而非现在分词Ithink（that）heisfitforhisoffice.（宾语从句）宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lendmeyourdictionary,please.双宾语（直接宾语+to+间接宾语），例如：Lendyourdictionarytome,please.（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：Theyelectedhimtheirmonitor.（六）宾语补足语：英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补足语，才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make/have等+宾语+宾补）。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：Hewassotiredthathefellasleepimmediately.（结果状语）Sheworksveryhardthoughsheisold.（让步状语）Iamtallerthanheis.（比较状语）句子种类（一）句子种类两种分类法1、按句子的用途可分四种：1）陈述句（肯定、否定）：Heissixyearsold./Shedidn’thearofyoubefore.2）疑问句（一般、特殊、选择、反意）：Dotheylikeskating?/Howoldishe?/Ishesixorsevenyearsold?/Marycanswim,can´tshe?3）祈使句：Becareful,boys./Don´ttalkinclass.4）感叹句：Howclevertheboyis!2、按句子的结构可分三种：1）简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。e.g.HeoftenreadsEnglishinthemorning.TomandMikeareAmericanboys.Shelikesdrawingandoftendrawspicturesforthewallnewspapers.2)并列句：由并列连词（and,but,or等）或分号（；）把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。e.g.Youhelphimandhehelpsyou.Thefutureisbright;theroadistortuous.前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。3）复合句：含有一个或一个以上从句的句子。复合句包含：名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）、定语从句和状语从句等。e.g.TheforeignvisitorstookalotofpictureswhentheywereattheGreatWall.（二）简单句的五种基本句型1、主语+系动词+表语：e.g.Heisastudent.2、主语+不及物动词：e.g.Wework.3、主语+及物动词+宾语：e.g.Henryboughtadictionary.4、主语+及物动词+双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语）：e.g.Myfatherboughtmeacar.5、主语+及物动词+复合宾语（宾语+宾补）：e.g.Tommadethebabylaugh.注：其他各种句子都可由这一种基本句型扩展、变化或省略而构成。主语---动词----表语：在这一句型中，动词是系动词，划线部分为表语。1.Mr.Brownisanengineer.(名词作表语)2.Gradualyhebecamesilent.(形容词作表语)3.Sheremainedstandingforahour.(现在分词作表语)4.Thequestionremainedunsolved.(过去分词作表语)5.Themachineisoutoforder.(介词短语作表语)6.Thetelevisionwason.(副词作表语)7.Hisplanistokeeptheaffairsecret.(动词不定式作表语)8.Myjobisrepairingcars.(动名词作表语)9.Thequestioniswhatyouwanttodo.(从句作表语，即：表语从句)【注意】在下面的句子中，形容词作表语，在表语的后面常常接不定式结构。I’mhappytomeetyou./Theyarewillingtohelp./Wearedeterminedtofollowhisexample.主语——动词：在这一句型中，动词为不及物动词及不及物的动词词组。在有的句子中，不及物动词可以有状语修饰。1.Thesunisrising.2.I’lltry.3.Didyousleepwell？(well做状语，修饰不及物动词sleep)4.Theenginebrokedown.【注意】在此句型中，有少数不及物动词表达被动含义，表达主语本身所具有的特性，不用被动语态。1.Thebooksellswell./2.Thewindowwon´tshut.3.Thepenwritessmoothly./4.Cheesecutseasily.主语———动词———宾语：在此句型中，动词为及物动词，划线部分为宾语。1.Doyouknowthesepeople(them)？(名词或代词作宾语)2.Ican´texpressmyselfinEnglish.(反身代词作宾语)3.Hesmiledastrangesmile.(同源宾语)4.Wecan´taffordtopaysuchaprice.(不定式作宾语)5.Wouldyoumindwaitingafewminutes？(动名词作宾语)6.IhopethatIhavesaidnothingtopainyou.(从句作宾语，即：宾语从句)【注意】并不是所有的及物动词都可以接上述各种情况作宾语，不同的动词有不同的用法，所以，在学习动词时，一定要掌握其用法。主语———动词———宾语———宾语：在此句型中，动词可以称作双宾语动词，在英语中，这样的动词并不多，在学习中遇到时，要牢记。后面的宾语为间接宾语和直接宾语，其中，间接宾语在前，一般表人，直接宾语在后，一般表物。这类句型有三种情况。第一种情况，间接宾语可以改为由to引导的短语。1.Hehandedmealetter.Hehandedalettertome.2.Shegavemehertelephonenumber.Shegavehertelephonenumbertome.第二种情况，间接宾语可以改为由for引导的短语。3.Shesangusafolksong.Shesangafolkforus.4.Shecookedusadeliciousmeal.Shecookedadeliciousmealforus.第三种情况，直接宾语可以由宾语从句充当。5.TellhimI´mout.6.CanyouinformmewhereMissGreenlives？主语——动词——宾语——宾语补足语：在此句型中的动词，叫做可以跟复合宾语的动词，在英语中，这样的动词也不多。后面的宾语补足语是说明宾语的情况的，宾语和宾语补足语一起被称作复合宾语。这个句式是英语中比较复杂的一个句式，因为复合宾语的构成内容较多。下面句子中划线部分为宾语补足语。1.Hefoundhisnewjobboring.(形容词作宾补)2.ThecalledtheirdaughterMary.(名词作宾补)3.Thisplacedherinaverydifficultposition.(介词短语作宾补)4.Wewenttoherehousebutfoundherout.(副词作宾补)5.Whatdoyouadvisemetodo？(不定式作宾补)6.Wethoughthimtobeanhonestman.(tobe作宾补)7.Hebelievedthemtohavediscussedtheproblem.(不定式的完成式作宾补)8.Hebelievedhertobetellingthetruth.(不定式的进行式作宾补)9.Didyounoticehimcomein？(不带to的不定式作宾补)10.IsawherchattingwithNancy.(现在分词作宾补)11.Hewatchedthepianocarriedupstairs.(过去分词作宾补)【注意】在这个结构中，可以出现用it作形式上的宾语，把真正的宾语放在宾语补足语的后面。在此结构中，宾语常常是动词不定式或宾语从句。1.Hefeltithisdutytomentionthistoher.（分析：it是形式宾语，hisduty是宾语补足语，tomentionthistoher是真正的宾语。2.Ithinkitbestthatyoushouldstaywithus.（分析：it是形式宾语，best是宾语补足语，thatyoushouldstaywithus是真正的宾语。3.therebe句型是一种特殊的句子，真正的主语在后面，含义为“有…”①谓语动词和主语保持一致：Thereisatelevisioninthesittingroom.②有两个或更多的主语时，动词一般和最近的一个保持一致：Therearetwogirlsandaboydancinginthehall.③主语的后面有时有修饰语：Therearealotofdifficultiesfacingus.Thereweremanythingstobedone(此处也可以使用todo).④谓语动词be可以有时态的变化:Therewillbeaconcertintheparktonight.Therewaslittlechangeinhim.⑤谓语也可以有不定式构成的复合谓语。Thereusedtobeacinemahere.Thereseemstobesomethingthematterwithher.Istheregoingtobeanyactivitytonight？⑥therebe句式变疑问句，把be提前；变反意疑问句也要借助there。Isthereanyhopeofgettingthejob？Thereisnothingwrongwithyourwatch，isthere？⑦therebe句型中也可以使用诸如：live，follow，come，stand，sit，exist等不及物动词：Onceuponatime，therelivedafishermanontheisland.Therecameaknockatthedoor.Atthetopofthehilltherestandsanoldtemple.⑧用于非谓语的情况下，有时用不定式的复合结构theretobe或动名词的复合结构和独立主格结构therebeing：Youwouldn’twanttheretobeanotherwar.(不定式的复合结构)Theteacherwassatisfiedwiththerebeingnomistakesinhishomework.(动名词的复合结构)Therebeingnothingelsetodo，wewenthome.(独立主格结构)（三）并列句的分类并列句基本概念：并列复合句是由两个或两个以上并列而又独立的简单句构成。两个简单句常由并列连接词连在一起；但有时不用连接词,只在两个简单句之间用一逗号或分号。1、表示连接两个同等概念，常用and,notonly…butalso…,neither…nor…,then等连接。e.g.Theteacher’snameisSmith,andthestudent’snameisJohn.2、表示选择，常用的连词有or,either…or…,otherwise等。e.g.Hurryup,oryou’llmissthetrain.3、表示转折，常用的连词有but,still,however,yet,while,when等。e.g.Hewasalittlemanwiththickglasses,buthehadastrangewayofmakinghisclasseslivelyandinteresting.4、表示因果关系，常用的连词有so,for,therefore等。e.g.Augustisthetimeoftheyearforriceharvest,soeverydayIworkfromdawnuntildark.（四）主从复合句：主从复合句由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成。主句为句子的主体,从句只用作句子的一个次要成分,不能独立成为一个句子。从句通常由关联词引导,并由关联词将从句和主句联系在一起。分类：从句按其在复合句中的作用,分为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语、定语从句和状语从句等。（详见各种从句分解）（五）其他要点1、陈述句的否定（1）在含有宾语从句的主从复合句中，当主句的谓语动词是think,expect,believe,suppose,guess,fancy,imagine等，且主句主语是第一人称时，宾语从句谓语的否定习惯上要移到主句谓语上，如:Idon'tthinkheisright.（2）含有否定意义的副词never,seldom,hardly,scarcely,rarely,barely的句子应视为否定句，如:Ihaveneverbeentherebefore.2、反意疑问句（1）need和dare既可作情态动词，又可作实意动词，在反问部分须加以区别，如Weneedn'tleave,needwe?Wedon'tneedtoleave,dowe?（2）陈述部分出现否定意义的副词或代词如never,seldom,few,hardly,little等时，反问部分须用肯定形式如：Heseldomcomes,doeshe?（3）陈述部分用不定代词作主语时，反问部分的主语用it，如：Nothingcanstopme,canit?陈述部分用everybody,everyone,somebody,someone，等作主语时，反问部分常用it，有时也用they，如:Everybodyknowsthat,don'tthey?（4）陈述部分包括usedto时，反问部分可有两种形式，如:Youusedtogetupearly,usedn't(didn't)you?（5）陈述部分是"there+be"结构时，反问部分用there，如:There'ssomethingwrongwithyou,isn'tthere?（6）陈述部分是含有宾语从句的主从复合句时，反问部分的主语和谓语应和主句保持一致，如:Henevertoldotherswhathethought,didhe?但，如果是Ithink,Ibelieve等+宾语从句时，反问部分须和从句的动词保持一致，反问句中肯定或否定的选择取决于整体，如，Idon'tthinkheisright,ishe?Idon'tbelievehedoesthat,doeshe?（7）祈使句中的反义疑问句基本原则若陈述部分为祈使句，反意疑问句通常用willyou,won’tyou,wouldyou等：Mailthelettertoday,willyou?今天就把信发掉，好吗?Trytobebackbytwo,won’tyou?设法两点之前回来，好吗?Ifyouwanthelp,letmeknow,wouldyou?如果你需要帮助，告诉我，好吗?【注】若陈述部分为否定式，则反意疑问句部分只用willyou：Don’tforgettoposttheletter,willyou?请别忘了寄信。有时根据语境的需要，反意疑问句也可以用canyou,can’tyou等：Givemesomecigarettes,canyou?给我些香烟，可以吗?Walkfaster,can’tyou?走快点，不行吗?一般说来，用willyou,won’tyou,wouldyou等构成的反意疑问句语气较委婉。比较：Bequiet,willyou?请安静，好吗?Bequiet,can’tyou?你不能安静点吗?当祈使句为Let’s…时反意疑问句总是用shallwe：Let’sphonehernow,shallwe?我们现在就给她打电话，好吗?Let’sgotothecinematonight,shallwe?今晚咱们去看电影，好吗？当祈使句为Letus…时，若表示请求，反意疑问句用willyou；若表示建议，反意疑问句用shallwe：Letusknowyouraddress,willyou?请把你的地址告诉我们，好吗?Letusgoswimmingtogether,shallwe?我们一起去游泳好吗?【注】let’s…只表示建议，所以其后反意疑问句总是用shallwe。而letus…既可表示建议请求，也可表示建议(较正式)，其后的反意疑问句要根据这两种不同情况分别使用willyou和shallwe。当祈使句带有主语时，有时祈使句带有自己的主语，此时不要将其误认为是陈述句：Jim,yougotheretohelphim,willyou?吉姆，你去那儿帮他，好吗？Yougirlsstandinthefrontrow,willyou?你们女孩子站在前排，好吗？【注】不要将这类祈使句误认为是陈述句，而误用don’tyou这样的反意疑问句。例题：例1，Don'tforgettoposttheletter,_______?A.willyouB.doyouC.won'tyouD.shallyou解析：该题答案为A，在否定句、祈使句后只用"willyou"?，但肯定的祈使句后可用如，Waitforme,will(won't,can,can't,could)you?例2，Let'sgooutforawalk,_______?A.willyouB.won'tyouC.shallweD.dowe解析：该题答案为C，let's…后加上shallwe来表语气婉转、客气，而在letus后加上willyou。例3，Hehardlywritestoyou,_______?A.doesn'theB.doesheC.dotheyD.hashe解析：该题答案为B，hardly否定副词，反问部分要用肯定形式。3、感叹句Whata/an/无+形容词+名词（+主语+表语）！How+形容词+a/an/the/无+名词+主语+表语！How+副词+主语+谓语！Whatabeautifulparkitis！Howbeautifulaparkitis！Howbeautifultheparkis！Howweworked！4、祈使句（一般无主语）Takecare!Don'tstandthere.Pleaseopenthedoorfortheoldlady.练习题一、指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：2.Hehandedmethenewspaper.3.Ishallansweryourquestionafterclass.4.WhatabeautifulChinesepainting!6.Hisjobistotrainswimmers.7.HetookmanyphotosofthepalacesinBeijing.8.ThereisgoingtobeanAmericanfilmtonight.10.Hiswishistobecomeascientist.11.Hemanagedtofinishtheworkintime.12.Tomcametoaskmeforadvice.13.HefounditimportanttomasterEnglish.15.Tobehonest;yourpronunciationisnotsogood.17.Hesatthere,readinganewspaper.18.Itisourdutytokeepourclassroomcleanandtidy.19.Henoticedamanentertheroom.20.Theapplestastedsweet.二、判断下列句子是简单句、并列句还是复合句：1.WeoftenstudyChinesehistoryonFridayafternoon.2.TheboywhoofferedmehisseatiscalledTom.5.HeisinClassOneandIaminClassTwo.6.Hewasfondofdrawingwhenhewasyetachild.7.Neitherhashechangedhismind,norwillhedoso.8.Whathesaidatthemeetingisveryimportant,isn’tit?9.Thefarmerisshowingtheboyhowtoplantatree.10.BothTomandJackenjoycountrymusic.三、选择题（A）5.Thetruth,Sir,isthattheoldman______acrossthestreetwhenmycarhithim.A.wastowalkB.hadbeenwalkingC.walkedD.waswalking7.Therescueteam______tohelpbutfailedtogetthereintime.A.hadwantedB.haveplannedC.wereexpectingD.hoped10.TimBemers-Leeisgenerallyconsidered______theWorldWideWeb,onwhichalltheinformationissharedbyall.A.tohavefoundedB.havingfoundedC.foundingD.tofound12.You’dbetterchoosesomeone______youthink______kindandfriendlytohelpyou.A.whom;tobeB.who;isC.whom;isD.which;tobe14.Thedooropenedandin______.A.didhecomeB.cameheC.hecameD.didamancome（B）3.______thetemperaturefallingsorapidly,wecouldn’tgoonwiththeexperiment.A.SinceB.WithC.AsD.For4.---Wouldyoupleasegivehimthepaperthemomenthe______?---Noproblem.A.arrivesB.willarriveC.arrivedD.isarriving5.---Wherewillyoustartyourworkaftergraduation?---Mmm,it’snotbeendecidedyet.I______continuemystudyforahigherdegree.A.needB.mustC.wouldD.might6.Thenumberofthecattlehere,______ismentionedabove,hasbeenlimitedto200.A.itB.asC.thatD.which7.“No,no”,hewhispered,______talkingtohimself.A.whileB.evenifC.asifD.when9.IadmiredmyclassmateLisaverymuch.______herprettiness,shewassmartandhelpful.A.ExceptforB.ButforC.ApartfromD.Inspiteof10.LiMingwonthefirstprizeintheEnglishcontestandI’mgladthathiseffortsatlast_____.A.paidoffB.workedoutC.turnedoutD.gotback11.---Haven’tItoldyouthatIlikethebeefwelldone?---Yes,butI__itlongerthanIusuallydo.A.wascookingB.willcookC.cookedD.hadcooked12.Ifshedoesn’ttellhimthetruthnow,he’llsimplykeeponaskinguntilshe______.A.doesB.hasdoneC.willdoD.would14.Youngpeoplenowadaysaredifferent______weusedtobe.A.fromwhatB.inwhichC.inhowD.inwhat15.Idon’tliketotraveltobigcities,becausetome,onecityismuchlike______.A.eitherB.theotherC.othersD.another(A)1—5CDBBD6—10CADAA11—15DBACB(B)1—5DCBAD6—10BCDCA11—15CABAD1.Idon’tsupposeanyonewillvolunteer,____?A.doIB.don’tIC.willtheyD.won’tthey2.____helpifyoucan,andourcountrywillimprovemorequicklyandbetter.A.GivingB.GiveC.GivenD.Togive3.---Lucy,youwashthedishes,____?---Morn,can’tLilydoit?It’sherturntodoit.A.don’tyouB.canyouC.shallyouD.willyou4.---Iwillnottakeanumbrellawithmetoday.---____itrainslateronintheday?A.HowB.WhatC.HowaboutD.Whatif11.Aftertenyears,shechangedalotandlookeddifferentfrom____sheusedtobe.A.thatB.whomC.whatD.who12.____isknowntoeveryone,themoontravelsroundtheearthonceeverymonth.A.ItB.AsC.ThatD.What15.Whatthedoctorsreallydoubtis____mymotherwillrecoverfromtheseriousdiseasesoon.A.whenB.howC.whetherD.what17.____airistoman,soiswatertofish.A.SinceB.JustC.LikeD.As18.Thereisplentyofraininthesouth____thereislittleinthenorth.A.whileB.asC.whenD.so19.____severaltimesaboutit,buthecouldnotgivethecorrectanswer.A.BeingaskedB.HavingbeenaskedC.HewouldaskD.Hehadbeenasked20.—Idon’tlikechicken____fish.—Idon’tlikechicken,____Ilikefishverymuch.A.and;andB.and;butC.or;butD.or;and21.____thedayswenton,thesituationtheregotworse.A.WithB.SinceC.WhileD.As22.____everybodyishere,let’ssetoutrightaway.A.NowthatB.BecauseC.ForD.After24.Wemustdotheexperimentcarefully____MissLiutoldus.A.whatB.sinceC.asD.while26.____Iknow,theywillgotoBeijingtowatchtheOlympicGamesin2008.A.SinceB.SofarasC.IncaseD.Asif27.Whodoyouthinkthedoctorwillhave____first,JohnorKate?A.examineB.toexamineC.examiningD.examined28.---Whatareyouanxiousabout?---_________.A.WhetherwecansucceedB.IfwesucceedC.DowesucceedD.Thatwecansucceed29.Youshouldputthedictionary____youcanfinditeasily.A.whereB.theplaceC.theplaceonwhichD.what30.Shesaidtome,“I’lltellyoutheresultofthetest____Iknowit.”A.becauseB.themomentC.afterD.though32.LiFangisverybusy,____she’salwayshelpingotherswiththeirlessons.A.butB.althoughC.soD.for34.Everythingdependson____theywillsupportyouaboutit.A.ifB.whichC.whetherD.that35.Shewonthefirstprizeinthespeechcontestand____surprisedus.A.whichB.itC.asD.who36.TheOscarisoneofthefilmprizes____offeredtoanyChineseactororactresssofar.A.whichisnotB.thathavenotbeenC.thathasnotD.thathasnotbeen37.Hemadeanotherwonderfuldiscovery,____ofgreatimportancetoscience.A.whichIthinkisB.whichIthinkitisC.whichIthinkitD.Ithinkis38.It’sreallyverydangerous.Onemore