立体车库外文翻译

AUTOMATEDPARKING:STATUSINTHEUNITEDSTATES

ADVANTAGESANDCRITERIA

RICHARDS.BEEBE,DIRECTOR

PARKINGANDTRANSPORTATIONPLANNING

CONSULTINGENGINEERSGROUP,INC.

55E.EUCLIDAVE.,MT.PROSPECT,IL60056

USA

PRESENTED

AT

WORLDPARKINGSYMPOSIUMIII

ST.ANDREWS,SCOTLAND:JUNE25,2001

AUTOMATEDPARKING–THEENVIRONMENTAL

SOLUTIONTOTHEURBANPARKINGSHORTAGE

ADVANTAGESANDCRITERIA

GUIDELINESTOAUTOMATEDGARAGEDEVELOPMENT

♦Thecurrentstate-of-the-artautomatedparkingsystems•Types

•Capacities

•OperatingSystems

•SiteAreaCriteria

♦Financial/OperatingAdvantages

•LandAreaandSavings

•Operation’sSavings

•CostFeaturesofVehicle/PatronSecurity

•TimeandMotion

♦EnvironmentalAdvantages

•ReducedMilesofInteriorTravel

•ReducedEmissionsProduction

•ReducedNoiseGeneration

•ReducedConstructionProductsandImpactsofConstructionActivity

♦SystemApplications

•Location–FreestandingorInsideBuildings

•CapacityandStructureDesign

•UserPopulationsandSpecificNeeds

•TrafficandExteriorConditions

♦TypicalInstallations

•AboveGround

•BelowGround

•SiteandOperatingStatistics

♦MovementTowardSystemRecognition/CriteriaforDevelopment

•ParkingInterests

•PotentialUserInterests

•InternationalMediaAttention

•ProductPromotion

HISTORYOFMECHANICALPARKINGINTHEU.S.ANDITSSTATUSIN2001

INTRODUCTION

MechanicalparkingsystemswerefirstintroducedintheU.S.usingfreightelevatorsaboutthetimeofWorldWarI.Duringthe1920’sand1930’saseriesofotherpatentsweregrantedbutitwasnotuntilthelate1940’sthattheBowser,PigeonHoleandRotoParksystemsbecameoperationalandinstalledinnumerouslocations.Someoftheseearlysystemswereverticalelevatorliftmodulesthatplacedcarsonupperlevelsofastructuretobemovedbyattendantandothersmechanicaldevicesthatcouldmovevehiclesinto“slots”inaframeworkbuiltaroundacentralcorridor.Capacitiesrangedtypicallyfromlessthan100spacestomorethan600.Allofthese“earlydays”systemssharedcommoncharacteristic—theuseofasiteareamuchsmallerthantheareaneededforaconventionalgarage.Duringthenexttwenty-fiveyearsmanyofthesesystemsoperatedforuptotwentyyearsorso—afewremaininoperationtoday.Problemsrelatedtothetimelydeliveryofpatronvehiclesduelargelytoinoperativeelevatorandmechanicalsystemscausedmanyunitstobedismantled.Forthenexttwenty-yearstherewassomediscussionof“advanced”mechanicalgaragesystemsappearinginEuropeandAsia,butnomajorprojectswhichwereplannedonwereconstructedintheU.S.

Duringthepastdecadetheconstantdemandforparking,especiallyinlargeurbancenters,createdanewU.S.interestinthesehightechnologyforeignsystems—automated,computer-basedsystemsthataddedspeed,reliabilityandsafetytothebasicgaragetypesinventedfiftyyearsearlier.EuropeanandAsianmanufacturershavebeguntomarkettheirsystemsandestablishofficesintheU.S.SeveralU.S.firmsalsohaveenteredthemarketplaceandcreatedgreaterlocalinterestinAutomatedParking.SystemmanufacturersormarketersnowincludesuchnamesasTREVI,Klaus,Krups,Wohr,Robotic,APS,HKSystems,Stokes,AutoSpace,SkyParkingAmericaandothers.Some100oftheseprojectsarenowintheplanningstage.

SYSTEMADVANTAGES

Thereareobviousadvantagesforautomatedparkingfacilitiesinalmostanyurbanlocation.Significantreductioninlandarearequirementsmeansconservationoflandresourcesandsmallerbuildingbulkcubesandcosts.Automatedgarageoperationresultsinfarlowervehiclemilesoftravel,emissionvolumesandutilityservices.Reducedpersonnelandmaintenancecostshelptooffsetanyhigherper-spacecostofautomatedsystems.TheseadvantageshavecreatedalargescalemarketpotentialintheU.S.whichneedstobesatisfiedasquicklyaspossible.

Thefollowingbasicelementsofautomatedstructureconstructionpointoutsomeoftheseadvantages:

A.Developmental

1)Animportantconsiderationofautomated/mechanicalparkinghasalwaysbeenprojectcost.Forcomparisonpurposescostsmustreflecttotalcost,includingland.Thehighercostofconstructionofanautomatedsystemcanusuallybeoffsetbythevalueofthesmallerlandarearequiredforautomatedconstruction.Forexample,asitearearoughly100feetx120feet(12,000squarefeet)couldsupporta400spaceautomatedgarage.Aconventionalrampgaragewouldrequireasiteareaatleast120′x280′(or33,600squarefeet).Thecostofland,at$100persquarefoot,wouldequal$1,200,000fortheautomatedsiteversus$3,600,000fortheconventionalgarage.Thisdifferentialtranslatesintoaperspaceallowanceof$5,500fortheautomatedfacility.Thisisusuallytheprimaryfactorinestablishingtheneedfor,andinterestin,anautomatedgarage.Indenselydevelopedurbanareastheavailabilityoflargesitesforgarageconstructionhasbecomethenumberoneproblem.

2)Inadditiontothelandarea/costfactorthereareotherimportantreasonstoconsideranautomatedstructure.Theseincludetheprovisionofunusuallevelsofpatronandvehiclesecurity:(Thisitemisparticularlyappealingtoownersofexpensivevehicleswishingtoprotecttheirinvestment).Dependinguponlocation,securityissueswherepatronsdonotmoveinsideagaragecanbeaveryimportantconsiderationtobothownersandusers.Negativenoiseandvisualimpactsofconventionalgaragesarealsoeliminated.

3)Automatedstructurescanbebuiltintolargerbuildings,eitherabovegroundorbelowground,insignificantlylessfloorareaandwithinastructuralframeworkcompatiblewiththatoftheprimaryuse.Sincethereisnoneedforopenareasalongperimeterwallstoachieveventilationrequirementstheparkingfacilitycanbeenclosedbyanarchitecturalfaçadeonthoseexposuresvisibletothepublic,eliminatingthenegativevisualcharacteristicsofastandardgaragebuilding.

4)Thesenewsystemsofferanothergreatbenefittoownersandoperators.Becauseofcomputerizedcontrolandreportelementscompletegaragediagnosticreviewandwarningisalwayson-line.Anypotentialproblemisreportedatoncetoacentralcontrolstationwhereattentioncanbedirectedatoncetotheproblem.

B.Financial

1)Theprimaryfinancialbenefitofautomatedparkingisusuallythereductioninlandcost.Onthetheorythatanautomatedstructureusesaboutone-halfthelandarea,thecostsavingsinlandcanrangefrom100percentto400or500percentdependinguponthevalueofadjacentproperty.

2)Owneroroperatorsavingsmaywellbesignificantsincemanyofthesefacilitiescanoperatewithoutanystafforwithasingleattendant.

3)Securityaspectsofthefacilitytendtolowerinsurancecostsandmaintenance,exceptfortheautomatedsystemcomponents,isalsoreduced.

4)Insomelocationstheremaybeanaddedfinancialincentive.Thisistheclassificationoftheautomatedsystemasmachineryandnotasstructurewhichcanmateriallyreducepropertytaxburdens.

C.Environmental

1)ThereisakeenawarenessdevelopingintheU.S.ofenvironmentalhazardcreatedbyvehicleoperationincongestedareas.Vehicle-generatedsolutioncanbesignificantlyreducedbyreducingmilesoftravelinthegarage.Inatypical600spaceconventionalgaragewithtwicedailyturnoverupto300milestotravelareeliminatedeveryday.

2)Reductioninmilesoftravelequalsreductioninemissionssuchascarbonmonoxideandnitratesandoxidesofnitrogenwhichareconsideredmajorproblemsinmosturbanplaces.

3)Lessdisruptivebutequallyimportantenvironmentalissues,especiallyinanydenselydevelopedarea,includelightandnoisecreatedbyvehiclesmovinginto,throughandoutofaconventionalgarage.Theseelementsarealmosttotallyremovedbyuseofanautomatedstructure.

4)Anotherelementhereisthereductionintheamountofconstructionactivityanddisruptionduetothereductioninsiteareaandconstructionvolume.

CURRENTCONDITIONSINTHEU.S.

AnAutomatedParkingGaragewasstartedintheCityofHoboken,NewJerseyinJanuaryof1999.This320spaceprojectwasregardedasthefirstinalongseriesofnewautomatedgaragestobebuiltacrossthecountry.Atleast40to50garageswere“onthelist”forconstructionandHobokenwasconsideredthebeginningofanewerainparking—catchinguptothetechnologyinuseinEuropeandAsia.MorethanadozenU.S.andforeignmanufacturershavebeenreadytoselltheirproductsandconstructfacilities.

AseriesofdelaysandprojectcompletionproblemshavestoppedworkontheHobokengarageforthepastyear.Atthistimeitappearsthatthisgaragewillnotbecompleteduntilspringof2002.Thecomplexseriesofdelaysandproblemshasgeneratedconsiderableadversepublicityandapprehensiononthepartofmanypossibleclients.Nevertheless,thereisstillgreatinterestintheseautomatedgaragesthroughouttheU.S.TheadvantagesofautomatedparkingwillovercometheproblemsnowoccurringintheHobokengarage.

TheexperiencegainedinEuropeandAsiabymajorsystemmanufacturerswillbetheimportantfactorinstartingnewprojectsintheU.S.thisyearandnext.WewelcometheentrancetoourmarkoftheEuropeanandAsianmanufacturers.

Theinternationalautomatedparkingindustry,althoughsmallinnumberandwithoutdemonstrableU.S.projects,needstoovercomethecurrentconditionsandforgeanewunderstandingoftheadvantagesofautomatedsystemsandthebroadadvantagesandpracticalitiesoftheiruse.Theobjectivetodayistooutlineapplicationoptionsandtoestablishbasicprojectcriteriabywhichclientsandmanufacturerscanassuretheadequacyandfunctionalityoftheparkingsystemwheninstalled.

Understandingofthesenewsystemsfromseveralviewpointsistheessentialkeytoexpandingacceptanceandinstallation.Publicandprivateagenciesneedtobecomeawareofperformance,reliability,operationandmaintenancecostconsiderationsandpatronacceptance.TheautomatedparkingindustryhasformedatradegroupknownastheAutomated/MechanicalParkingAssociationtopromotethebenefitsofthesenewsystems.Thesubjectofautomatedparkinghasnotbeenwidelyrecognizedinthiscountryformanyyears,evenwithinparkinganddevelopmentindustries.Butthenewsystemsaretechnologicallyandoperationallyfarsuperiortotheunitsbuiltinpreviousdecades.Owners,builders,agenciesandpatronscanbeassuredofcost-effective,reliable,safeandefficientservicesatcompetitiverates.Asignificantresponsetothebenefitsofthesenewsystemsisalreadyforming,andusewillacceleraterapidlyasnationalawarenessofthecompellingreasonsfortheuseofautomated/mechanicalparkingsystemsgainsmomentum.

WeneedtoexploreandexpandtheincreasedconstructionofautomatedparkingfacilitiesintheU.S.Theadvantagesofthistechnologyarejusttoosignificanttopermitfurtherdelayintheirdevelopmentandconstruction.However,anumberofimportantlessonshavebeenlearnedthatneedtobeaddressedbyanyautomatedsystemmanufacturer.

APPLICATIONS

Inordertoproperlyplan,design,construct,manageandoperateanautomatedfacilityintheU.S.anumberofvitalissuesmustbeconsidered.Therefollowsasummaryoftheseparticularitems:

1.Theoretically,automatedparkingrequiresaboutone-halfthelandareaofaconventionalgaragetoservethesamenumberofvehicles.However,thistheoryhasseveralvariablessuchas:

Therequiredcapacityofthegarage

Availabilityofadditionallandforconventionalgarageconstruction

Costofadditionallandtofacilitateconventionalgarageconstruction

Garageuserpopulations,turnover,rates,accesspatterns

Parkingratesandanticipatedrevenuecomparedtocostsofgarageconstructionandoperation.

Projectcostsoftheautomatedfacilityversustheconventionalfacility,giventhetotalcostcomparisonpack

Thesimplefactthatadequatelandareaisnotavailabletoconstructaconventionalgaragedoesnot,inanyway,meananautomatedfacilitywillproveeconomicallyfeasibleinaparticularlocation.

2.Detailsofthepotentialsitecanbeverycritical.Foranautomatedfacilitygoodstreetaccessisessentialand,insomecases,multiplefrontagescanbethedifferencebetweenfeasibilityandfailure.Ifprimaryingressisfromamajorstreet,garagevehicleacceptanceratescanbeveryimportant.Longqueuelinesawaitingentryaffecttheacceptanceanduseofthefacility—moreimportantly,localpolicemayprohibitvehiclesstandinginthestreettogainaccess.Therearestandardratiosofentry/exitportalstogaragecapacitywithasub-setofdeterminantsbasedonstreettrafficpatternsandinteriorgaragespacelayoutsandvehicleacceptance/deliverytimes.Projectfeasibilitycanbeaffectedbystreettrafficoperationsandotherexternalfactorsadjacenttothegaragesite.Itis,therefore,essentialtofullyunderstandtheimpactsoftheseconditionsonthedesignofthefacility.

3.Thetrueandtotalcostoftheparkingfacility—boththeautomatedsystemandanyshellenclosurebuilding—mustbeproperlydefined.Thisleadstoanumberofquestionsconcerningtheproject,theprojectteamandtheprojectproposal.Forexample:

Istheautomatedsystemmanufacturerthecontractororasub-contractor.

Ifthesystemmanufactureristhecontractor(bidder)he/shemustsubmitallrequireddataandbidrealisticcoststoincludethetotalpriceofbidpackagerequirements.

Ifthemanufacturerisasub-contractorwillhe/sheprovideprojectcostdatatomorethanoneprimecontractor.

Inmostinstancesthecostofthesystemandthecostoftheshellbuildingshouldbeseparatedwithindividualunitcostsandpaymentschedules.

Detailsoftheowner’sprojectbidannouncementshoulddescribeallprojectcomponentsandcostissues,aswellasthetotalpackageofcomplianceitemsnecessaryforprojectacceptance.Biddersshouldreviewallbackgroundinformationandparticularlytheprojectplanningorfeasibilitystudies,tounderstandtherequiredrevenuestreamnecessarytofundtheprojectandcoverpotentialcosts,andthentosubmitrealisticbiddatathatcanensurefeasibilityofthecompletedgarage.

TYPICALINSTALLATIONS

WithintheU.S.thereareawidevarietyoflocationsandparkingfacilityneedsthatwillattracttheinstallationofautomatedparkingstructures.Thisvarietyofprojecttypesisoneoftheprincipalreasonswhythemarketisstrongforanumberofdifferentsystemmanufactures.

Someoftheprojectsnowbeingstudiedforautomatedparkingfacilitiesprovideaninterestingdirectoryofpotentialdevelopments:

♦A400spacegarageonanL-shapedsite.Thegaragewillsupportatenstoryresidentialbuilding(120units)above.

♦A164spacegaragetobebuiltundergroundaspartofthefoundationforatwelvestoryresidencetowers.

♦An800spacegarageonthemainshoppingstreetinalargecity—halfofthespacesaretobeforshort-termparking.

♦Two75spacegaragestobeconstructedinafivebuildingapartmentcomplextoreducetheamountofparkinginsideresidencebuilding.

♦A3,000spacegarageaspartofalarge,mixed-usedevelopmentwithlong-termandshort-termparkingrequirements.

♦A56spacegaragetoserveasmallresorthotel.

♦A4,000spacegaragetoprovideon-sitestorageforrentalcarfacilityatalargeairport.

♦A130spacegaragetostorenewvehicleinavehiclesalesagency.

SYSTEMCRITERIA

Therearetwodistinctsetsofprojectcriteriatobeconsideredintheprocessofconstructinganautomatedparkingfacility.ThefirstCriteriaPackageisdirectedtoensuringthatManufacturersaddressallcriticalcomplianceissuesanddefinesystemcharacteristicsasrequiredbytheprojectplansandspecifications.ThesecondCriteriaPackageisdirectedtopotentialOwnersasameansofensuringthatcontractorbidsubmissionscomplyfullywithprojectrequirements.Thesecriteriaareveryimportantinestablishingthedetailoftheproject;howitwillbedesignedandconstructed;howmuchitwillcost;howitwillbeoperatedandifitwillproducerevenuetoretireitsdebt.

MANUFACTURERCRITERIAPACKAGE

A.SystemDefinitionandOperatingCharacteristics

•Typeofsystem–pallet,comb,plateorother.

•Typeofframe/slotarrangementandframeconnectiontobuildingshelldetails

•Basicoperatingfeaturesofthesystem–technologydescription

•Basicoperatingspeedsforvehicleintakeanddelivery;elapsedtimeinseconds

•Systemuseofturntableorvehiclethruin/outmovementpatterns

•Entry/exitbaydetails

–Singing,signals,vehicle/pedestriancontrolsandalarms

–Capacity

–Designformats

–Pallet,plateorcombmovementthroughoutthegarage

–Elapsedtimeofvehicleintakemovementfrombaytocarriertoslot/fromslottocarriertobayforretrieval

•Averagecycletimein/outpervehicle

•Controlsystemfunctionsviasensors,camerasorotherdevicesandoversightofactualinternalparkingmaneuvers

•Testingschedulesandmaintenance/warrantyassumptions.

B.SystemDesignFeatures

•Redundancies

•Securitysystems

•Stand-bypower

•Sensors-motiondetection

•Weatherconditioning

•Componentcleaning–methodsandfrequency

•Diagnosticsandformofresponsetoservice/repairordersandalarms

•Sparepartsinventory,location,re-orderdetails

•Maintenanceinspectionprogram-schedules,procedures,reports

•Majorcomponentreplacementprogram

•Life-cycledataandcosts

C.SystemPerformanceStandards

•Definesystemdevelopment,priortesting,patients,etc.andcurrentstatus

•Describecompletedsysteminstallationswithdetailoftype,size,exactlocation,operatingfeaturesandowner/operatorreferences

•Describethesystemwarrantytobeprovidedwithpurchase

•Describesubsequentsystemmaintenanceagreementsandterms(one-yeartomulti-year)

•Describetypicaloperatingandmaintenancecostsforsystemandforper-spacecostcomparisonanalysis

•Describesystem-wideperformancetestingandacceptanceatcompletion

•Describesystemtrainingprogramandtrainingmanuals

•Describesystemoperationsmanualsandpatronuseinstructionmaterials

•Describepatronaccesscontrolsystemsandtotalsystem(patronuse)reportformatsanddetailorreporttransfertoowner

•Describeadministration,marketingandactivity/revenue/customeruseassistance;reporting—formats,responsibilities,techniques,finalforms.

OWNERSCRITERIAPACKAGE

A.ContracturalItems

•Checkplansagainstallapplicablecodesandutilityservicesrequirements.

•Checkplansforshellbuildinganderectiondetails,systemandsub-systeminterface,functionaloperationofthetotalsystemasaunifiedfacility.

•Checkoverallschedule,taskcompletiondatesandsign-offrequirements.

•Checkallcontractorreferences,sub-contractorreferences,equipmentsuppliersandmajorpartsdescriptionsandavailability.

•Checkbonds,insurancecoverages,contractlanguageamendmentsorexceptionsre:claims,performancestandards,auditing,payouts,etc.

•