英语四级考试重点语法汇总

英语四级考试重点语法精选汇总大学英语四级语法精要一、动词(时态，语态，用法，省略，一致性等)（一）时态1、主动形式过去现在将来过去将来一般diddowill/shalldoshould/woulddo进行was/weredoingam/is/aredoingwill/shallbedoing/达成haddonehave/hasdonewill/shallhavedoneshould/wouldhavedone用于虚假语气达成进行hadbeendoinghave/hasbeendoing//2、被动形式过去现在将来过去将来一般was/weregivenam/is/aregivenWill/shallbeshould/wouldbegivengiven进行was/werebeinggivenam/is/arebeinggiven//达成was/werebeinggivenam/is/arebeinggiven//达成进行////·CET-4常考的三种时态：过去达成时；将来达成时；（现在/过去）达成进行时。·时间状语从句中间的时态：一般过去时所有的过去用一般现在时表示现在和将来现在达成时现在达成和将来达成英语四级考试重点语法精选汇总3、现在达成进行时态(have/hasbeen+-ing分词组成):动作或状态从过去某时开始,连续到现在,可能连续下去,也可能刚刚结束.·I’vebeenwritinglettersforanhour.I’vebeensittinginthegarden.4、过去达成进行时(由hadbeen+ing分词组成):过去某个时刻从前素来在进行的动作Wehadbeenwaitingforherfortwohoursbythetimeshecame.5、将来达成进行时:将来某个时刻从前素来在进行的动作.·Bynextsummer,hewillhavebeenworkingherefortwentyyears.6、将来达成时(由shall/willhave+过去分词组成):将来某时会业已发生的事.Ishallhavefinishedthisonebeforelunch.They’llhavehittheyear’stargetbytheendofOctober.（二）语态1、能够有两种被动构造的种类,比方:英语四级考试重点语法精选汇总Hewassaidtobejealousofhersuccess.Itwassaidthathewasjealousofhersuccess.·能同时合用于上述两个句型的主动词平常都是表示“估计”，“相信”等意义的动词，常有的有：assume,believe,expect,fear,feel,know,presume,report,say,suppose,understand等。Itissupposedthattheshiphasbeensunk.Theshipissupposedtohavebeensunk.2、担当besupposedto与不定式的一般形式搭配时经常表示不同样的意义。Whyareyoudrivingsofastinthisarea?Youaresupposedtoknowthespeedtoknowthespeedlimit.(你应当认识速度限制)3、双宾语及宾补构造的被动语态1）双宾语构造的被动语态:双宾语构造变为被动语态时,能够把主动构造中的一个宾语变为主语,另一个宾语仍旧保存在谓语后边,但多半是把间接宾语变为主语。·Hewasaskedanumberofquestionsatthepressconference.英语四级考试重点语法精选汇总Twodayswereallowedthemformakingthenecessarypreparations.2）xx构造的被动语态:ShewascalledBigSisterbyeverybody.4、短语动词1）Vi.+adv.：Theplanetookofftwohourslate.2）Vi.+prep.：TheylookedroundtheCathedral.3）Vi.+prep.(有被动语态)：She’slookingafterhersister’schildren.4）Vi.+adv.+prep.：Ibegantolookforwardtotheirvisits.5）Vt.+O+adv.：Somewomenchoosetostayathomeandbringuptheirchildren.Thechildrenwerebroughtupbytheirmother.6）+adv.+O(无被动语态)：Iamtryingtogiveupsmoking.7）Vt.+O+prep.：WetalkedDonaldintoagreement.英语四级考试重点语法精选汇总（三）省略1、在以as,than,when,if,unless等引导的从句中的省略:在有些状语从句中,若是谓语包括有动词be,主语又和主句的主语一致a),也许主语是itb),就经常能够把从句中的主语和谓语的一部分(特别是动词be)省略掉.1）Lookoutforcarswhencrossingthestreet.Whentakenaccordingtothedirections,thedrughasnosideeffects.Ifnotwellmanaged,irrigationcanbeharmful.Thoughreducedinnumbers,theygainedinfightingcapacity.Hesaidthatnoacrobatcouldeverperformthosedaringfeatsunlesstrainedveryyoung.Oncehavingmadeapromise,youshouldkeepit.2）IfnecessaryI’llhavetheletterduplicated.Asscheduled,theymetonJanuary20attheChineseEmbassy.2、在以thana)或asb)惹起的从句中,常会有一些成分省略.1）Hetoldmenottousemorematerialthan(itis)necessary.英语四级考试重点语法精选汇总Weshouldthinkmoreofthecollectivethanofourselves.2）Theyworkedwithasmuchenthusiasmasyoungpeople(did).Heisnowavice-manager,butstilloftenworksinthekitchenasbefore.Theirtrainingisfree,asisalleducation.Wewill,asalways,standonyourside.3、错误的省略1）HislifeisasfullycommittedtobooksasanyoneIknow.2）Whilestandingthereinhernightgown,twobulletsstruckthewallbesideher.（四）一致1、主谓一致（与插入语没关）1）主谓的分开原则：主谓之间能够用定语从句也许省略的定语从句分开。2）定语从句中的主谓一致3）随前一致：英语四级考试重点语法精选汇总n.+together

with

；as

well

as；including

；along

with

；with

/

of；accompanied

with

/

by4）就近原则5）若是主语表示的是同一个见解，同一人，同一事的时候，谓语动词用单数，这类构造的特点是and连结的两个词只有一个冠词。·Theironandsteelindustryisveryimportanttoourcountry.Theheadmasterandmathematicalteacheriscoming.Theheadmasterandthemathematicalteacherarecoming.近似的还有：lawandorder；breadand；butterblackandwhite；Toloveandtobelovedis；Alawyerandateacherare；Alawyerandteacheris6）随后原则：notAbutB/notonlyAbutalsoB+v.(与B一致)7）百分比构造：most，half，rest，some，majority，one+persent；of+n1+v.（由n1决定）英语四级考试重点语法精选汇总8）倒装构造的主谓一致：Therebe+n由名词决定动词Among,between等介词位于句首惹起倒装构造：Among/Between+系动词+n.（由名词决定动词）9）The+adj.的主谓一致：·当表示“一类人”·当表示某一抽象见解时。例：Thegoodisalwaysattractive.10）Todo/doing/主从+vs.例：Morethanone+n.；manya+n.；adayortwo2、若是主语是单数

,只管后边跟有

with,

together

with,

aswellas,asmuchas,nolessthan,morethan

等引导的短语

,谓语动词仍旧用单数形式

.·Terry,alongwithherfriend,goesskatingeverySaturday.Anexpert,togetherwithsomeassistants,wassenttohelpinthiswork.英语四级考试重点语法精选汇总Thecaptain,aswellasthecoaches,wasdisappointedintheteam.3、代词作主语时一致1）each,either,neither和由some,any,no,every组成的复合代词,作单数对待.·Eachofushassomethingtosay.Iseverybodyready?Somebodyisusingthephone.2）some,few,both,many等作复数3）some可后接复数,也可接单数,表示某一。none作复数对待时很多,但也有时作单数对待,主要看说话人脑中联系想到的是复数仍是单数见解,但none在代表不能数的xx时老是看作单数:Noneofthebooksareeasyenoughforus.Noneofusseemtohavethoughtofit.None(=nobody)hasfeltitmorekeenlythanshedid.Noneofthisworriesme.4）all和most可后接复数,也可接不能数名词(allofthe,mostofthe),动词用单数.英语四级考试重点语法精选汇总4、由

and

或

both

and

连结名词词组时

,

后用复数

;

由

notonly

but(also),either

or,neither

nor

或

or

连结的并列主语,

谓语平常和最周边的主语一致

.1）Notonlytheswitchesbutalsotheoldwritinghasbeenchanged.Mysisterormybrotherislikelytobeathome.NeithermywifenorImyselfamabletopersuademydaughtertochangehermind.2）若是一个句子是由there或here引导,而主语又不仅一个,谓语平常也和最周边的那个主语一致.Therewascarvedintheboardadragonandaphoenix.Hereisapen,afewenvelopesandsomepaperforyou.5、people,police,cattle,poultry(家禽),militia(民兵)等平常都用作复数.1）Cattlearegrazingonthepasture.Thepolicearelookingforhim.2）有些集体名词有时作单数对待,有时作复数对待,主要依照意思来决定.英语四级考试重点语法精选汇总·Hisfamilyisn’tverylarge.Thecommitteemeetstwiceamonth.Theaudiencewasenormous.Theaudienceweregreatlymovedatthewords.3）有些名词单复数同形,可依照意思决定谓语动词的数:·Thisnewseriesisbeginningnextmonth.Thesenewseriesarebeginningnextmonth.Thisspeciesisnowextinct.Thesespeciesarenowextinct.6、表示时间,重量,xx,价值等的名词,只管仍是复数形式,若是作整体对待,动词也可用单数形式(自然用复数动词也是能够的):Threeweekswasallowedformakingthenecessarypreparations.Onehundredliwascoveredinasinglenight.7、其他问题1）书名,国家名用单数:英语四级考试重点语法精选汇总TalesfromShakespeareisabookbyCharlesLamb.2）学科名,如mathematics,economics用单数.3）manya或morethanone所修饰的词作主语时,谓语动词多用单数形式:Manyapersonhashadthatkindofexperience.Morethanonepersonhasinvolvedinthecase.4）anumberof后接复数,thenumberof后接单数:Anumberofbookshavebeenpublishedonthesubject.Thenumberofbookspublishedonthesubjectissimplyamazing.5）oneofthose后用单数.在“oneof+复数名词+关系分句”构造中，关系分句中谓语动词的单复数形式在一般状况下有两形式，一是依照先行词采用复数形式：Joanisoneofthosepeoplewhogooutoftheirwaytobehelpful.6）当one从前与theonly等限制词和修饰语时，关系分句谓语动词依照one而定，即采用单数形式：英语四级考试重点语法精选汇总Heistheonlyoneofthoseboyswhoiswillingtotakeonanotherassignment.二、非谓语动词（一）不定式1、形式主动形式被动形式一般式todotobedone达成式tohavedonetohavebeendone进行式tobedoing达成进行式tohavebeendoing1）达成式:不定式的一般形式所表示的动作,平常与主要谓语表示的动作(状态)同时(或几乎同时)发生,或是在它此后发生.若是不定式所表示的动作,在谓语所表示的动作(状态)从前发生,就要用不定式的达成式.Iamgladtohaveseenyourmother(=IamgladIhaveseenyourmother).(比较:Iamgladtoseeyou.)Heissaidtohavewrittenanewbookaboutworkers.Hepretendednottohaveseenme.2）进行式:若是主要谓语表示的动作(状态)发生时,不定式表示的动作正在进行,这时要用不定式的进行式.英语四级考试重点语法精选汇总·Youarenotsupposedtobeworking.Youhaven’tquiterecoveredyet.Wedidn’texpectyoutobewaitingforushere.Hepretendedtobelisteningattentively.3）达成进行式:在谓语所表示的时间从前素来进行的动作,就要用不定式的达成进行式.·Thestrugglewasknowntohavebeengoingfortwentyyears.Wearehappytohavebeenworkingwithyou.4）被动式:当不定式的逻辑上的主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时,不定式一般要用被动形式.·Itisanhonorformetobeaskedtospeakhere.Shehatedtobeflattered.Hewantedthelettertobetypedatonce.Thisisboundtobefoundout.Therearealotofthingstobedone.Shewastooyoungtobeassignedsuchwork.2、不定式的常考形式：英语四级考试重点语法精选汇总1）一般形式：Hedecidedtoworkharderinordertocatchupwiththeothers.被动形式:Hepreferredtobeassignedsomeheavierworktodo.语法功能：表示与谓语动词同步发生2）达成形式：Hepretendednottohaveseenme.被动形式：Thebookissaidtohavebeentranslatedintomanylanguages.语法功能：表示发生在谓语动词从前3、不定式常考的考点：1）不定式做定语----将要发生2）不定式做状语----目的3）不定式充任名词功能---Toseeistobelieve.4、不定式的省略1）感官动词

see,

watch,observe,

notice,

lookat,

hear,listento,

smell,

taste,

feel

+do

表示动作的完满性，真切性；+doing表示动作的连续性，进行性英语四级考试重点语法精选汇总Isawhimworkinthegardenyesterday.

昨天我看见他在

xx干活了。

(重申"我看见了

"这个事实

)Isawhimworkinginthegardenyesterday.昨天我见他正在干活。（重申动作）2）感官动词后边接形容词而不是副词：Thecaketastesgood;Itfeelscomfortable.3）使役动词：havebidmakelet等词后不定式要省略但同1)同样被动此后要复原toI’dliketohaveJohndoit.Ihavemypackageweighed.4）help；helpsbdo；helpsbtodo；helpdohelptodo5、有些动词后只跟不定式如：want，wish，hope，manage，promise，refuse，pretend，plan，

offer

，decide，agree，expect，allow

sb.todo，causesb.todo

，permitsb.todo

，enablesb.todo

，forcesb.todo，bemorelikely

todo，love

todo，warnsb.

todo，beabletodo，beambitioustodo

，begintodo

，starttodo6、有的时候to后边要接-ing形式accustom(oneself)to

，beaccustomedto

，faceupto

，inaddition

to，lookforward

to，

object

to，bereducedto，英语四级考试重点语法精选汇总resignoneselfto

，

beresignedto

，

resortto

，

sinkto

，beusedto，

be

alternative

to，beclose/closeness

to，

bededication/dedicatedto

，beopposition/opposedto

，

besimilarity/similarto.7、功用:不定式能够作主语(a),宾语(b),表语(c),定语或是状语(e).a.Toscoldherwouldnotbejust.b.Weareplanningtobuildareservoirhere.c.Oneofourmaintasksnowistomechanizeagriculture.d.Doyouhaveanythingtodeclare?e.Wehavecometolearnfromyou.1）to的不定式:·在“动词+宾语+不定式”构造中,若是动词是表示感觉意义的see,hear,watch,

smell,

feel,

notice

等,

或是表示“致使”意义的have,make,let

等,

此后的不定式构造不带

to.Johnmadehertellhimeverything.·这类构造变换为被动语态时,后边的不带to的不定式一般复原为带to的不定式.英语四级考试重点语法精选汇总Shewasmadetotellhimeverything.·在hadbetter,hadbest,wouldrather,wouldsooner,wouldjustassoon,might(just)aswell,cannotbut等搭配此后,动词不定式也不带to。如I’drathernothaveeggsandbaconforbreakfast.Theycannotbutaccepthisterm.·在makedo,makebelieve,letdrop,letfall,letfly,letslip,letdrive,letgoof,lettherebe,hearsay,heartell,leavegoof等固定搭配中,用不带to的动词不定式.Johnletflyatorrentofabuseatme.·在动词help(或help+宾语)此后可用不带to的不定式,也可用带to的不定式.CanIhelp(to)liftthisheavybox?·在介词except,but此后,若是其前有动词do的某种形式,不定式一般不带to,反之带to.Thereisnothingtodoexceptwaittillitstopsraining.Smithwilldoanythingbutworkonafarm.There’snochoicebuttowaittillitstopsraining.英语四级考试重点语法精选汇总·连词ratherthan,soonerthan置于句首时,此后的不定式不带to.Ratherthanpushthebookbackashewantedtodo,heforcedhimselftopickitup.·出现在句中其他地点时,此后的不定式有时带to,有时不带to.Hedecidedtowriteratherthantelephone.Themanagerbelievesitisimportanttoinvestinnewmachineryratherthantoincreasewages.·用作补语的动词不定式,若是主语是由“all+关系分句”，“thing+关系分句”，“what分句”或“thing+不定式构造”等组成，并带有do的某种形式，这时，作为主语补语的不定式能够省to，也能够不省.Whathewilldois(to)spoilthewholething.TheonlythingIcandonowisgoonbymyself.Thethingtodonowisclearupthismess.2）不定式的其他用法·tooto构造平常表示否认意义:Shewastooyoungtounderstandallthat.英语四级考试重点语法精选汇总·enoughto构造则表示必然意义:Shewasnotoldenoughtounderstandallthat.·nottoo,buttoo,alltoo,onlytoo等和不定式连用时,不定式一般不表示否认意义:He’sonlytoopleasedtohelpher.·soas(to)这类构造也可用不定式作状语:Besokindastodropinsometimewhenyouarefree.3）若是要说明不定是表示的动作是谁做的,能够在不定式前加一个for惹起的短语:·Itisnothardforonetodoabitofgood.Itisagreathonorforustobepresentatthisrally.4）在以某些形容词(如kind,good,nice,wise,unwise,clever,silly,wrong,right,foolish,stupid,careless,considerate,rude,naughty,impolite等)作表语时,不定式前可加一个of惹起的短语,来说明不定式指的是谁的状况:·It’skindofyoutothinksomuchofus.It’sveryniceofyoutobesoconsiderate.英语四级考试重点语法精选汇总It’sunwiseofthemtoturndowntheproposal.（二）need/want后的-ing形式拥有被动的意思。其中，want不太常用。如：Heneeds(alotof)encouraging.（三）动名词：拥有动作性特点的名词（是名词：seeingisbelieving；拥有动词性特点能够带宾语starvingtroopsisnecessary）1、动名词的形式:一般形式：Idon'tlikeyousmoking.达成形式：Iregretnothavingtakenyouradvice.被动形式：Thisquestionisfarfrombeingsettled.2、动名词常考的点1）动名词做主语谓语动词为单数2）在动名词和不定式中,做为介词的宾语是动名词3）动名词的否认直接在其前加否认词,经过代词的宾格或所有格形式给出逻辑主语.Iwouldappreciate_______backthisafternoon．英语四级考试重点语法精选汇总A．youtocallB．youcallC．youcallingD．you'recalling（Key：Cyourcalling也对）Iregretnothavingtakenyouradvice.4）有些词后只能接动名词admit，appreciate，avoid，celebrate，consider，contemplate，defer，delay，deny，detest，discontinue，dislike，dispute，enjoy，itentails，escape，excuse，explain，fancy，feellike，finish，forgive，can'thelp，hinder，imagine，itinvolves，keep，itmeans，mention，mind，miss，itnecessitates，pardon，postpone，practice，prevent，recall，report，resent，resist，risk，suggest，understand.另还有一些接-ing形式的常用说法：it'snogood，it'sno/little/hardlyany/use，it'snot/hardly/scarcelyuse，it'sworthwhile，spendmoney/time，there'sno，there'snopointin，there'snothingworsethan，what'stheuse/point.5）有些词后加不定式和动名词均可·remember,forget,try,stop,goon,cease,mean后边用不定式和-ing形式，意义截然不容。Irememberedtoposttheletters.(指将来/过去将来的动作)英语四级考试重点语法精选汇总Irememberedposting/havingpostingtheletters(我记得这个动作)forgot与remember的用法近似。Iregrettoinformyouthat我很遗憾地通知你Iregrettedhavingleftthefirmaftertwentyyears.为了二十年前的走开"而遗憾。tryto努力Youreallymusttrytoovercomeyourshyness.·try–ing试验Trypracticingfivehoursaday.Imeantogo,butmyfatherwouldnotallowmeto.[打算、想]我想去，但我父亲不让我去。Toraisewagemeansincreasingpurchasingpower.[意味着]赠加薪资意味着增添购置力。prefer的用法：Iprefertowaithere.（因此啊，你不介怀的话，我就等下去。）Ipreferwaitinghere.（我正在这里等，我就喜欢这么做。）Ipreferswimmingtocycling.（这个句子里面就不能够用不定式了。）英语四级考试重点语法精选汇总3、分词：现在分词主动进行,过去分词被动状态1）现在分词的形式:·一般式:Doyouseethemantalkingtothedean（主任）?(与谓语动词同步发生)·达成形式：Nothavingmadeadequatepreparations,theyfailed.(发生谓语动词从前)·达成被动形式：Havingbeenadapted,thescriptseemsperfect.(发生谓语动词从前且表示被动)2）过去分词·过去分词表示被动：Fightnobattleunprepared.·过去分词的进行形式：You'llfindthetopicbeingdiscussedeverywhere.(重申正在被做)·这三种非谓语动词，都能够组成复合构造，非谓语动词所修饰的成分是这些非谓语动词的逻辑主语。他们之间的一致关系——主动仍是被动，经常就是考点。独立主格构造中，要注意的是分词与他前面的逻辑主语之间的主动被动的关系。（四）V．+ing形式(现在分词及动名词)1、形式英语四级考试重点语法精选汇总1）达成式:若是要表示动名词代表的动作在谓语所表示的动作从前发生,平常用动名词的达成形式.Hedidn’tmentionhavingmetme.Iregretnothavingtakenheradvice.在某些动词后(或成语中),常用动名词的一般形式,只管动作是在谓语所表示的动作从前发生的.Excusemeforcominglate.Idon’tremembereverseeinghimanywhere.·现在分词的达成式主要用在状语中,表示这动作在谓语所表示的动作从前发生.Havingbeentheremanytimes,heofferedtobeourguide.Havingfoundthecause,theywereabletoproposearemedy.·其他,独立构造也可用现在分词的达成形式.Theguestshavingleft,theyresumedtheirdiscussion.Thechildren,

havingeating

their

fill,

wereallowedtoleavethetable.英语四级考试重点语法精选汇总2）被动式:当一个动名词逻辑上的主语所表示的是这动作的对象时,动名词一般要用被动形式.·Hisbeingneglectedbythehostaddedtohisuneasiness.Hecouldn’tbearbeingmadefunoflikethat.·但要注意,在want,need,deserve,require等动词后,只管表示的是被动的意思,却用动名词的主动形式.Mypenneedsfilling.Thepointdeservesmentioning.·在worth这个形容词后状况也是这样.Hermethodisworthtrying.·现在分词的被动式能够用来作定语,宾语补足语,状语及用于独立构造xx.Thisisoneoftheexperimentsbeingcarriedoninourlaboratory.Beingaskedtogiveaperformance,shecouldnrefuse.

’tverywellThesearesoldatreducedprices,thedefectsalwaysbeingpointedouttothecustomers.英语四级考试重点语法精选汇总3）达成被动式:若是表示的动作在谓语表示的动作从前发生,有时需要用动名词的达成被动式.don’trememberhavingeverbeengivenachancetotrythismethod.但在多半状况下都防范使用这一形式,而用一般被动形式取代,免得句子显得负担.现在分词的达成被动式一般用来作状语或用于独立构造xx.Havingbeengivensuchagoodchance,howcouldsheletitslipaway?Thedecisionhavingbeenmade,thenextproblemwashowtomakeagoodplan.Allthecompositionshavingbeenwrittenandcollected,theteachersentthestudentshome.2、句法功用1）作主语:Walkingisgoodexercise.It’snicetalkingtoyou.2）作宾语:Yourshoesneedpolishing.Youmustnsendingthetractorsover.

’tdelay英语四级考试重点语法精选汇总3）作介词宾语:动名词作介词宾语用的时候最多.它常能够用在某些成语后边,常有的有:insiston,persistin,thinkof,dreamof,objectto,suspect

of,accuseof,

chargewith,

hearof,

approveof,preventfrom,keepfrom,stopfrom,refrainfrom,beengagedin,lookforwardto,opposedto,dependon,thank

for,feellike,excusefor,aimat,devote

to,setabout,spendin,get(be)usedto,befondof,becapableof,beafraidof,betiredof,besickof,succeedin,beinterestedin,feel(be)ashamedof,beproudof,bekeenon,beresponsiblefor.4）作表语:Therealproblemisgettingtoknowtheneedsofthepeople.·动名词和不定式都能够作主语或表语.一般说来,在表示抽象的一般的行为时多用动名词;在表示详细某词动作,特别是将来的动作时,多用不定式.5）作宾语补足语:分词能够在see,hear,notice,watch,feel,find,keep,get,have等动词后作宾语补足语.Thewords英语四级考试重点语法精选汇总immediatelysetusalllaughing.Oncewecaughthimdozingoffinclass.·在see,hear,feel,watch,notice等动词后,及可用现在分词,也可用不定式组成宾语补足语.用现在分词时,表示动作正在发生,用不定式时表示动作发生了.Doyouhearsomeoneknockingatthedoor?Yes,Idid.Iheardhimknockthreetimes.6）作状语:现在分词作状语时,平常都表示主语正在进行的另一动作,来对谓语表示的主要动作加以修饰或作为衬托.Iranoutofthehouseshouting.Igothome,feelingverytired.·现在分词短语有时能够用作状语表示原因,相当于一个表示原因的状语从句.Notknowingheraddress,wecouldn’tgetintouchwithher.Seeingnobodyathome,shedecidedtoleavethemanote.Havingalreadyseenthefilmtwice,shedidn’twanttogotothecinema.·现在分词短语有时可用作时间状语,相当于when惹起的从句:英语四级考试重点语法精选汇总Seeingthosepictures,hecouldn’thelpthinkingofthosememorabledaystheyspenttogether.·若是两个动作是完满同时发生的,多用when或while加分词这种构造.Becarefulwhencrossingthestreet.Whenleavingtheairport,theywavedagainandagaintous.Shegottoknowthemwhileattendingaconferencein.7）前面带有代词或名词的动名词构造:一个动名词前面能够加一个物主代词(或名词的所有格构造),来表示这个动名词逻辑上的主语.Theircomingtohelpwasagreatencouragementtous.Doyoumindmyreadingyourpaper?Theyinsistedonmystayingthereforsupper.·若是不是在句子开头,这个构造经常能够用名词的一般格(或人称代词宾格),这比用所有格更自然.Idon’tmindhimgoing.Shehatespeoplelosingtheirtemper.英语四级考试重点语法精选汇总8）只能用动名词作宾语的动词:suggest,finish,avoid,stop,can’thelp,mind,admit,enjoy,leaveoff,require,postpone,putoff,delay,practice,fancy,excuse,pardon,advise,consider,deny,endure,escape,miss9）既可用动名词,也可用不定式作宾语的动词:love,like,hate,dislike,begin,start,continue,intend,attempt,can’tbear,propose,want,need,remember,forget,regret,neglect,try,deserve,can’tafford等.·有时两种构造之间意义差别不大

,有时却有不同样的意思

.

在remember,regret,want,try等词后差别是比较显然的Irememberseeingheroncesomewhere.Iregretnothavingacceptedyouradvice.

.IregrettosayIhaven’tgivenyouenoughhelp.Wemusttrytogeteverythingdoneintime.10）悬垂修饰:

分词作状语时

,

表示的必定是主语的一个动作或状态.·Walkingthroughthepark,wesawalotofflowers.(walking是we的动作,正确)英语四级考试重点语法精选汇总Standingonthetower,wecouldseethewholecity.(正确)三、分词（一）意义:过去分词平常来自及物动词,带有被动意义和达成意义;而现在分词有的来自及物动词,有的来自不及物动词,平常带有主动意义和未达成意义.1、frozenfood；afreezingwind；aboredtraveler；aboringjourney；alostcause；alosingbattle；aconqueredarmy；aconqueringarmy；afinishedarticle；thelastfinishingtouch；thespokenword；aspeakingbird；aclosedshop；theclosinghour；arecordedtalk；arecordingmachine2、来自不及物动词的过去分词很少能独自用作前置修饰语,能作这样用的仅限于下面几个词,仅表示达成意义,不表示被动意义.therisensun,fallenleaves,faded/witheredflowers,returnedstudents,retiredworkers,departedfriends,escapedprisoners,thevanishedjewels,newly-arrivedvisitors.3、用作后置修饰语的过去分词一般都带有修饰语或其他成分,在意义上相当于关系分句.Mostofthepeopleinvitedtothereceptionwereoldfriends.英语四级考试重点语法精选汇总（二）句法作用1、作定语:distinguishedguestxx,unknownheroes籍籍无名,armedforces武装队伍,cannedfood罐头食品,boiledwater开水,steamedbread馒头,strickenarea灾区·分词还可组成合成词作定语

:simply-furnishedroomxx

简单的房间,clear-cutanswer

明确的回复

,highly-developedindustry

高度发展的工业

,heartfeltthanks

由衷的感谢

,hand-madegoods手工制品

,man-madesatellite

人造卫星2、作补足语:能够带过去分词作宾语补足语的动词有:1）see,hear,feel,find,think等表示感觉和心理状态的动词.Isawthestudentsassembledinthehall.Wefoundhergreatlychanged.2）make,get,have,keep等表示”致使”意义的动词:Ihavemyhaircuteverytendays.Shegotherbadtoothpulledout.Pleasekeepusinformedofthelatestdevelopments.3）like,want,wish,order等表示希望,要求,命令等意义的动词:英语四级考试重点语法精选汇总Idon’twantanyofyou(tobe)involvedinthescandal.Hewon’tlikesuchquestions(tobe)discussedatthemeeting.3、过去分词短语常用作状语,修饰谓语,好多都说明动作发生的背景或状况.1）Guidedbytheseprinciples,theywentonwiththework,Delightedwithherwork,theymadeherthegeneralmanager.2）过去分词短语也可作状语表示原因,相当于一个表示原因的状语从句.Influencedbyhisexample,theyperformedcountlessgooddeeds.3）有时也可说明动作发生的时间,相当于一个表示时间的状语从句.Thismethod,triedinareasnear,resultedinamarkedriseintotalproduction.4）间或也可表示一个假定的状况,相当于一个条件从句.Givencloseranalysis,wecanseethisistotallywrong.5）有时也可用来取代一个“退步”状语从句.英语四级考试重点语法精选汇总Picked20yearsayear,itgrowstiredonlyafter40or50years.4、独立构造1）在用分词短语作状语时,它逻辑上的主语一般必定与句子的主语.致.但有时它也能够有自己独立的逻辑上的主语,这类构造称为独立构造,一般表示一种陪伴的动作或状况.Herushedintotheroom,hisfacecoveredwithsweat.2）有时能够表示时间:Latethatautumn,hisworkfinished,hepreparedtoreturntohisinstitute.3）表示原因:Hereyesdimmedwithtears,shedidnotseehimenter.4）条件:Allthingsconsidered,herpaperisofgreatervaluethanyours.英语四级考试重点语法精选汇总四、虚假语气（一）神情动词所表达的可能性程度：must/can'tshould/shouldn'tmight/may(not)其他两个"类神情词的形式："need/needn't;haveto/don'thaveto1、最自然的虚假状态：由should/would+原型时态（不含时间只含状态）2、实质上是过去将来时：即，时间固定在过去将来，状态不同样：一般、进行、达成、达成进行。这时"虚假语气"的产生经常是由于我们要表达"本来应当"（而现在却还没有）（本来能够，本来能）Ishouldgo!(butI'mstillhere!)(一般)Ishouldbeworkingnow!(进行)Ishouldhavepracticedmore(thanIdid)!(达成)我应当多多练习！（言下之意，现在我练习得不多。）Ishouldn'tdreamawaymytimetoomuch!(达成的否认)(actuallyIdiddreamawaymytimetoomuch!)英语四级考试重点语法精选汇总Itshouldn'thavebeenleakingforsuchalongtime!(完成进行)Imay/might/couldhavefinished!(达成)3、一些常有的句型中，就会出现这类虚假语气，而处于从句之中，should经常被省略掉·suggest,advise,propose,recommend,plan；·demand,order,direct,arrange,command,decide；·require,request；think,expect,believe,insist,suspect.由于他们的含义中包括"建议，假定，应当"这类的含义，所以，由他们惹起的从句中，就会包括有should+原型时态组成的虚拟语气。这些动词（以及他们的名次形式，分词形式）惹起的从句还有其他的变形：主语从句，表语从句，同位语从句。It'ssuggestedthat；Mysuggestionisthat；Theonlysuggestionthat；TheonlysuggestionIcangiveyounowisthat4、一些形容词惹起的表语从句中，也会有同样的状况important；necessary；essential英语四级考试重点语法精选汇总It'snatural；strange；incrediblethatapity;ashame;nowonder1）由lest,forfearthat,incase惹起的从句xx使用should2）表达与事实相反·与现在相反：使用[过去时]：IwishIwerenothere!(一般现在一般过去)Supposewewerenothere.HelovedmeasifIwerehisownson.(一般现在一般过去)HopeIweren'talwayslosingthings!(现在进行过去进行)Ifonly/IfIhadn'tbeenthere!(现在达成过去达成)WhatifIhadn'tbeenwaitingrighthere!(现在达成进行过去达成进行)常考句型：It's(high)time(that);wouldrather(that)；这两个从句，只能表达对现在的见解，因此，从句中只有一般过去时。·与过去相反：过去达成时；英语四级考试重点语法精选汇总HowniceitisifIhadpastthetest!HowniceitisifIhadsleptalittlemorethismorning!·与将来相反：将来的事情没有发生，因此只能推断。Ifitrainstomorrow,we'llhavetostayonedaymore.可是，由于能够用beto表示将来；因此，虚假语气中经常出现wereto；也是CET-4的常考语法点。3）虚假条件句if部分，做一个与事实相反的假定（因此只有一般过去和过去达成）；主句部分，这是表示鉴于这个假定的推断，一般使用神情动词would，少许状况下使用could/might/may。注意：两个部分之间，是有逻辑关系，而在两部分的谓语动词时态上，没有必然的联系。4）注意，虚假条件句中的if能够省略，造成were/had提早，产生倒装。5）隐含的非真切条件Whatwouldyoudowith50thousanddollar?英语四级考试重点语法精选汇总HowcouldIbehappywithoutyou?除了条件状语从句之外，原因状语从句也会出现虚假语气。·由

inorderthat,sothat

惹起的从句，必然的时候能够使用may/might;

can/could;

否认的时候，多用

shouldn't

；whoever,whatever,nomatterwhat

惹起的从句中，多用

may+（二）that从居中1、wish,wouldrather(sooner),hadbetter:IwishIwereasstrongasyou.IwishIhadpaidmoreattentiontoourpronunciation.Iwouldrathertheycametomorrow(youhadgonetheretoo).Ihadrather(that)youtoldhimthanIdid.2、suggest,order,demand,propose,command,request,desire,insist等动词后的宾语从句:Thecommanderorderedthatallcivilians(should)beevacuated.Heaskedthathebegivenanopportunitytotry.Sheurgedthathewriteandacceptthepost.英语四级考试重点语法精选汇总3、itisdesired,itissuggested,itisrequested,itwasordered,itwasproposed,itisnecessary,itisimportant,ithasbeendecided等构造后的主语从句xx.ItwasarrangedthattheyleavethefollowingweekItwillbebetterthatwemeetsomeothertime.4、suggestion,motion,proposal,order,recommendations,plan,idea等后的表语从句和同位语从句:Hissolerequirementis(was)thatthysystembeadjusted.（三）在某些句型中1、itistimethat·Itistimethatwewent(或shouldgo)tobed.Itishightimewe(should)putanendtothiscontroversy.2、asif(though)惹起的从句:Theytalked(aretalking)asiftheyhadbeenfriendsforyears.Itseemsasifitwas(were)springtoday.Heacts(acted)asif(though)hewere(was)anexpert.英语四级考试重点语法精选汇总3、以

lest,forfearthat

和

incase

惹起的从句

(这时谓语多用

should+

动词原形

):Hetookhisraincoatwithhimlestitshouldrain.Heputhiscoatoverthechildforfearthat(

或

lest)heshouldcatchcold.4、以

whatever,whoever,nomatterwhat

这类代词或词组引起的从句

(谓语多用

may加动词原形组成

):·Whateverdefectshemayhave,heisanhonestman.Comewhatmay,wewillgoahead.

不论发生什么状况

,

我们都要干下去

.Iacceptthatheisoldandfrail;bethatasitmay,hestillagoodpolitician.

’s我认同他年迈体衰,可是只管这样,它仍是优异的政治家.（四）条件1、虚假条件句主要有下面两类:1）表示现在及将来状况(表示纯然假定或实现的可能性不大的情况):·谓语主要形式以下(be多用were这个形式):英语四级考试重点语法精选汇总从句

主句过去式

would+

动词原形IfIwereyou,Iwouldn’tloseheart.Howniceitwouldbeifyoucouldstayabitlonger.2）表示过去状况的虚假条件句(与事实完满相反的假定状况),谓语主要形式以下:从句

主句had+

过去分词

wouldhave+

过去分词·Shewouldhavecomeifwehadinvitedher.IfIhadn’ttakenyouradvice,Iwouldhavemadeabadmistake,Youwouldn’thavecaughtcoldifyouhadputonmoreclothes.2、有时,条件从句表示的动作和主句表示的动作,发生的时间是不一致的(如一个是过去发生的,一个是现在发生的).这时,动词的形式要依照表示的时间来调整.这类句子能够称为错综时间条件句.·Ifhehadreceivedsixmorevotes,hewouldbeourchairmannow.Ifwehadn’tgoteverythingreadybynow,weshouldbehavingaterribletimetomorrow.英语四级考试重点语法精选汇总3、有时假定的状况其实不以条件从句表示,而是经过一个介词短语来表示.Withoutmusic,theworldwouldbeadullplace.Wecouldhavedonebetterundermorefavorableconditions.Butforthestorm,weshouldhavearrivedearlier.4、若是条件句从句中包括有were,had,should或could,有时可把if省略掉,并把were,had,should或could放在主语前面.Hadwemadeadequatepreparation,wemighthavesucceeded.Shouldtherebeaflood,whatshouldwedo?Wereitnotfortheirassistance,wewouldbeinseriousdifficulty.五、介词（一）合成介词和复杂介词1、合成介词:inside,into,onto,outof,outside,throughout,uponwithin,without2、复杂介词:accordingto,alongwith,apartfrom,asfor,asto,becauseof,bymeansof,infrontof,inspiteof,insteadof,inaccordancewith,onaccountof,英语四级考试重点语法精选汇总onbehalfof,owingto,dueto,togetherwith,upto,withregardto,priorto等（二）介词在句末:1、Thisiswhatheisinterestedin.2、Doeseveryonehasaseattositon?（三）名词加介词(n+prep)1、某些名词此后要求用某些介词:solutionto,faithin,glanceat,needfor2、某些名词从前要求用某些介词:onone’sguard,atone’srequest,inallprobability,tomydelight（四）动词加介词1、Vi.+prep.:prevailon,appealto,fallinto,applyfor,touchupon2、Vt.+O+prep.:layemphasison,takeadvantageof等3、Vi.+adv.+prep.:Idon’twishtobreakinonyourthoughts.英语四级考试重点语法精选汇总Thefamilycameupagainstfreshproblems.You’renottellingmethewholestory.Youonme.

’reholdingoutShegotoffwithhimsoonaftershebegantoworkattheinstitution.4、Vt.+O+adv.+prep.:Youshouldn’ttakeyourresentmentoutonme.（五）形容词加介词1、about——anxious,careful,careless,certain,considerate,enthusiastic,guilty,happy,mad,particular,sad,sure,timid,unhappy,etc2、at——awkward,bad,clever,disappointed,disgusted,good,marvelous,quick,skilful,skilled,useless,weak,etc3、for——convenient,eligible,grateful,homesick,hungry,necessary,noted,perfect,responsible,etc4、from——evident,exempt,inseparable,safe,tired,etc5、in——deficient,

expert,

liberal,

quick,

rich,

successful,weak,etc英语四级考试重点语法精选汇总6、of——apprehensive,characteristic,critical,destructive,envious,hard,inconsiderate,impatient,dependent,jealous,positive,scared,sensible,short,sick,suspicious,typical,worthy,etc7、on——dependent,keen,intent,etc8、to——acceptable,accessible,agreeable,alive,attentive,blind,comparable,courteous,deaf,destructive,essential,favorable,hostile,indifferent,married,obedient,parallel,preferable,related,responsible,sensitive,suitable,unjust,etc9、with——awkward,bored,careful,disappointed,generous,identical,ill,impatient,popular,sick,wrong,etc六、连词（一）并列连词1、表表示义的引申:and,bothand,notonlybut(also),aswellas,andaswell,neithernor2、表示选择:or,eitheror英语四级考试重点语法精选汇总3、表示转折:but,while,whereas,yet,however/nevertheless(也能够为是副词)4、表示因果:for,so,therefore,hence（二）隶属连词1、表示时间:when,while,as,after,before,since,until(till),assoonas,once2、表示原因:because,as,since,nowthat,seeingthat3、表示条件:if,unless,

in

case,

provided(that),

suppose,aslongas,oncondition(that),4、表示其他关系:(al)though,than,as/soas,lest,inorderthat,sothat七、定语从句（一）限制和非限制性定语从句1、限制性定语从句是名词词组不能缺少的一个组成部分,去掉了会造成病句或意义不明确;非限制性定语从句属于补充说明性质,去掉了不会影响主要意义,平常用逗号与它的先行词分开.·Theboyswhowantedtoplayfootballweredisappointedwhenitrained.英语四级考试重点语法精选汇总Theboys,whowantedtoplayfootball,weredisappointedwhenitrained.2、若是定语从句的先行词是专出名词,或是带有形容词性物主代词(my,his,etc)或形容词性指示代词(this,that,etc)作限制词,此后的定语从句平常都是非限制性的:·MarySmith,whoisinthecorner,wantstomeetyou.Hermother,whohadlongsufferedformarthritis,diedlastnight.4、在非限制性定语从句中只能用who/whom指人,用which指物,通常不用that取代.Myfather,whohadbeenonavisitto,returnedyesterday.Allthebooks,whichhadpicturesinthem,weresenttothelittlegirl.（二）定语从句的引导词1、that,who,whom1）非限制性定语从句,若是修饰人,一般用who,有时用that(作主语时用who很多).若是关系代词在从句xx宾语,就应当用宾格whom或that,但在大部分状况下都能够省略掉,在口语中可用who取代whom.英语四级考试重点语法精选汇总·Hereistheman(whom)you’vebeenlookingfor.Heisaman(that)youcansafelydependon.Thepeople(who/that)youweretalkingtowereSwedes.2）但在介词后只能用whom:ThisisthemantowhomIreferred.3）但在口语中一般都把介词放到句子后边去,这时可用that,但省略时更多一些.Haveyoumetthepersonaboutwhomhewasspeaking?Haveyoumettheperson(that)hewasspeakingaboutThegirltowhomIspokeismycousin.Thegirl(who/that)Ispoketoismycousin.2、限制性定语从句若是修饰“物”,用关系代词that的时候较多,也有时用which.当这个代词在从句中是用作宾语时,在绝大部分状况下都是省略的,特别是口语中(特别是当被修饰的词是all,everything等词时):1）Haveyoueverythingyouneed?(Isthere)anythingIcandoforyou?英语四级考试重点语法精选汇总2）在介词后只能用which,在口语中一般都把介词放到从句后部去,这时能够用that,但省略的时候更多一些:Thetoolwithwhichheisworkingiscalledawrench.Thetool(that)heisworkingwithiscalledawrench.Thisisthequestionaboutwhichwediscussion.

’vehadsomuch3）定语从句一般是修饰名词或代词的,但间或也能够修饰整个句子a),或是句子的一部分b),引导词用which:Theyhaveinvitedmetovisittheircountry,whichisverykindofthem.Theactivitywaspostponed,whichwasexactlywhatwewanted·Whendeeplyabsorbedinwork,whichheoftenwas,