形容词、副词、数词 高考英语二轮复习

形容词、副词、数词【考情分析】形容词与副词的用法贯穿英语的每一个角落，涵盖语法填空、阅读、完形和写作。语法填空考查形容词和副词的基本用法、比较级和词性转换；完形填空考查形容词和副词的词义，有四五个设空；阅读当中形容词和副词的意义会影响对文章的理解；写作准确运用形容词和副词会使文章精炼而生动。新课标要求掌握形容词和副词的基本用法,熟悉形容词和副词的词义、比较级、最高级形式和相关合成词,以及与形容词和副词相关的特殊句型。数词主要考查基数词和序数词的用法，在语法填空中虽然考查频率不高,但备考时也不能忽视。【考点梳理】考点一形容词和副词考向一

形容词、副词的基本用法1.形容词作状语表示伴随或结果，并不表达动作的方式。Afterthelongjourney，thethreeofthemwentbackhome，hungryandtired.2.有些副词还可以作连词，作副词时常放在句末。如：though，(ever)since，incase等Heisold.Heworkshard，though.＝Thoughheisold，heworkshard.3.有些副词置于句首可修饰全句，作评注性状语。如：obviously，naturally，surprisingly等Fortunately，hewasnotdrownedandwassavedbythePLA.幸运的是，他没被淹死，被解放军给救了。Happilyforher，herstepmotherwaskindtoher.高兴的是，她的继母对她很好。4.cannot/never

与enough

或too连用表示：无论怎样都不过分；越……越好。—Iwasridingaloneinthestreetandallofasudden，acarcutinandknockedmedown.—Youcanneverbetoocarefulinthestreet.考向二形容词、副词的比较级和最高级1.“as＋形容词＋(a/an)＋名词＋as”表示同级比较，注意中间的形容词和名词并列时各自所在的位置。Itisgenerallybelievedthatteachingisasmuchanartasitisascience.“as＋形容词/副词的原级＋as”与“notas/so＋形容词/副词的原级＋as”表示同级比较，即两个或两部分人或物在性质上或程度上相同(不同)。Theworkisnotas/sodifficultasyouimagine.这项工作不是像你想像的那么难。“the＋比较级＋ofthetwo

＋名词”表示“两者中较……的那个”。Thetallerofthetwoboysismybrother.a＋形容词比较级＋n.Aftertwoyears’

research，wehaveafarbetterunderstandingofthedisease.WewenttotheUSAinsearchofabetterlife.比较级的修饰语常见的有：rather，much，still，even，far，any(用于否定句或疑问句)，alot，alittle，agreatdeal，byfar，abit

等。Thestudentsstudyevenharderthanbefore.Acarrunsagreatdealfasterthanabike.最高级(1)最高级的修饰语常见的有：序数词，byfar，nearly，almost，bynomeans，notreally，notquite，nothinglike。ThebridgebeingbuiltnowisbyfarthelongestacrosstheYellowRiver.I’dliketobuythesecondmostexpensivecamera.否定词＋比较级＝最高级。Thereisnogreaterlovethanthatofamanwholaysdownhislifeforhisfriends.—Areyousatisfiedwithwhathesaidatthemeeting?？—No.

Itcouldn’thavebeenworse.【难点释疑】比较级表示最高级含义比较级+thananyother+可数名词单数TheChangjiangRiverislongerthananyotherriverinChina.在中国，长江比其他任何一条河流都长。比较级+thanall(the)other+可数名词复数ChinaislargerthanalltheotherAsiancountries.中国比亚洲的其他国家都大。no/never/nothing...+比较级Nothingismorevaluablethantime.时间比任何东西都珍贵。“否定词+不定冠词+形容词的比较级+名词”或“否定词+副词的比较级”表示“从未……；未曾……”Thisfilmisverymoving.Ihaveneverseenabetterone.这部电影很感人，我从没有看过一部比它更好的。

考向三

倍数表达法表示倍数的句型(1)Ais＋倍数＋比较级＋than＋B(2)Ais＋倍数＋as＋原级＋as＋B(3)Ais＋倍数＋the＋名词(size，length，height

等)＋of＋B(4)Ais＋倍数＋that＋of＋B(5)Ais＋倍数＋what

引导的名词性从句①Thisbuildingisthreetimeshigherthanthatone.Thisbuildingisthreetimesashighasthatone.Thisbuildingisthreetimestheheightofthatone.这个建筑物是那个建筑物的3倍高。②Theoutputofthisyearis3timesthatof2008.＝Theoutputofthisyearis3timeswhatitwasin2008.今年的产量是2008年的三倍。③Afterthenewtechniquewasintroduced，thefactoryproducedtwiceasmanycarsin2008astheyearbefore.自从新技术被引进以后，这家工厂2008年生产的小汽车是上一年的两倍。考向四

多个形容词修饰名词的顺序

多个形容词修饰名词时，其顺序为：限定词→数词→描绘词→(大小，长短，形状，新旧，颜色)

→出处→材料性质→类别→名词

asmallroundtable

atallgraybuilding

adirtyoldbrownshirt

afamousGermanmedicalschool

anexpensiveJapanesesportscar考向五形容词、副词辨析形容词副词的区别及用法late

和laterHeislate.Heishalfanhourlate.他迟到了，迟到了半小时。Threeminuteslater,hearrived.

三分钟后，他来了。pleased,pleasing与pleasantpleased的含义是“感到满意，高兴”，后常跟介词at,with。例如：I'mpleasedtoseeyouhere.在这儿见到你很高兴。She'spleasedwithourprogramme.她对我们的节目很满意。pleasing表示“令人欣喜的”，相当于“givingpleasure”。例如：Mysister'sprogressindancingispleasing.我姐姐在舞蹈方面的进步令人高兴。Thebabyhasapleasingvoice.这个婴儿的声音很悦耳。pleasant表示“快乐的，愉快的”。例如：Thegirlhasapleasantchildhood.这个女孩有一个快乐的童年。Tohaveapleasantholidayismyfavorite.过一个愉快的假期是我最喜欢的。

living,alive与liveliving作定语时，既可置于所修饰的名词之前，也可置于所修饰的名词之后，译为"活着的,当代的"。在句中充当定语及表语。例如：Notalllivingthingsliveonsunlight.并非所有的生物都依赖阳光生存。Mygrandparentsarestillliving.我的祖父母仍然健在。alive译为“活着的”，可以在句中作表语及定语。作定语时，位于它所修饰的名词之后。例如：Hemaybethebusiestpersonalive.他可能是世上最忙的人了。Isthatsheepdeadoralive?那头羊是死了还是活着？alive还有“活泼的，活动的，有生机的”之意。例如：Youseemverymuchalivetoday.你今天看起来很活跃。（4）live表示“活着的”，做“现场直播”讲时可以用作形容词、副词，在句子中可以作定语，表语。Theprogrammeislive./Theprogrammeisbroadcastlive.这个节目是现场直播的。worth，worthy与worthwhileworth意为“值得的”，后接v-ing形式，构成“beworthdoing”结构，也可接表示价格的名词及钱数；worthy意为“值得的”，后接“of+名词（或being+过去分词）”，构成“beworthyof+名词（或beingdone）”结构或“beworthytobedone”结构。beworthwhiletodosth/doingsth例如：Thiscoatisworthonehundredyuan.这件上衣价值一百元。Thisproblemisworthyofbeingdiscussed.这个问题值得讨论。too、also、either\too和also用于肯定句、疑问句，too多用于口语，also多用于书面语，either用于否定句。Too常用在句末，also常用在句中。Aretheycomingtoo?他们也来吗?Sheisyoungandbeautiful,andalsorich.她年轻漂亮，而且有钱。Hehasn’tfinishedit,either.他也还没有做完。likely与possible,probable,likely

的主语可以是it也可以是名词或其它代词，而possible和probable只能用it作主语。most

与mostlymost做形容词或代词，如：moststudents,mostofus；mostly为副词，表示大部分情况下，或成分中大部分。考向六

几组难点句型详解句型1：AistoBwhatCistoD.

意为“A对于B就如C对于D。”如：Enginesaretomachineswhatheartsaretoanimals.

发动机对于机器就如心脏对于动物。句型2：can'tbetoo＋adj.

＝

can'tbe＋adj.＋enough无论……都不为过，越……越……

如：Youcanneverbecarefulenough.＝

Youcanneverbetoocareful.你无论怎么小心都不为过。句型3：too…to句型的两个意义(1)

表示否定意义，意为“太……而不能”。如：Thisquestionistoohardformetounderstand.

这个问题对我来说太难理解了。(2)

表示肯定意义，意为“非常，很，极”。当too后面接easy，ready,eager,inclined,willing,thankful,delighted等形容词时，too表示“很，非常”之意，与very表达“很”的意思相同。当too前有all,but,only等词时，形成only/but/alltoo…todo结构，仍旧表达“非常，很，极”之意。如：I’mtoogladtohearthat.我对此感到非常高兴。考向七

形容词和副词构词法常用表示形容词的后缀1-able以“-able”结尾的形容词一般有两种情况：(1)v.+able→adj.以这种方式构成的形容词其意义为“能……的”、“可以(被)……的”、“适合于……的”、“值得……的”等，即有被动含义。例如：reliable(可以依靠的)，drinkable(可以饮用的)，eatable(可食用的)。(2)n.+able→adj.这种形容词意为“具有……特点的”，如valuable(有价值的)，reasonable(有道理的)，comfortable(舒适的)。2-ible该词缀在意义上与“-able”相同，但主要用于拉丁语后。例如：terrible,horrible,invisible,possible。3-al该词缀大多是加在名词后形成形容词的。不过，有些“-al”后缀则仅体现了该词的形容词性，并非以这种方式构成形容词。“-al”意为“属于……的”、“有……特性的”。4-an“-an”加在国名、地名之后，表明是相应的形容词，如American,African。5-ian“-ian”与“-an”相同。例如：Asian,Australian,Canadian,Indian,Italian。6-ant“-ant”表示“……性的”。带“-ant”后缀的形容词其相应名词往往是-ance或-ancy后缀。例如：instant(instance)，distant(distance)，important(importance)，brilliant(brilliancy)，constant(constancy)，pleasant。7-ent“-ent”与“-ant”非常相似。例如：absent(absence)，different(difference)，excellent(excellence)，patient(patience)，present(presence)。8-ar“-ar”意为“……的”、“……性的”，如popular,particular,regular。9-ary“-ary”意为“……的”、“与……有关的”。例如：contrary,necessary,ordinary,primary,revolutionary。10-ed“-ed”加在动词之后形成形容词。实际上该形容词是由原动词的过去分词演变而来的，因此它有被动含义。“-ed”也可加在动词之后形成复合形容词，如man-made,water-covered。“-ed”还可加在名词之后形成复合形容词，如warm-hearted,warm-blooded,three-legged。11-en“-en”有两种情况：(1)“-en”跟在一些物质名词之后构成形容词，表示“材料”或“质地”，如wooden,golden,earthen。(2)“-en”也可加在一些不规则动词之后形成形容词。这些形容词实际上是由过去分词转换而来的。例如：spoken,written,stricken,mistaken。12-ern“-ern”加在表示方位的名词之后，表示“……(方位)的”。这样的词有eastern,southern,western,northern等。13-ese“-ese”加在国名、地名之后构成相应形容词。例如：Chinese,Japanese.14-ful这一后缀有两种情况：(1)加在名词之后构成形容词，表示“充满……的”、“有……性质的”，如beautiful,colourful,helpful,powerful,successful,useful,wonderful。(2)加在动词之后，所构成的形容词意为“易于……的”，如forgetful。15-ic“-ic”常常加在名词或依附于词干后，构成形容词，意为“……的”、“……似的”、“与……有关的”等。例如：Atlantic,electric,arctic,historic,pacific,plastic,public,scientific。16-ical“-ical”同“ic”一样附加在名词或词干后构成形容词，意为“……的”、“……似的”、“与……有关的”，如physical,political,practical,technical等。注：(1)有些形容词的词尾可能是“-ic”和“-ical”并存，且可以互相替代，但这不是说两者就没有任何区别。一般来说，词尾“ic”与词根的关系比较密切，而词尾“ical”与词根的关系比较含糊，一般作“与……有关的”解。请比较：anelectriclight(电灯)，electricalengineering(电气工程);historic意为“历史上有名气的”，historical则意为“关于历史的”。(2)以“ic”结尾的形容词，其相应副词则往往是pacifically,scientifically。17-ing词尾“-ing”也可构成形容词，但这种形容词实际上是现在分词形容词化了，因此，此类形容词表示主动。例如：dying,exciting,inspiring,interesting,freezing,living。另外，“-ing”词尾还可构成合成形容词，如good-looking18-ish“-ish”意义较多，在中学英语中，其主要意义是“……民族的”、“……语的”、“……似的”、“患……的”，如English,British,foolish,feverish。19-ist“-ist”表示“……主义的”、“信仰……的”。该后缀加在名词之后，如communist,imperialist,Marxist,socialist。20-ive“-ive”意为“……的”、“与……有关的”、“具有……性质的”等。例如：native,active,passive,attentive,expensive。21-less“-less”加在名词、动词后，表示“无”、“缺”，如fearless,harmless,useless,helpless,careless。22-ly“-ly”加在名词之后构成形容词。这一词缀的意义有二：(1)“像……的”、“有……性质的”，如friendly,lively,lovely,lonely,orderly。(2)“以……为周期的”、“每……的”，如hourly,daily,weekly,monthly,yearly。注：如是形容词之后加“-ly”，则构成副词。上述(2)中的形容词亦可用作副词。23-(i)ous该形容词后缀意为“充满……的”、“具有……特征的”，加在名词、动词和形容词之后。例如：curious,famous,dangerous,obvious,poisonous,serious,various。24-some“-some”加在名词、动词之后，表示“使人……的”、“易于……的”，如handsome,troublesome,tiresome。25-ward它加在名词之后，表示方向，作“向……(方向)的”、“来自……(方向)的”解。例如：eastward,southward,westward,northward,forward,backward,inward,outward,upward,downward。注：这些词也可以是副词。如果词尾是“-wards”时，派生词必然是副词。26-y“-y”加在名词之后，表示“具有……特征的”、“多……的”。例如：funny,lucky,shabby,snowy,thirsty,windy,sunny,rainy,cloudy,dirty,dusty。还需说明的一点是，大部分形容词是从完整的单词上加后缀派生来的，而有些则是在拉丁词或希腊词的词根上派生来的。常用表示副词的后缀-ably,-ibly,-ly,-wise,-ward1.-ably

表副词，“能…地”suitablyab恰当地（suit恰当）dependablyab可靠地（depend可靠）lovablyab可爱地（love爱）2.–ibly

表示副词：一般由变化而来-ible(形容词)→ibly(副词)possibly可能地：

possibility(可能性)→possible(可能的)→possibly(可能地)responsibly负责地

：responsibility(责任,义务)→responsible(负责的)→responsibly(负责地)possibly可能地：possibility(可能性)→possible(可能的)→possibly(可能地)visibly明显地：visibility(能见度,可见性)→visible(看得见的,明显的)→visibly(明显地)credibly可信地：credibility(可信性)→credible(可靠的,可信的)→credibly(可信地)flexibly灵活地：flexibility(灵活性)→flexible(灵活的)→flexibly(灵活地)accessibly易接近地：accessibility(易接近,可亲)→accessible(易接近的)->accessibly(易接近地)eligibly适合地：eligibility(合格,适任)→eligible(适合的,合格的)→eligibly(适合地)terribly非常地,可怕地terrible(恐怖的)→terribly(非常地,可怕地)3.-ly

表副词，通常放在形容词后exceedinglyad过分地（exceed超过）gloriouslyad光荣地（glorious光荣的）extremelyad过分地（extreme极端的）definitelyad明确地（definite明确的）probablyad可能性（probable可能的）biologicallyad生物学地（biological生物学的）greatlyad很大地（great大）4-wise

表副词，“方向，状态”crosswisead交叉地（cross交叉）endwisead末端朝前地（end末端）coastwisead沿海地（coast海岸）sidewisead斜向一边地（side旁边）clockwisead顺时针地（clock时钟）likewisead同样地（like相像）otherwisead要不然（other另外的）crabwisead横行地（crab螃蟹）注：有些单词，wise

可以换成ways，意义不变，如：crosswaysad交叉地endwaysad末端朝前地sidewaysad斜向一边地5.-ward

表形容词+副词，“向…”downwarda/ad向下的（down向下）upwarda/ad向上的（up向上）northwarda/ad向北的（north北）seawarda/ad向海的（sea海洋）leewarda/ad顺风的（lee下风的）homewarda/ad向家的（home家）backwarda/ad向后的（back后边）注：ward可变成wards，但只能作副词用【对点训练】单项选择1．Readingsover40℃,an_______temperatureevenforsummer,havebecomethenewnormalthisyearforChinesecities.A．unimaginable B．numerous C．average D．minimum2．Suzhousilk,KunOperaandclassicalgardensareall_______inChineseculturalheritage.A．demanding B．precious C．upcoming D．consuming3．Helaterbecame_______toheroin.A．preferred B．obsessed C．frightened D．addicted4．Itisnormalforstudentstofeel________beforetheexaminationeventhoughtheyhavepreparedwell.A．confident B．anxious C．intelligent D．responsible5．OneofmyclassmateskepttalkingtomeduringthelessonsothatIcouldn’tfollowtheteacher.How_____itwas!A．anxious B．exciting C．frightening D．annoying6．Smoking_______about90%deathsfromlungcancer(肺癌).A．isresponsiblefor B．istypicalfor C．isawareof D．issuitablefor7．Ifsomethingis________,itiseasytoharm,damage,orbreak.A．vivid B．delicate C．distinct D．giant8．Anyone,oncetested________forthebirdfluvirus,willreceivefreemedicaltreatmentfromourgovernment.A．positive B．possible C．potential D．proper9．Hisjokesdidn’tevenraiseasmile,whichseemed________.A．embarrassing B．embarrassed C．toembarrass D．embarrassment10．Thereisabusservicetotheairportfromthesouthofthecity.A．responsible B．actual C．regular D．typical11．Thequestionissohard,andwe’regetting________.A．confuse B．confusing C．confused D．confusion12．Hecannotconcentrate________thereadingduetothe________screamoutsidethelibrary.A．on;annoying B．on;annoyed C．to;annoying D．to;annoyed13．I’mvery______andIreallyneeda______vacation.A．tired,relaxing B．tired,relaxed C．tiring,relaxing D．tiring,relaxed14．Thenewswas________andtheywereall________.A．frightened;frightening B．frightening;frightenedC．frightened;frightened D．frightening;frightening15．The__________newsmadehim__________.Hedidn’tfallasleepuntilmidnight.A．excited;excited B．exciting;excitingC．exciting;excited D．excited;exciting16．Hersmilesuggestedthatshewasverywiththeanswer.A．satisfying,satisfied B．satisfied,satisfyingC．satisfied,satisfied D．satisfying,satisfying17．SomesaythemeaningofMonaLisa’ssmileis________cloudedbydaVinciwhousedperspectiveandshadowstocreatea________expression.A．purposefully;confused B．dramatically;confusedC．purposefully;confusing D．dramatically;confusing18．Achievingtheseobjectivesisrelativelyeasyintheory,yetquitedifficult_______.A．extremely B．surprisingly C．actually D．personally19．Thepolice,searchedtheareaforseveraldays.______,theyfoundthepieceofevidencetheywerelookingfor.A．Generally B．Originally C．Eventually D．Unfortunately20．Johnwaiteduntilhegotbackhisbreathandcouldspeak________A．normally B．commonly C．regularly D．formally21．Nicoloboughtapaintinginanordinaryshop,buthelaterlearnedthatitwas________afamousvaluablepainting.A．particularly B．actually C．rightly D．specifically22．Theeveningwas________calmandwecouldfeelthesoftwindcomingfromthebeautifullake.A．delightfully B．economically C．complicatedly D．primitively23．Asbiologistsstated,nature’srepairprocessisslowandsteady,withcellsbeing________renewed.A．strangely B．constantly C．casually D．relatively24．There’slittlechancethatwewillbesuccessfulintryingtochangethepresentsituation.________,itisimportantthatwetryourbest.A．Meanwhile B．OtherwiseC．Therefore D．Nevertheless25．Thestoryoftheirsufferingsmovedus__________.A．closely B．highly C．deeply D．widely26．GongBaoChickenwas________afamilydishofDingGongbao,ahigh-rankingcourtofficialoftheQingDynasty.A．eventually B．formally C．originally D．gradually27．Inourdailylife,noonecanlive________andtheymustrelyonothersinsomeway.A．anxiously B．formally C．individually D．enormously单句语法填空28．The_______(injure)weresenttothenearesthospitalwithoutdelay.29．Thoughhavinglivedabroadforyears,manyChinesestillobserve________(tradition)customs.30．Nowadays,environmentalprotectionandeconomicdevelopmentarenot________(contradict)butcomplementary.31．Lookingpeopleintheeyecanmakethemupsetand________(embarrassment).32．______(absorb)inwritinghisnewnovel,Stevedidn’tnoticeeveningapproaching.33．______(determine)nevertocomeback,helefthome.34．TherearecountlessarticlestellingushowtheInternethasmadeourlivesmore_________(convenience).35．Iwasimpressedbythecalmand_______(profession)wayshehandledthecrisis.36．Itisimportanttolearn_________(advance)scienceandtechnologytobuildourcountry.37．Thelastfewyearshaveseen________(environment)disastersonagrandscale,andexpertsarepredictingfarworsetocome.38．Dating________tothe18thcentury,PekingOperahasovertwohundredyearsofhistory.39．Farmers__________（rare）plantedtreesortallcropsaroundthebuildings，sotherewouldbenobarriertotheairflow.40．He______(fortune)touchedthebuttonandopenedthePandora’sbox.41．__________(amaze),theyworkedouthowtosolvethisproblemsuccessfully.42．________(original),wehadintendedtogotoItaly,butthenwewonthetriptoGreece.43．Herealizedthatifhecouldconstructawindmill,hisvillagepeoplecouldliveafar_________(good)life.44．Afterafewmonths,weallfeltthatwehadbeenabletobuildmuch_________(strong)relationshipswiththefamilythanwehadbefore.45．LookingatthebusycrowddoingChristmasshopping,hehasneverfelt________(sad)withnoonetocelebratewith.46．ImetafriendIhadn’tseenfortenyearsbythe_______(mere)accident.47．Thisisbyfarthe________(inspiring)moviethatIhaveeverseen.48．TheMetropolitanMuseumofArtisoneoftheworld’s________(large)artmuseums.49．The________(careful)youlistentothetape,the________(easy)youwillfindittounderstand.50．Even_______(impressive),sheistheonlyonewhohaswonfirstprize.51．Lastbutnot________(little),inaninterviewyoushouldstartwithafirmhandshakewiththeinterviewer.52．Ofallthestudentsinthisschool,Mikejumps________(far)．【上海高考真题及模拟试题精选】阅读理解A（2022·上海嘉定·二模）Otters,arecute,thisnoonecandeny.Theyhavebigeyes,shortandflatnosesandclaws(爪子)liketinyhands.Theylookevencuterwhentheywearhatsandthrowfoodballsintotheirmouthsasiftheywerebarsnacks,likeTakechiyo,apetotterinJapan.DocumentingTakechiyo’sfunnybehaviorhasearnedhisownernearly230,000followersonInstagram,aphoto-sharingapp.Takechiyo’sfamereflectsacrazeacrosseastandSouth-EastAsiaforkeepingthecutecreaturesaspets.EnthusiastsinJapanvisitcaféswheretheypaytohugthem;Indonesianownersparadetheirpetsaroundonleadsorgoswimmingwiththem,thensharetheirpicturesonline.Buttheseenjoyablephotosmaskatradethatisdoingalotofdamage.Evenbeforetheybecamefashionablecompanionsforhumans,Asia’swildottersfacedplentyofthreats.Theirhabitatsaredisappearing.Theyhavelongbeenhuntedfortheircoats,orkilledbyfarmerswhowishtopreventthemconsumingfishes.Thepettrade,whichbeganpickingupintheearly2000sbutappearedtospeedupafewyearsago,hasmadethingsworse.ThenumbersofwildAsiansmall-clawedottersandsmooth-coatedotters,twospeciesthatareinhighestdemand,havedeclinedbyatleast30%inthethreedecadesto2019.Theinternationalagreementthatgovernstradeinwildlife,knownasCITES,nowprohibitscross-bordertradeinthesespecies.Butlawsbanningownershipareoftenpoorlyimplemented,asinThailand,orfullofholes,asinIndonesia.Andtheotter-keepingcrazehasbeendramaticallyimprovedbytheinternet,saysVincentNijmanofOxfordBrookesUniversity.In2017TRAFFIC,aBritishcharitythatmonitorsthewildlifetrade,spentnearlyfivemonthslookingatFacebookandothersocial-mediasitesinfiveSouth-EastAsiancountries.Duringthattime,itfoundaround1,000ottersadvertisedforsaleonline.Inanycase,ottersdonotevenmakeparticularlygoodpets.EveryyeartheJakartaAnimalAidNetwork,acharityinIndonesia’scapital,receivessometenottersfrompeoplewhohavestruggledtolookafterthem.FaizulDuha,thefounderofanIndonesianotter-owners’group,admitsthathistwoanimalsemita“veryspecific”(read:fishy)smell.Theybitehumansandchewonfurniture.Theirscreamcanbeheardblocksaway.Andtheircagesneedcleaningeverytwo-to-threehours.Thatishowoftentheyemptytheirbowels(肠道).1．Thefunctionofthefirstparagraphisto________.A．presentthemainidea B．introducethemaintopicC．setreadersthinking D．illustratethewriter’spoint2．Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingmainlydrivestheottertrade?A．Thedemandforpetotters. B．Thedisappearanceofotters’habitats.C．Thepopularityofottercoats. D．Thedecreaseoffishes.3．Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat________.A．thelawsthatprohibitcross-bordertradearestrictinAsiaB．socialmediaplaysasignificantroleintheonlineottertradeC．peopleusuallygiveupottersbecausetheyareendangeredD．ottersaresuitablepetsbecausetheyarefriendlytohumans4．Thepurposeofthewritingisto________.A．advertiseforaphoto-sharingappB．introducethepopularityofpetottersC．discouragetheillegalotterpettradeD．describethecharacteristicsofottersB（2022·上海宝山·二模）Learningmoreefficientlyisamatteroftime,butnotinthewayyoumightthink.AccordingtoHermannEbbinghaus,thepioneerofquantitativememoryresearch,youmayhaveanewperspectiveaboutit.ThefindingsEbbinghausisbestknownfortwomajorfindings:theforgettingcurveandthelearningcurve.Theforgettingcurvedescribeshownewinformationfadesaway.Onceyou’ve“learned”somethingnew,thefastestdropoccursinjust20minutes;afteraday,thecurvelevelsoff.Withinminutes,nearlyhalfofwhatyou’ve“learned”hasdisappeared.Ornot.AccordingtoBenedictCarey,authorofHowWeLearn,whatwelearndoesn’tnecessarilyfade;itjustbecomeslessaccessible.Inmycase,Ihadn’tforgottenakeypoint.Ijustdidn’taccessthatinformationwhenIneededit.WorkingwithourmemoryEbbinghauswouldhaveagreedwithCarey:Hedeterminedthatevenwhenwethinkwe’veforgottensomething,someportionofwhatwelearnedisstillfiledaway,whichmakestheprocessofrelearningalotmoreefficient.AsEbbinghauswrites:Supposethatapoemisrelearnedbyheart.Itthenbecomesevidentthat,althoughitseemstotallyforgotten,itstillinacertainsenseexists.Thesecondlearningrequiresnoticeablylesstimeornoticeablysmallernumberofrepetitionsthanthefirst.That,inanutshell,isthepowerofspacedrepetition.Theconditionissimple.Learnsomethingnew,andwithinashortperiodoftimeyou’llforgetmuchofit.Repeatalearningsessionadaylater,andyou’llremembermore.Repeatasessiontwodaysafterthat,andyou’llrememberevenmore.Thekeyistosteadilyincreasethetimeintervalsbetweenrelearningsessions.Andforgiveyourselfforforgetting.Acceptthatforgettingisactuallyakeytotheprocess.Why?Forgettingisanessentialpartoflearning.Relearningstrengthensearliermemories.Relearningcreatesdifferentcontextandconnections.AccordingtoCarey,“‘Somebreakdown’mustoccurforustostrengthenlearningwhenwerevisitthematerial.Withoutalittleforgetting,yougetnobenefitfromfurtherstudy.Itiswhatallowslearningtobuild,likeanexercisedmuscle.”Theprocessofretrievingamemory—especiallywhenyoufail—strengthensaccess.That’swhythebestwaytostudyisn’ttoreread;thebestwaytostudyistoquizyourself.Ifyoutestyourselfandanswerincorrectly,notonlyareyoumorelikelytoremembertherightanswerafteryoulookitup,you’llalsorememberthatyoudidn’tremember.Forgetting,andthereforerepeatinginformation,makesyourbrainassignthatinformationgreaterimportance.5．AccordingtoEbbinghaus’chart,weconcludethat________.A．thebesttimetoavoidforgettingisthesixthdayafterlearningB．weusuallyforgetmostofwhatwe’velearnedonthesixthdayC．forgettingreallyexistsalmostinthewholeprocessoflearningD．whathasbeenlearnedwillbeforgottencompletelyinanycase6．Whydoesthewritersay,“Forgettingisactuallyakeytotheprocess”?A．Becauseforgettingitselfisoneofthestepsinourlearning.B．Becauseforgettingcanhelpusbenefitfromfurtherlearning.C．Becauserelearningcancreatenewcontextandmaterialsforus.D．Becauselearningmemoryisjustlikemusclememoryinexercise.7．Whatdoestheword“retrieve”inthelastparagraphbutonemostprobablymean?A．Toreappearintheplace. B．Toconsolidatesomethingintime.C．Tomemorizesomethingfirmly. D．Tofindandbringbacksomething.8．Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthepassage?A．ForgetMorewithLessRepetition B．LearnMorewithLessEffortC．TwoAmazingCurvesinLearning D．TwoDifferentFindingsinForgetting六选四（2022·上海徐汇·二模）China:MakingGraduatesEmployableUniversitiesinChinaarefacingsimilardemandstoimprovetheemployabilityoftheirgraduatesasthoseintheUK,newresearchamongemployershasrevealed.____44____InBritain,thegovernmenthassetupitsowninternshipschemetohelpgraduatesfindworkduringtherecession.Butwhataretheskillsemployerswantandhowmuchdotheydifferbetweenthetwonations?____45____ThepartnershipsarefundedbythegovernmentthroughtheBritishCouncilunderthesecondphaseofthePrimeMinister’sInitiativeforInternationalEducation.Inthisscheme,universitiesareencouragedtoexchangeideasanddevelopprogrammesaimedatimprovingtheentrepreneurshipandemployabilityofgraduates.“Wefoundemployersinbothcountriesputagreatemphasisonleadershipqualitiesandinitiative–thingsthatarelearnedthroughtheactivitiesstudentsengageinandtheresponsibilitiestheytakeonduringtheirtimeatuniversity,”HeffernantoldaconferenceinLondonorganizedbythecouncil,whichisinvitingproposalsfor10newUK-Chinapartnerships.____46____Generally,itincludesfamilyandfriendsandlinkswithpeopleworkinginothercompanies,voluntaryorganizations,orleisureactivities.TheChinesealsotendtotakemoretimebuildinguprelationshipswithpeoplebeforegettingdowntobusiness.TheUniversityofPlymouthanditspartnerChinaAgriculturalUniversityinBeijingareworkingtodeterminetheskillsmostlikelytoleadtoemployabilityandsuccessfulcareers.Staffatbothuniversitieshaveconductedface-to-faceandtelephoneinterviewswithlocalemployersofgraduatesinthreeareas,marketing,humanresourcesandfinance-accounting.____47____IntheUKtheychosecommunicationincludingwrittenandverbalcommunication,networkingskillsandforeignlanguageability-asthetoppriorityfollowedbytheabilitytoworkinateam.“StudentsinChinagenerallylosetouchwithsocietyandtheyneedhelptounderstandhowcompaniesworkandwhatisinvolvedinthedifferentjobsandprofessions.TheyknowverylittleoutsidethecampusandthatiswhereIthinktheydifferfromstudentsintheUK.Wecanshareourexperiences.”A．“However,therearesomecleardifferencesintheemphasisputondifferentattributes,suchasthevalueplacedbytheChineseon‘guanxi’,thenetworkofconnectionsthatapersonhasbuiltup.”hesaid.B．Employersinbothcountriesvaluedthepersonalskillsofgraduatesseekingworkinhumanresources.C．TheChineseemployerssaidthepersonwhocouldcompleteajobandgetthingsdonewashighlyprizedD．ThatisthequestionDr.TroyHeffernan,aseniorlecturerinmarketingattheUniversityofPlymouth,setouttoanswerthroughhisinvolvementinoneof13partnershipsbetweeninstitutionsintheUKandChina.E．Adraftofareporttobepublishedlaterthisyearshowsmarketingexecutivesinbothcountriesputahighemphasisongoodcommunicationskills.F．TheChinesegovernmentissuedacircularearlierthisyearurginguniversitiesandcollegestostrengthentheireffortsinpreparingstudentsfortheworkplace.完形填空（2022·上海杨浦·三模）TheEastAfricancountryofKenyahasbeenattheforefrontoftheglobalwaronplasticsince2017,whenofficialsbannedplasticbags.InJune2020,thegovernment____97____theeffortswithabanonsingle-useplasticsinprotectedareas.Unfortunately,themeasureshave____98____madeanyimpact.Hundredsoftonsofindustrialandconsumerpolymer（聚合物）wastecontinuetoget____99____intolandfillsdaily.However,