英语1986年-1988考研真题

1988年Section StructureandIneachquestion,decidewhichofthefourchoicesgivenwillmostsuitablycompletethesentenceifinsertedattheplacemarked.PutyourchoicesintheANSWERSHEET.(15points)Iwascaught therainANSWER:[A]Ididn’tbuytheapples;shegavethemtome It’s mypowertomakefinaldecisiononthe[D]IshouldsayHenryisnot muchawriterasaIwon’tpay20forthecoat;it’snotworth allthatthatmuchthatallmuchallHedidn’tgointodetailonthesubject;hespoke ininininIt’struethattheoldroadislessdirectandabitlonger.Wewon’ttakethenew ,becausewedon’tfeelassafeonWhenyouareaboutthroughthestory ,trytomakeaguesshowtheplotwilldevelop.one-Thoughalreadyateenager,Peterstillfindsithardto hisfavoritepartpartpartpart cutcutcutcut

ernmentexpensestoaWhenataparty,besurenotto fromthewhotriestoengageyouinconversation.turnturnturnturnThesurvival ofsomewildanimalsisnotveryhighastheyareruthlesslyhuntedfortheirskins.Hewas admittancetothetheatrefornotbeingproperlyWhenIaskyouaquestion,Iexpecta Ifamanislegallyseparatedfromhiswife,ishestill forherAtthemeeting,Rolandargued infavoroftheSection ReadingEachofthethreepassagesbelowisfollowedbysomequestions.Foreachquestiontherearefouranswers.Readthepassagescarefullyandchosethebestanswertoeachofthequestions.PutyourchoiceintheANSWERSHEET.(20points)Itdoesn’tcomeasasurprisetoyoutorealizethatitmakesnodifferencewhatyoureadorstudyifyoucan’trememberit.Youjustwasteyourvaluabletime.Maybeyouhavealreadydiscoveredsomecleverwaystokeepyourselffromforgetting.Onedependableaidthatdoeshelpyourememberwhatyoustudyistohaveaspecificpurposeorreasonforreading.Yourememberbetterwhatyoureadwhenyouknowwhyyou’rereading.Whydoesaclerkinastoregoawayandleaveyouwhenyourreplytoheroffertohelpis,“No,thankyou.I’mjustlooking”?Bothyouandsheknowthatifyouaren’tsurewhatyouwant,youarenotlikelytofindit.Butsupposeyousayinstead,“Yes,thankyou.Iwantapairofsunglasses.”Shesays,“Rightthisway,please.”Andyouandsheareoff--botheagertolookforexactlywhatyouwant.It’squitethesamewithyourstudying.Ifyouchoseabookatrandom,“justlooking”fornothinginparticular,youarelikelytogetjustthat--nothing.Butifyoudoknowwhatyouwant,andifyouhavetherightbook,youarealmostsuretogetit.Yourreasonswillvary;theywillincludereadingorstudying“tofindoutmoreabout”,“tounderstandthereasonsfor”,“tofindouthow”.Agoodstudenthasaclearpurposeorreasonforwhatheisng.Thisisthewayitworks.Beforeyoustarttostudy,yousaytoyourselfsomethinglikethis,“IwanttoknowwhyStephenVincentBenethappenedtowriteaboutAmerica.I’mreadingthisarticletofindout.”Or,“I’mgoingtoskimthisstorytoseewhatlifewaslikeinmedievalEngland.”Becauseyouknowwhyyouarereadingorstudying,yourelatetheinformationtoyourpurposeandrememberitbetter.Readingisnotonesingleactivity.Atleasttwoimportantprocessesgoonatthesametime.Asyouread,youtakeinideasrapidlyandaccuray.Butatthesametimeyouexpressyourownideastoyourselfasyoureacttowhatyouread.Youhaveakindofmentalconversationwiththeauthor.Ifyouexpressedyourideasorally,theymightsoundlikethis:“Yes,Iagree.That’smyopiniontoo.”or“Ummmm,Ithoughtthatrecordwasbrokenmuchearlier.I’dbettercheckthosedates,”or“Buttherearesomeelse,andthatsomethingelseisveryimportant.Thisadditionalprocessofthinkingaboutwhatyoureadincludesevaluatingit,relatingittowhatyoualreadyknow,andusingitforyourownpurposes.Inotherwords,agoodreaderisacriticalreader.Onepartofcriticalreading,asyouhavediscovered,isdistinguishingbetweenfactsandopinions.Factscanbecheckedbyevidence.Opinionsareone’sownalreactions.Anotherpartofcriticalreadingisjudgingsources.Stillanotherpartisdrawingaccurateinferences.Ifyoucannotrememberwhatyoureadorstudy, itisnoitmeansyouhavenotreallylearneditmeansyouhavenotchosentherightyourealizeitisofnoBeforeyoustartreading,itisimportant tomakesurewhyyouaretorelatetheinformationtoyourtorememberwhatyoutochooseaninterestingReadingactivityinvolves onlytwosimultaneousprimarilylearningaboutideasandevaluatingthemmerelydistinguishingbetweenfactsandmainlydrawingaccurateAgoodreaderisonewho relateswhathereadstohisownknowledgeaboutthesubjectdoeslotsofthinkinginhistakesacriticalattitudeinhisisabletocheckthefactspresentedagainstwhathehasalreadyIfyouliveinalargecity,youarequitefamiliarwithsomeoftheproblemsofnoise,butbecauseofsomeofitsharmfuleffects,youmaynotbeawareoftheextentofitsinfluenceonhumanbehavior.Althougheveryonemoreorlessknowswhatnoiseis,i.e.,itissoundsthatonewouldrathernothear,itisperhapsbesttodefineitmorepreciselyforscientificpurposes.Onesuchdefinitionisthatnoiseissoundsthatareunrelatedtothetaskathand.Thusstimulithatatonetimemightbeconsideredrelevantwillatanothertimebeconsiderednoise,dependingonwhatoneisngatthemoment.Inrecentyearstherehasbeenagreatdealofinterestintheeffectsofnoiseonhumanbehavior,andconceptssuchas“noisepollution”havearisen,togetherwithmovementstoreducenoise.Exposuretoloudnoisescandefiniyproduceapartialorcompletelossofhearing,dependingontheintensity,duration,andfrequencycompositionofthenoise.Manyjobspresentnoisehazards,suchasworkinginfactoriesandaroundjetaircraft,drivingfarmtractors,andworking(orsitting)inmusichallswhererockbandsareplaying.Ingeneral,continuousexposuretosoundsofover80decibels(ameasureoftheloudnessofsound)canbeconsidereddangerous.Decibelvaluescorrespondtovarioussounds.Soundsaboveabout85decibelsmay,ifexposureisforasufficientperiodoftime,producesignificanthearingloss.Actuallosswilldependupontheparticularfrequenciestowhichoneisexposed,andwhetherthesoundiscontinuousorNoisecanhaveunexpectedharmfuleffectsonperformanceofcertainkindsoftasks,forinstance,ifoneisperformingawatchkeetaskthatrequiresvigilance,inwhichheisresponsiblefordetectingweaksignalsofsomekind(e.g.,watchingaradarscreenfortheappearanceofaircraft).Communicatingwithotherpeopleisunfavorablyaffectedbynoise.Ifyouhaveriddenintherearofajettransport,youmayhavenoticedthatitwasdifficulttocarryonaconversationatfirst,andthat,eventually,youadjustedtheloudnessofyourspeechtocompensatefortheeffect.Theproblemisnoise.Noisediffersfromsoundinthat itissoundsthatinterferewiththetaskbeingitisaspecialtypeoflouditisusuallyunavoidableinbigitcanbedefinedmorepreciselythantheOneoftheharmfuleffectsofnoiseonhumanperformanceisthat itreducesone’sitrendersthevictimitdeprivesoneoftheenjoymentofitdrownsoutconversationsatThepurposeofthispassageis todefinetheeffectsofnoiseonhumantowarnpeopleofthedangerofnoisetogiveadviceastohowtopreventhearingtolthedifferencebetweennoiseandThetraditionalbeliefthatawoman’splaceisinthehomeandthatawomanoughtnottogoouttoworkcanhardlybereasonablymaintainedinpresentconditions.Itissaidthatitisawoman’stasktocareforthechildren,butfamiliestodaytendtobesmallandwithayearortwobetweenchildren.Thusawoman’swholeperiodofchildbearingmayoccurwithinfiveyears.Furthermore,withcompulsoryeducationfromtheageoffiveorsixherroleaschiefeducatorofherchildrensoonceases.Thus,evenifweagreethatawomanshouldstayathometolookafterherchildrenbeforetheyareofschoolage,formanywomen,thisperiodwouldextendonlyforabouttenyears.Itmightbearguedthatthehouse-proudwomanwouldstillfindplentytodoaboutthehome.Thatmaybeso,butitiscertainlynolongernecessaryforawomantospendherwholelifecooking,cleaning,mendingandsewing.Washingmachinestakedrudgeryoutoflaundry,thelatestmodelsbeingentirelyautomaticandabletowashanddryalargetyofclothesinafewminutes.Refrigeratorshavemadeitpossibletostorefoodforlongperiodsandmanypre-cookedfoodsareobtainableintins.Shop,insteadofbeingadailytask,canbecompletedinonedayaweek.Thenewman-madefibersaremorehardwiringthannaturalfibersandgreatlyreducemending,whilegoodready-madeclothesarecheapandplentiful.Apartfromwomen’sownhappiness,theneedsofthecommunitymustbeconsidered.Modernsocietycannotdowellwithoutthecontributionthatwomencanmakeinprofessionsandotherkindsofwork.Thereisaseriousshortageofnursesandteachers,tomentiononlytwooftheoccupationsfollowedbywomen.Itisextremelywastefultogiveyearsoftrainingatpublicexpenseonlytohavethequalifiedteacherornursemarryafterayearortwoandbelostforevertoherprofession.Thetraining,itistrue,willhelpherindutiesasamother,butifshecontinuedtowork,herservicewouldbemorewidelyuseful.Manyfactoriesandshops,too,arelargelystaffedbywomen,manyofthemmarried.Whileherethequestionoftrainingisnotsoimportant,industryandtradewouldbeseriouslyshortofstaffifmarriedwomendidnotwork.Theauthorholdsthat therightplaceforallwomen,marriedorotherwise,isthehome,notallmarriedwomenshouldhavesomeoccupationoutsidetheamarriedwomanshouldgivefirstprioritytoherdutiesasaitisdesirableforuneducatedmarriedwomentostayathomeandtakecareofthefamilyAhouse-proudwoman woulddevoteherwholelifetoherwouldtakeherownhappinessandthatofherfamilyasherchiefwouldstillneedsomespecialtrainingatpublicexpensetohelpherinherdutiesasahousewifewouldtakefulladvantageofmodernhouseholdAccordingtotheauthor,modernsociety canoperatejustaswellevenwithoutwomenhasbeengreatlyhamperedinitsdevelopmentbytheshortageofwomennursesandwomenteacherscannotoperateproperlywithoutthecontributionofwillbeseriouslyaffectedbythecontinuingshortageofworkingwomeninheavyindustriesandinternationaltradeSectionIIIClozeForeachnumberedblankinthefollowingpassagetherearefourchoiceslabeled[B],[C],and[D].ChoosethebestoneandputyourchoiceintheANSWERSHEET.Readthewholepassagebeforemakingyourchoice.(10points)In1620,asmallsailboatnamedtheMayflowerleftEnglandfortheNewWorld.TheMayflowerheadedfortheJamestowncolonyonthewarmshoreofVirginia.ItsonehundredpassengerswerethePilgrims.TheywerelookingforaplacewheretheyworshipGod大26BecauseofstrongwindsandseverestormstheMayflowerits大27ThebravegroupofcolonistsfinallyhadtolandatPlymouthontherockycoastofMassachusettsinDecember1620.Itwasthemiddleofthesternnorthernwinter.大28家monthsofstarvation,disease,anddeathwereaheadofthem.Onlythestrongestofthepilgrims大29家thatwinter.Manywomengavetheirownrationstotheirchildrenanddiedforlackoffoodforthemselves.Living大30begantoimproveinthespringof1621.Therewerewildvegetables.Therewereberriesandfruit.Fishandgamewereplentiful.Therefore,theywereabletogetenoughfreshmeatdespitetheirlackofskillorexperienceinhuntingandfishing.Thehealth大31家withthewarmweatherandtheirbetterInthefall,theylookback大32家thepastyear.Theywerebothregretfulthankful.Onlyfiftyoftheoriginalonehundredpassengersremained.Thepriceinhumanlifeandtragedyhadbeengreat.Ontheotherhand,theysawnewhopeforfutureAsplendidharvestwas大33家them.TheywerereadyforthesecondwinterwithconfidenceTheyhadelevencrudehousesforprotectionagainsttheseverewinter.Sevenwereforfamilies,andfourwereforcommunaluse.大34,theyestablishedatreatyoffriendshipwiththeirnneighborsunderChiefMassasoitinthesummer.Thewoodsandforestsbecamesafe.WhentheMayflowerreturnedtoEnglandsummer,therewerenocolonists大35.Attheendoftheirfirstyearintheirhome,thePilgrimswantedtocelebratewitharealholiday.ItwastheirfirstThanksgivingDay.[A]intheirownintheirownontheiroftheir[A] [A][A][A][A][A][A]BestofFortheTotheirAllin[A]SectionIVError-detectionandEachofthefollowingsentenceshasfourunderlinedparts.Thesepartsarelabeled[A],[B],[C]and[D].IdentifythepartofthesentencethatisincorrectandputyourchoiceintheANSWERSHEET.Then,withoutalteringthemeaningofthesentence,writedownyourcorrectiononthelineintheANSWERSHEET.(10points)You’vetohurryupifyouwanttobuysomethingA

ANSWER:[C]TheunionandthemanagementarehavingsuchaA

timeB

oncontractC

ingyearthattheworkersmaygoonDHegotup,walkedA

theroom,andB

asharpquickmovementCthedoorwidelyDHisvictoryintheA

wasnoB

thanIhadDBecausethereareA

memberspresenttonightB

thereC

lastnight,mustwaituntilthenextDWe’vegivenhimA

abouteverythingheB

whateverC

heInnote-taking,astrictdisciplinehastobekeptandallinessential

unnecessarywordsDWhenthecarAtoisolatethevillageC

thepoisonousgasranBallD

therails,thefiremenToA

frank,B

isagreatrelieftohavethetaskC

insoshortaD

minimum, negotiators hoofB

inprinciple

withdetailstobeworkedD

ItisA

tonote

thatinrecentyears,cigarettesmokershaveinthedecline,especiallyamongolder Section Fillintheblankswiththeappropriateformsoftheverbsgiveninthebrackets.PutyouranswerintheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Itishighlydesirablethatanew (appoint)forthiscollege.ANSWER:(should)beappointedIntheMiddleAges,inRome,VeniceandotherItaliancities,theredevelopedaninlectualmovement (call)humanism,whichwasthebasisoftheIflawandorder (be)notp,neitherthecitizennorhispropertyissafe.Thecolonelwasdecoratedforbravery, (fight)offtheIt’squiteobviousthatPaulwon’tsellhisbusinessnowthathe’sgotit (run)so (Notwish)todisturbhisbabysister,hetiptoedintotheIhappened (talk)withhimwhenhewashitbyaballandTheapplicants (interview)arerequiredtobringallthenecessaryVictorobviouslydoesn’tknowwhat’shappened,otherwisehe (notmake)suchastupidremark.Such (be)thecase,therearenogroundstojustifyyourThecarshowsnosignsof (repair);itlookslikeanewSectionVIChinese-EnglishTranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.(15恶劣的天气使他无法按时动身去请先把事故的原因查清楚再向汇报经当地批准后，他们取消了原定的项目SectionVIIEnglish-ChineseTranslatethefollowingpassageintoChinese.Onlytheunderlinedsentencesaretobetranslated.(20points)SeatedbehindthefrontdeskataNewYorkfirm,thereceptionistwasStylishlydressed,thefirm’snewestemployeehadapleasantephonevoiceandanaturalcharmthatputclientsatease.Thecompanywaspleased:(61)Clearly,thiswasawhotookconsiderableprideinalappearance.DavidKing,thereceptionist,isunusual,butbynomeansunique.(62)Justasalltruckdriversandconstructionworkersarenolongernecessarilymen,allsecretariesandreceptionistsarenolongerautomaticallywomen.Thenumberofmeninwomen-dominatedfieldsisstillsmallandtheyhaven’tattractedtheattentionthathasoftenfollowedwomenadvancingintomale-dominatedfields,butmenaremovingintomoreandmorejobsthathavetraditionallybeenheldbywomen.Strictlyspeaking,thephenomenonisnotnew.Forthepastseveraldecades,menhavebeenquietlyenteringfieldssuchasnursing,socialworkandelementaryeducation.Buttodaynojobseemsoff-limits.Menservecoffeeinofficesandmealson(63)Thesechangesareheltoinfluencesomeofthelong-standingtraditionsaboutthetypesofworkmenandwomencando--buttheyalsoproducesomeundeniableproblemsforthemenwhoareenteringthosefieldsformerlydominatedbywomen.Whatkindsofmenventureintotheseso-called“women’sfields”?Allkinds.“Idon’tknowofanydefiniteanswersI’dbecomfortablewith,”explainsJosephPleck,Ph.D.,oftheWellesleyCollegeCentrefo