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TheStateof
CleanTechnology
Manufacturing
AnEnergyTechnologyPerspectives
SpecialBriefing
INTERNATIONALENERGY
AGENCY
TheIEAexaminesthe
fullspectrum
ofenergyissues
includingoil,gasand
coalsupplyand
demand,renewable
energytechnologies,
electricitymarkets,
energyefficiency,
accesstoenergy,
demandside
managementand
muchmore.Through
itswork,theIEA
advocatespoliciesthat
willenhancethe
reliability,affordability
andsustainabilityof
energyinits
31membercountries,
11associationcountries
andbeyond.
Thispublicationandany
mapincludedhereinare
withoutprejudicetothe
statusoforsovereigntyover
anyterritory,tothe
delimitationofinternational
frontiersandboundariesand
tothenameofanyterritory,
cityorarea.
IEAmember
countries:
Australia
Austria
Belgium
Canada
CzechRepublic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Ireland
Italy
Japan
Korea
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Mexico
Netherlands
NewZealand
Norway
Poland
Portugal
SlovakRepublic
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
RepublicofTürkiye
UnitedKingdom
UnitedStates
TheEuropean
Commissionalso
participatesinthe
workoftheIEA
IEAassociation
countries:
Argentina
Brazil
China
Egypt
India
Indonesia
Morocco
Singapore
SouthAfrica
Thailand
Ukraine
Source:IEA.
InternationalEnergyAgency
Website:
TheStateofCleanTechnologyManufacturing:AnETPSpecialBriefingTableofcontents
IEA.CCBY4.0.
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Tableofcontents
Keyfindings 4
PartI:Introduction 6
PartII:Analysis 8
Anupdateontechnologiesthatareadvancingrapidly 8
Recentdevelopmentsincleantechnologymanufacturing 9
Regionalconcentrationincleantechnologymanufacturing 14
Theglobalmarketforkeycleanenergytechnologies 19
PartIII:Recentpolicydevelopments 23
UnitedStates 25
EuropeanUnion 27
China 30
Othereconomies 31
PartIV:RecommendationsfortheG7 33
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Keyfindings
•Cleanenergytechnologymanufacturingisexpandingrapidly,drivenbysupportivepolicies,ambitiouscorporatestrategiesandconsumerdemand.Theglobalenergycrisishasinstilledfurtherimpetustodevelopmanufacturingcapacitythatcanstrengthenenergysecurityanddiversifythesupplychain.ThisEnergyTechnologyPerspectives(ETP)SpecialBriefingisdesignedtoprovidepolicymakerswithstrategicinsightsinthisarea,focusingonfivecriticaltechnologies:solarphotovoltaic(PV),wind,batteries,electrolysersandheatpumps.
•Newmanufacturingprojectsarebeingannouncedbytheday.IntheshorttimesincethelastIEAanalysisofcleantechnologymanufacturingin
EnergyTechnologyPerspectives
2023
(coveringannouncementsthroughtolate2022),theprojectedoutputin2030fromannouncedprojectsforsolarPVhasincreasedby60%,forbatteriesithasincreasedbyaroundone-quarter,andforelectrolysersbyaround20%.
•Itisnotjustannouncementsthatarepostingstronggrowthrates.Thelatestdataavailableforyear-end2022showinstalledmanufacturingcapacitypostedstrongyear-on-yeargrowthforbatteries(72%),solarPV(39%),electrolysers(26%)andheatpumps(13%).Windmanufacturingcapacitygrewmuchmoremodestlyataround2%.
•Ifallannouncedprojectsweretocometofruition,solarPVmanufacturingcapacitywouldcomfortablyexceedthedeploymentneedsoftheIEA’sNetZeroEmissionsby2050(NZE)Scenarioin2030.Evenifonlyhalfofthisnewcapacityweretobeutilised–theglobalaverageutilisationrateofsolarPVmanufacturingcapacityin2022wasslightlyover40%–throughputwouldstillbesufficienttoreachdemandlevelsintheNZEScenario(around
650GWperyearin2030).
•Forthefirsttime,announcedprojectsforbatterymanufacturingcapacitycouldcovervirtuallyallofthe2030globaldeploymentneedsoftheNZEScenario.Significantgapsremainforwind,whereprojectedthroughputfromexistingcapacityandannouncedprojectsequatestojustunder30%ofNZEScenariodeploymentlevels,electrolysers(justover60%)andheatpumps(justover40%).Butrelativelyshortleadtimes–forbothannouncementsandconstruction–forthefactoriesthatsupplythesetechnologiesimplyamorepositiveoutlookthanthesegapsinitiallysuggest.
•WhilethepipelinesofannouncedprojectsforsolarPVandbatteriesappearwell-stocked,manyoftheprojectstheycomprisehavenotyetstartedconstructionorreachedafinalinvestmentdecision.Globally,onlyaround25%oftheannouncedprojectsforsolarPVmanufacturingcapacitycanbeconsideredcommitted,withtheequivalentfigureforbatteriesbeingaround30%.
•Manufacturingoperationsarehighlygeographicallyconcentrated:currently,fourcountriesandtheEuropeanUnionaccountforaround80-90%ofglobalmanufacturingcapacityforthefivecleantechnologiesexaminedinthisbriefing.Chinaaloneaccountsfor40-80%acrossthesetechnologies.Ifallannouncedprojectsweretoberealised,theseshareswouldshiftto70-95%and30-80%respectively.
•Majorpolicyannouncementsofthepastyeararealreadystartingtodiversifysupplychains,asevidencedbythescale-upinplannedbatterymanufacturingcapacityintheUnitedStatesfollowingadoptionoftheInflationReductionAct.IntheUnitedStates,justtheannouncementsinthesecondhalfof2022andthefirstquarterof2023accountfornearly
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halfofthetotalprojectpipelineforbatterymanufacturingto2030.ThefullimpactsoftheNetZeroIndustryActintheEuropeanUnionarestilltooearlytogauge.
•Inmonetaryterms,theprojectedoutputoftheannouncedmanufacturingcapacityforthefivekeycleantechnologies(USD790billionperyear)nowexceedsthatofthemarketsizefortheirdemand(USD640billion)in2030,inascenarioinwhichgovernmentsimplementtheirannouncedclimatepledgesontimeandinfull–theAnnouncedPledgesScenario(APS).Theaggregatesupplysurplusatthegloballevelismirroredforindividualtechnologies(solarPV,batteriesandelectrolysers),butmasksdeficitsforothers(windandheatpumps).Inaggregate,thissuggeststhatforseveraltechnologies,thedeploymentlevelsneededtomeetgovernments’climatepledgesintheAPSarehighlyachievable.
•ChinaappearswellpositionedtocaptureUSD500billion,oraround65%oftheprojectedoutputfromglobalcleantechnologymanufacturingcapacityin2030,includingbothexistingandannouncedprojects.UnlessChina'sdomesticdeploymentofkeycleantechnologiesexceedsthelevelsprojectedintheAPS,morethantwo-thirdsofthisoutputwouldbesurplustodomesticrequirementsandneedtofindexportmarkets.
•Ifallannouncedprojectsarerealised,theEuropeanUnionnowappearsabletofulfilallofitsdomesticneedsforbatteries,electrolysersandheatpumpsintheAPSin2030.TheUnitedStatescouldalsobevirtuallyself-sufficientwithrespecttoitsbatteryneedsby2030intheAPS,basedontheselatestprojectannouncements.
•ThisbriefingconcludeswithasetofpolicyrecommendationstargetedatG7members,butapplicabletoallinterestedgovernments.Theyreflectthefactthatnocountry–noranysupplychainsegment–canexistinavacuum.Fromstrategicsupplychainassessmentstostrategicpartnerships,governmentswillneedtoformulateindustrialstrategiesthatbalanceclimateandenergysecurityimperativeswitheconomicopportunities.
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PartI:Introduction
Deployingcleanenergytechnologiesatthepacerequiredtoputtheworldonatrajectoryconsistentwithnetzeroemissionsbymid-centurywilldemandrapidexpansionincleanenergytechnologymanufacturing
1
capacity,underpinnedbyrobustsupplychainsfortheircomponentsandmaterials.Assuch,technologymanufacturingplaysapivotalroleintheenergytransitionrequiredtomeetclimate,energysecurityandeconomicdevelopmentgoals.
ChangeisalreadyhappeningapaceinsectorssuchaselectricvehiclesandsolarPV,heraldinganewerainmanufacturing,withcountriesaroundtheworldintroducingpoliciestoshoreuptheirpositionintheemergingcleanenergyeconomy.Thisfast-movingtransitionhasbeengivenaddedimpetusbythecurrentglobalenergycrisis,whichhasincreasedenergysecurityconcernsandstarklyillustratestheneedforcleanenergytechnologieswithdiversifiedsupplychains.
Theplaceofcleantechnologymanufacturinginindustrialstrategyistodayacriticalconsiderationforgovernments,withpolicymakerscommittingtoscaleupinvestmentsanddiversifysupplychains.Strategicpolicymakingintheareaofcleantechnologymanufacturingwillrequireaclearunderstandingoftheexpecteddemandforcleanenergytechnologiesindifferentregionalandpolicycontexts,andanassessmentofbottlenecksthatneedtobeaddressedinordertofulfilclimateambitions.
Thisbriefingprovidesanupdateonrecentprogressincleantechnologymanufacturinginkeyregions.ItbuildsuponthelatesteditionoftheIEA’sflagshiptechnologypublication,
EnergyTechnologyPerspectives2023(ETP-2023)
,publishedinJanuary2023.TheanalysisinETP-2023hasbeenupdatedtotakeintoaccountrecentannouncementsofexpansionsinmanufacturingcapacity,inordertoinformconsiderationsbydecisionmakersseekingtotapintotheopportunitiesofferedbytheemergingcleanenergyeconomy.
Webeginwithareviewofrecentdevelopments,exploringhowfarthecurrentprojectpipelineisconsistentwiththetrajectoryneededtoreachnetzeroemissionsby2050.Weconsiderwherethesedevelopmentsareoccurringbytechnologytoassesslevelsofregionalconcentrationincleantechnologymanufacturing.Wegoontoconsidertheglobalmarketforkeycleanenergytechnologies,andfinallytoexplorehowrecentpolicydevelopmentsareshapingthelandscapeofcleantechnologymanufacturing.
1Hereafter“cleantechnologymanufacturing”.
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Box1Scenariosusedinthisbriefing
AnalysisinthisbriefingisunderpinnedbyglobalprojectionsofcleanenergytechnologiesderivedfromtheIEA’s
GlobalEnergyandClimate(GEC)model
,adetailedbottom-upmodellingframeworkcomposedofseveralinterlinkedmodelscoveringenergysupplyandtransformation,andenergyuseinthebuildings,industryandtransportsectors.Themodellingframeworkincludes26regionsorcountriescoveringthewholeworld.
ThemostrecentyearofcompletehistoricaldatafromtheGECmodelis2021,towhichyear-end2022manufacturingcapacitydatahavebeenaddedaspartoftheanalysisforthisbriefing.DataforQ12023areavailableforsometechnologies.Forprojectedvalues–wefocuson2030inforward-lookingassessments–wemakeuseoftwoIEAscenariosproducedusingtheGECmodelthatdescribepossibleenergysystempathways:
The
NetZeroEmissionsby2050(NZE)Scenario
isanormativescenariothatsetsoutapathwaytostabiliseglobalaveragetemperaturesat1.5°Cabovepre-industriallevels.TheNZEScenarioachievesglobalnetzeroenergysectorCO2emissionsby2050withoutrelyingonemissionsreductionsfromoutsidetheenergysector.Indoingso,advancedeconomiesreachnetzeroemissionsbeforedevelopingeconomiesdo.TheNZEScenarioalsomeetsthekeyenergy-relatedUNSustainableDevelopmentGoals,achievinguniversalaccesstoenergyby2030andsecuringmajorimprovementsinairquality.
The
AnnouncedPledgesScenario(APS)
assumesthatgovernmentswillmeet,infullandontime,alltheclimate-relatedcommitmentstheyhaveannounced,includinglonger-termnetzeroemissionstargetsandNationallyDeterminedContributions(NDCs),aswellascommitmentsinrelatedareassuchasenergyaccess.Itdoessoirrespectiveofwhetherthesecommitmentsareunderpinnedbyspecificpoliciestosecuretheirimplementation.Pledgesmadeininternationalforaandinitiativesonthepartofbusinessesandothernon-governmentalorganisationsarealsotakenintoaccountwherevertheyaddtotheambitionofgovernments.
Neitherscenarioshouldbeconsideredapredictionorforecast.Rather,theyareintendedtoofferinsightsintotheimpactsandtrade-offsofdifferenttechnologychoicesandpolicytargets,andtoprovideaquantitativeframeworktosupportdecision-makingintheenergysector,andstrategicguidanceontechnologychoicesforgovernmentsandotherstakeholders.Thescenariosandresultsareconsistentwiththosepresentedinthe
WorldEnergyOutlook2022
,and
ETP-2023
,withtheexceptionofbatterydemand,whichhasbeenrevisedbasedonupdatespresentedinthe
GlobalEVOutlook2023
.
TheStateofCleanTechnologyManufacturing:AnETPSpecialBriefingPartII:Analysis
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PartII:Analysis
Anupdateontechnologiesthatare
advancingrapidly
TheIEAreport
EnergyTechnologyPerspectives2023(ETP-2023)
analysedtherisksandopportunitiessurroundingthedevelopmentofcleanenergytechnologysupplychains,exploringallthemajorstepsthroughoutthesupplychain.Thisbriefingexaminesthemanufacturingstepsinmoredetail,withaspecificfocusonfivekeytechnologiesforthecleanenergytransition:solarPVmodules,
2
windturbines,
3
batteries,
4
electrolysers
5
andheatpumps.
6
Manufacturingcapacityexpansionsforthesetechnologiestendtohaveshorterleadtimesthanotherstepsinthesupplychain,suchasmining.Thismeansthatprogressfromannouncementtooperationcanbeespeciallydynamicinasupportiveenvironment.Thesesupplychainstepshavealsobeenstronglyemphasisedinrecentpolicyannouncements.Themanufacturingdatacompiledforthisbriefing(seeBox2)aimstocapturetheselatestdevelopmentsandprovideasnapshotofthecurrentoutlookforcapacityadditionsthroughto2030.Ofparticularinterestiswhetherrecentprojectannouncementshavechangedthepicturewithrespecttothesignificantdegreeofregionalconcentrationincleantechnologymanufacturingrevealedin
ETP-2023
,andwhichcountriesandregionsappearbest-positionedtocapturesharesofthemarketsforkeycleantechnologiesinthecomingyears.
Box2Manufacturingdatacompiledforthisbriefing
Themanufacturingdatacompiledforthisbriefing,coveringthefivefocuscleanenergytechnologies–solarPV,wind,batteries,electrolysersandheatpumps–canbecategorisedasfollows:
“Installedmanufacturingcapacity”referstothemaximumratedoutputoffacilitiesforproducingagiventechnology,asdistinguishedfromtheinstalledcapacityofthetechnologiesthemselvesoncedeployed.Capacityisstatedonanannualbasisforthefinalproduct(e.g.solarPVmodules)anddoesnotspeakto
2Hereafter“solarPV”,unlessaparticularcomponentorintermediatestepinproductionisspecified.
3Hereafter“wind”,withanalysisbasedonaggregateoraveragequantitiesfornacelles,towersandbladesasappropriate.
4Includingbothmobileandstationaryapplicationsandallbatterychemistries.
5Includingbothalkalineandprotonexchangemembranetechnologies.
6Forresidentialapplicationsonly.
TheStateofCleanTechnologyManufacturing:AnETPSpecialBriefingPartII:Analysis
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PAGE|9
thecapacityforproducinganyintermediateproductsandcomponents(e.g.polysilicon).Manufacturingthroughput–alsostatedonanannualbasis–isafractionoftheinstalledmanufacturingcapacity.Itdependsontheutilisationrateofproductionfacilities,whicharetypicallyaround85%ifoperatingnormally,butaresometimesmuchlower.
ETP-2023
covereddataforinstalledmanufacturingcapacitytoyear-end2021;inthisupdatedataforyear-end2022areadded.
“Announcedprojects”referstotheaggregatestatedcapacity–orestimatedthroughputofthatcapacityassumingadefaultutilisationrateof85%–ofpotentialfuturemanufacturingfacilitiesforwhichprojectshavebeenannounced.Announcementsincludeprojectsthatareatdifferentstagesofdevelopment,withsomealreadyunderconstructionandothersnotyetatthefinalinvestmentdecisionstage.Thequantitiesassociatedwiththeseprojectsarenotaforecast,noraretheydirectlyassociatedwiththeprojectedquantitiesembodiedbythescenariosdescribedinBox1.Actualmanufacturingcapacityadditionscouldturnouttobehigherthancurrentpublicannouncementsatagivenpointintime,orlower,asnotallannouncedprojectswillmaterialise.Assuch,theyprovideanindicatorofwheretheindustryisheaded,butnotanexpectationontheeventualoutcome.Howthesefactorsplayoutwillvarybytechnologyandbyregionalcontext.
ETP-2023
providedasnapshotofannouncedprojectsasofend-November2022(hereafter“late2022”);thisbriefingcoversthoseprojectannouncementsandinadditionanyfurtherannouncementsuptoend-March2023(hereafter“end-Q12023”).Unlessstatedotherwise,forward-lookingquantitiesassociatedwiththecapacityorthroughputofannouncedprojectsincludeallprojectsinoperationuptoandincludingtheyear2030.
Completedataonmanufacturingcapacityandthroughputhavebeencompiledfor2021and2022.Projectannouncementsarecompiledonanon-goingbasisforelectrolysers,onamonthlybasisforsolarPVandbatteries,andonanad-hocbasisforwindandheatpumps.Nonewquantifiabledataonprojectannouncementswereavailableforwindsincethepublicationof
ETP-2023
,andthusthereisnochangeinthequantificationofannouncedprojectsforthattechnologyinthisbriefing.Externaldataprovidersinclude
InfoLink
,
Thomson
Reuters
,
BloombergNewEnergyFinance
,
WoodMackenzie
,and
Benchmark
MineralIntelligence
.
Recentdevelopmentsincleantechnology
manufacturing
Areviewofthelatestprojectannouncementsforcleantechnologymanufacturingshowsthatsomemanufacturingsectorslooksettomeet–andeventoexceed–thecapacityrequiredby2030togetontrackwiththedeploymentneedsofthe
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Shareof2030NZEScenariodeployment
150%
NZEScenariodeploymentneedsin2030
100%
50%
NZEScenario.Othersarelaggingbehind,withsubstantialincreasesinambitionrequiredtomeetemissionsreductiongoals,butprogresshasbeenmadeinthepastfewmonths.Giventheshortleadtimesrequiredtobringmanufacturingcapacityonline,reachingthe2030deploymentlevelsintheNZEScenario,thoughasignificantchallenge,isnotaninsurmountableoneforthesetechnologies.
Figure1
Announcedprojectthroughputanddeploymentforkeycleanenergytechnologiesin2030intheNetZeroEmissionsby2050Scenario
200%
0%
SolarPVBatteriesWindHeatpumpsElectrolysers
Installedmanufacturing
capacity:Announcedprojects:
20212022Asoflate2022Additionaltoend-Q12023GaptoNZE
IEA.CCBY4.0.
Notes:PV=photovoltaic;NZEScenario=NetZeroEmissionsby2050Scenario.“Announcedprojects:late2022”correspondstotheprojectpipelineassessedforETP-2023,includingprojectannouncementsthroughtotheendofNovember2022.“Announcedprojects:Additionaltoend-Q12023”correspondstoprojectsannouncedbetweentheendofNovember2022andtheendofMarch2023.Deploymentandthroughputareexpressedinphysicalunits,normalisedto2030NZEScenariodeploymentneeds.
ForsolarPVandbatteries,announcedprojectstodayalreadymeetandevenexceedthedeploymentlevelsrequiredintheNZEScenarioin2030.Shortleadtimessuggestthegapsremainingforwind,heatpumpsandelectrolysers,thoughsignificant,arenotinsurmountable.
SolarPVmanufacturingcontinuestoexpanddramatically
SolarPVmanufacturing–whichincreasedatacompoundannualgrowthrateof25%duringtheperiod2010-2021–showsnosignofslowingdown.In2021,manufacturingthroughputstoodjustover190GWglobally,comparedwitharound160GWofsolarPVdeployedinthesameyear.In2022,globalmanufacturingcapacityrosebynearly40%toabout640GW,with90%ofthegrowthrelativeto2021takingplaceinPeople’sRepublicofChina(hereafter,“China”).Manufacturingthroughputin2022wasaround260GW,significantlybelowthe640GWofinstalledmanufacturingcapacity–indicatingaglobalaverageutilisationrateofaround40%.
Asoflate2022,ouranalysisofannouncedprojectsforsolarPVsuggestedthatmanufacturerswerealreadyontracktomeetprojecteddemandin2030intheNZEScenario,withabout670GWofthroughputbythatyearresultingfrom
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announcementsforadditionalmanufacturingcapacity.Asofend-Q12023,theprojectpipelinehasexpandedevenfurther.Around480GWofadditionalmodulemanufacturingcapacityhasbeenannounced(570GWofcells,250GWofwafers,570GWofpolysilicon),increasingthetotalvolumeofplannedcapacityby60%.Theresultisnearly1.1TWofprojectedthroughputfromthisannouncedmanufacturingcapacityformodules,which,whencombinedwithcurrentinstalledcapacity,is65%higherthanthelevelrequiredtosatisfydeploymentneedsundertheNZEScenarioin2030.WhenexaminingtheprojectedoutputforothermajorPVcomponents–albeitwithashortertimehorizonforannouncedprojectsuptoandincluding2027–thefiguresare80%,37%and96%forcells,wafersandpolysiliconrespectively.However,onlyaround25%oftheannouncedmodulemanufacturingcapacityiscommitted,i.e.underconstructionorhavingreachedfinalinvestmentdecision.Evenconsideringjusttheseprojects–alongsideexistingcapacityof640GW–theprojectpipelineappearscapableofaccommodatingtheNZEScenariodeploymentneedsby2030,ifutilisationratesincreaseto85%onaveragegloballybythen.
Majorproject
7
announcementsmadeinQ12023includenewmanufacturingfacilitiesfortheworld’stopthreeproducers–LONGi,JinkoSolarandTrina–aswellasforotherlarger(e.g.Tongwei,Suntech)andsmalleroremergingplayers(e.g.SolarGrids,RECGroup,Hoshine,Royal),mostlybasedinChina.Thesemajorprojectsaccountfor45%ofthetotaladditionalcapacityannouncedasof
Q12023.
Accelerationinbatterymanufacturingisclosingthegapwith
netzeroneeds
Batterymanufacturingcapacityisalsobooming,owingtorapidincreasesinelectricvehicle(EV)sales.In2021,batterymanufacturingthroughputstoodat340GWh,withthisfigurenearlydoublingtoreach660GWhin2022.580GWhofmanufacturingcapacitywasaddedin2022,up85%fromthecapacityaddedin2021.About80%ofthe2022manufacturingcapacityadditionswereinChina,justover10%inEuropeandjustunder10%intheUnitedStates.Around90%ofthesebatteriesarecurrentlydestinedforautomotiveapplications.Globalelectriccarsalesroseby55%year-on-yearin2022,withtheshareofelectriccarsintotalcarsalesreaching14%,upfrom9%in2021.InmajormarketssuchasChinaandEuropethissharereached29%and21%,respectively.Salesalsorosetoanearly8%shareintheUnitedStates,representing55%year-on-yeargrowth.
Lookingatthepipelineofannouncedprojects,fromlate2022toend-Q12023,plannedmanufacturingcapacityhasrisenfromaround5.5TWhto6.8TWhper
7“Majorprojects”referstoplantswithstatedproductionca
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