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基础语法讲义一、简单句和并列句1.简单句的五种形式:(1)主语+谓语(不及物动词);(2)主语+谓语(及物动词)+宾语;(3)主语+谓语+宾语+补语:(4)主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语;(5)主语+系动词+表语。两类系动词:①be动词;②..些实义动词用作系动词:feel,taste,smell等;2.并列句:一个句子当中包含两个或更多互不相依存的主谓结构,中间用一些连接词连接起来的句子。并列句不能只用逗号隔开,而要用连接词连接。连接词:(1)并列关系句型:连接词有and,aswellas,either…or…,neither…nor…,notonly"butalso…eg:LastyearImetKateandwebecamefriends.Eithermyunclecandoit,ormyauntcandoit.(2)转折概念并列句型:转折词有buteg:Ithasnomouth,butitcantalk.(3)对比关系的并列句型:eg:Helikedsports,whileIwouldrathercollectstamps.练习:2009年6月阅读Cerling*steamcollectedtapwatersamplesfrom600citiesandconstructedamopoftheregionaldifferences.(简单句)Mosthydrogenandoxygenatomsinwaterarestable,buttracesofbothelementsarealsopresentasheavierisotopes.(并歹峋)简单句和并列句是复合句的基础。二、句子成分句子六大成分:主谓宾、定状表。主语、宾语和表语:通常由代词或者名词构成,定语:修饰名词;状语:修饰形容词或者动词;表语:接在系动词后面;(一).代词:人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、不定代词。1人称代词:第一、二、三人称,主格、宾格、所有格:I,you,he,she,it,me,you,him,her,it,my,your,his,her,its.2物主代词①形容词性物主代词:my,your,his,her,our,their,后面加名词;②名词性物主代词:mine,yours,his,hers,ours,theirs,后面不能加名词。eg:MayIborrowyourpen?Mineismissing.3反身代词:通过反身代词指代主语,使动作发出者把动作在形式上反射到发出者本人。强调人称问题。eg:ImyselftookMarytotheairport.Icookeditmyself..指示代词:this,that,these,those.不定代词:some»someone,something,any»anyone»anything,no»noone»nothing,all,both»neither,either,each,every,everybody,everyone»everything.一些比较重要的不定代词之间的区别:all,each,every:①all和every可以指代三个或三个以上的人或物;all可以表示所有东西的总和,是一个不可分割的整体;each只能表示两个或两个以上的人,侧重个体;②all和every侧重整体,each侧重个体;eg:Everystaffoftheuniversitycontributedtothefund.Twogirlscame,andIgaveanappletoeach.everyone&everyoneeveryone等同于everybody,allpeople,指的是所有的人:eg:Everyonethinkstheyhavetherighttobehere.everyone既可以指人,也可以指物,强调一个个体,通常用everyoneof;eg:Everyoneofushasfaultsandshortcomings.Everyoneofthefilmswehaveshownthisyearhasbeenasucces.noone&nonenoone只能指人,none既可以指人,也可以指物,none后面还可以接of;eg:Noonefailedtheexamination.Noneofthestudentsfailedtheexamination.6it的用法(1)指代人,通常用于口语中:(2)书面语:①it用来指代时间、距离、温度、天气等eg:It'sthreeyearssinceIsawhim.②it用来前指或者后指eg:I'velostmybook.Whereisit?Thereisnodoubtaboutitthathewasafineteacher.③it做形式主语eg:Isitpossibletolearntypewritingveryquickly?④it做形式宾语,通常放在谓语动词和宾语补足语(形容词)之间,真正的宾语放在宾补之后常见动词有:feel,consider,find,believe,make,take,imagine,think,suppose,regardeg:Shethinksitnousetellingme.Hehasmadeitclearthathewouldn'tagreetotheplan.⑤it用于强调句,构成句型It's…that/who…如何区分强调句中的it和形式主语中的it?eg:It'sclearthattheyhavewon.如果It's和that去掉后,剩下的部分依然能构成完整的句子,就是强调句;否则,即为形式主语。(二)名词1.可数名词有单复数之分,若名词为单数,通常前面要加冠词a/an、the进行限定;若名词为复数,可以加上the,或者直接用复数名词,或者加上数词来进行限定。名词的复数形式可以直接加s/es,以y结尾的,变y为i,再加es,还有一些特殊形式的。有些单数名词的形式,是集合名词,可以用作复数,如police,cattle,people,mankind等;eg:Severalhundredspolicewereondutyatthedemonstrationyesterday.Cattleareallowedtograzeonthevillagecommon.不可数名词:通常是物质名词或者抽象名词.不可数名词:通常是物质名词或者抽象名词,其前可以不加任何东西,若有特指,可以加the.前面可以加上单位词,进行分类:常见单位词:①apieceof+advice/bread/cloth/fortune/information/music/muse②abitof、anitemof>anarticleof.名词在翻译中遇到的问题:(1)不可数名词和可数名词间的转换形式:eg:water&walers(水域、海洋),sand&sands(沙滩),wood&woods(树林),goods(商品),ash和ashes(废墟)(2)名词表示特指时,可以加冠词①不定冠词:a/an,通常表示一,但是不强调数目,翻译时注意;eg:GermanyisaEuropeancountry.②定冠词:表示特定或特指eg:Isthisthebookthatyouarelookingfor?定冠词还可以使用于一些比较独特的语言现象:如指代地球或宇宙这种独一无二的事物the+名词:表示全部或者整体eg:Doyouknowwhoinventedthecomputer?用于乐器或专有名词前,如playthepiano>theThames(三)数词数词分为基数词和序数词.表示大约的词汇:about,approximately,around,roughly,some>moreorless,orso;eg:About200peoplewerekilledinthecrash.Thetownis5Milesorsofromhere..表示多于的词汇:above,morethan,over.表示少于,不到的词汇:almost,below,lessthan,undereg:It's2:57,andit'salmost3o'clock.一些可以直接表示数字的单词:dozen>score>decade>hundred、ihousand、million这些词前面出现基数词,表示确切的数时,不能加复数;若不能表明确切数字,只是说大约有多少的时候,以上这些词不可以加确切的基数词,但是可以将其变为复数,后加。f;eg:Therearemillionsofkindsofmatterintheworld.(四)形容词和副词.定语用来修饰名词,通常是形容词:若是单个形容词,一般放在修饰名词前;若为词组,一般放在修饰名词之后;形容词词组的两种情况:(1)成对的形容词;eg:Shehasmanypencils,blueandred.(2)形容词短语:eg:Ithinkheisamansuitableforthejob.形容词还可以做表语,放在be动词之后;英语中有一些词语作表语和作定语时,含义会有所不同:certain:作定语时,表示特定的:eg:AcertainMr.Wangjustcameheretolookforyou.作表语时,表示当然的,一定,相当于besure;complete:作定语时,表示完全的:作表语时,表示完成的或完美的;ill:作定语时,表示坏的;作表语时,表示有病的;late:作定语时,表示已故的;作表语时,表示晚的、迟到的;ready:作定语时,表示现成的:作表语时,表示准备好的、愿意做 :present:作定语时,表示目前的,相当于current;作表语时,表示出席,参加;the+形容词:表示一类人;eg:theold,thepoor,theblind,therich,theyoung,thewounded.状语:通常由副词构成,副词可以修饰动词,形容词,乃至整个句子;副词通常是褒义的,有部分是有否定含义的,常见否定含义副词有seldom,hardly,rarely,scarcely;其它副词通常是表示肯定的概念;.形容词和副词的比较级:一些没有比较级的形容词和副词:①单词本身的含义是表示比……年长、比……优秀、比……优等时,没有比较级概念;如supreme,inferior,junior,senior,priorat»后面搭配的介词•般是to,而不用than.②有些单词本身的含义即是最,独一无二,没有比较级概念;如absolute,entire,excellent,favorite,final.(2)同级比较和异级比较:①同级比较:as…as……timesas…②异级比较:(倍数或修饰词,表示多或少)+比较级+than常见的修饰比较级的词有:much、still,even,byfar,abit,alittle,agooddeal或者倍数:eg:ThephotographyofMarstakenbysatellitearemuchclearerthanthosetakenfromearth.③比较级特殊用法词汇:more…ihan…:eg:Heismorecleverthanhonest.lhe+比较级:越来越 eg:Theharderyouwork,themoreyouwilllearn.三、时态和语态一般进行完形现在过去将来(一)时态1.一般现在时(1)表示经常性、习惯性的动作;eg:Igetupat7o'clockinthemorning.Ileaveschoolforhomeat6everyevening.(2)客观真理,客观存在,科学事实;eg:Theteachertoldus:theearthmovesaroundthesun.ShanghailiesintheeastofChina.一般过去时两种变化形式:在动词后加ed或不规则变化的动词;在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态:常用时间状语有:yesterday,lastweek,anhourago,theotherday,in1982等;eg:DidyougotoShanghailastweek?补充:usedto/beusedtousedto+do:”过去常常”,表示过去习惯性的动作或状态,但如今已不存在;eg:Mikeusedtotakeawalk.beusedto+doing:对 已感到习惯,或‘习惯于",to是介词,后需加名词或动名词;eg:Mikeisusedtotakingawalk.Heisusedtotakingashowerwithcoldwater.beusedtodo:被用来做 eg:LeavesareusedtofightenemiesinKongfumoviesastheweapons.典型例题-・・•Yourphonenumberagain?I quitecatchit.--It's69568442.A.didn'tB.couldn'tC.don'tD.can't答案A.本句虽没有明确的时间状语,但从语意上看出,在听的时候没有听懂这个动作发生在过去,因此应用过去时。一般过去式和过去完成时的对比:(1)过去完成时:过去的过去;eg:BeforeIcametoBeijing,IhadstayedinShanghai.①一个句子里有两个谓语动词,一个发生在前,一个发生在后,发生在前的用一般过去时,发生在后的用过去完成时;eg:Whenthepolicearrived,thethieveshadrunaway.②表示意向的动词,如hope,wish,expect,think,intend,mean,suppose等,用过去完成时表示“原本…,却未能…”eg:Wehadhopedthatyouwouldcome,butyoudidn*t.Wehadthoughtthathewouldtakepartinthecompetition,buthedidn't.③虚拟语气:若虚拟的现象与过去事实相反,则用过去完成时;eg:Ifyouhadcometomybirthdayparty,youwouldhaveseenYaoming.虚拟语气中可以用had+过去分词,表示对过去事实的虚拟;一般将来时shall/will,shall用于第一人称,常被will所代替;eg:WhichparagraphshallIreadfirst?begoingto+不定式,表示将来:表示要发生的事情有了预先的计划、准备或有迹象表明要发生;eg:Whatareyougoingtodotomorrow?Whatwillyoudothisafternoon?will表示纯粹的将来;be+不定式:表将来,按计划或正式安排将发生的事;eg:Weareto/willdiscussthereportnextSaturday.beaboutto+不定式:意为马上做某事,后面不可以接时间状语;eg:HeisabouttoleaveforBeijing.注意:(1)一般现在时有时也可表将来:eg:Thetrainleavesatsixtomorrowmorning.①趋向性动词come,go,arrive,leave,start,begin,return的一般现在时表将来,主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。eg:Whendoesthebusstar?Itstarsintenminutes.②在时间或条件句中,用一般现在时表将来;eg:I'llwritetoyouassoonasIarriveinBeijing.(2)现在进行时也可表将来:通常用于口语,翻译为打算……;come,go,start,arrive,leave,stay等词可以用进行时表将来:4.现在完成时现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态,其结果对现在造成影响。(1)过去发生的动作发生到现在,刚刚完成;(2)从过去发生的动作,发生到现在,刚刚告一段落,但是后面会继续发生;eg:Ihavejustfinishedmyhomework.Ithasrainedfor3days.过去时与现在完成时的区别:(1)过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情,强调动作;现在完成时为过去发生的,强调过去的事情对现在的影响,强调的是影响。eg:IcametoBeijingin1995.1havestayedinBeijingsince1995.(2)过去时常与具体的时间状语连用,而现在完成时通常与段的时间状语连用,或无时间状语;一般过去时常用时间状语:yesterday,lastweek,…ago,inl980,inOctober…(具体时间)现在完成时常用时间状语:for,since,sofar…(长期的段时间)eg:Hehaddinnerwithmeyesterday.Ihaveplayedbasketballfor3hours.(3)现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态,动词一般是延续性的,如live,teach,learn,work,study,know:过去时常用的非持续性动词有come,go,leave,start,die,finish,become,getmarried等;eg:Hegotmarriedtwoyearsago.IhavelivedinBeijingfor10years.用于现在完成时的句型Itisthefirst/secondtime….that…结构中的从句部分,用现在完成时。ItisthefirsttimethatIhavevisitedthecity.Itwasthethirdtimethattheboyhadbeenlate.Thisisthe…that…结构,that从句要用现在完成时.ThisisthebestfilmthatFve(ever)seen.这是我看过的最好的电影。Thisisthefirsttime(that)I'veheardhimsing.这是我第一次听他唱歌。典型例题■--Haveyoubeentoourtownbefore?■一No,it*sthefirsttimeI here.A.even,comeB.even,havecomeC.ever,comeD.ever,havecome答案D.ever意为曾经或无论何时,反意词为never,此两词常用于完成时。ThisisthelargestfishIhaveeverseen.Itis/wasthefirsttime+that-clause的句型中,从句要用完成时。since和for的用法:since用来说明动作起始时间,for用来说明动作延续时间长度;eg:Ihavelivedhereformorethantwentyyears.IhavelivedheresinceIwasborn.for后面多接一段时间,而since后面则接一个时间点,若since后面也出现时间段,则在时间段后加ago;eg:Ihavelivedheresincetwentyyearsago.错句:Ihaveworkedheresincemanyyears.since句型:Itis+一段时间+since从句,since从句要用一般过去时;eg:ItistwoyearssinceIbecameapostgraduatestudent.ItisthreeyearssinceIjoinedthearmy..进行时态:一般进行时,过去进行时,将来进行时;.现在完成进行时:have/has+been+doing现在完成进行时和现在完成时的区别:eg:Ithasrainedfor3days.Ithasbeenrainingfor3days.现在完成时不强调某一动作在某段时间内持续发生,现在完成进行时表示某一时间段内某动作持续发生。eg:IhavebeenlearningEnglishfor5years.IhavebeenlearnedEnglishfor5years.(二)语态一般 进行 完成现在 am/is/are+过去分词am/is/are+being+过去分词 have/has+been+过去分词过去 was/were+过去分词was/were+being+过去分词 had+been+过去分词将来 will+be+过去分词被动语态基本形式:be+动词过去分词;eg:Foresthavebeencleared.Theyweregivenawarmsendoff.Theirweddingwillbeheldinthechurch.不强调施动者,而只强调受动者;eg:Thebookwaswritten20yearsago.四、真题举例:.真题2009年12月:Despitethehardshipheencountered,Marknever (放弃对知识的追求).放弃:giveup,abandon»quit追求:pursuitgiveup/abandon/quitthepursuitofknowledgegaveup/abandoned/quitthepursuitofknowledge.真题2009年6月:Thestudyshowsthatthepoorfunctioningofthehumanbodyis(与缺乏锻炼密切相关)is+doing/形容词:becloselyrelatedto:thelackofexercises:缺乏锻炼;iscloselyrelatedtothelackofexercises.真题2008年12月:Throughtheproject,manypeoplehavereceivedtrainingand(决定自己创业)havereceived:现在完成时;decidedto:决定;创业:launchtheirownenterprisedecidedtolaunchtheirownenterprise.真题2008年6月:Ican'tbootmycomputernow.Somethingmust(~•定出了毛病)withitsoperatingsystem.出了毛病:outofcontrolSomethingmustbeoutofcontrol/wrongwith…五、定语从句:eg:Iknowthegirl.ThegirlcomesfromBeijing.IknowthegirlwhocomesfromBeijing.步骤:1,找到两个句子中相同的名词;.将两个名词中的一个进行替换,若是人,用who替换:若是物,用which替换;that既可以指人,又可以指物;.将who或which引导的句子放在相同名词之后;eg:Ilikereadingbooks.ThebookswerewrittenbyOHenry.IlikereadingbookswhichwerewrittenbyOHenry.eg:Iplantedatree.Thetreeistallerthanthehouse.ThetreewhichIplantedistallerthanthehouse..who/that/which所引导的句子必须放在相同名词之后;eg:Theteacherprizedtheboy.Theboyismyneighbor.Theboywhotheteacherprizedismyneighbor.eg:Thisisthebook.Youarelookingforthebook.Thisisthebookwhichyouarelookingfor.eg:Thisisthebook.Youareinterestedinthebook.Thisisthebookwhichyouareinterestedin..谓语动词(结构)和后面的介词有两种关系:关系紧密&关系疏远;关系紧密:谓语结构和介词合成在一起,联系紧密,不可分割,一旦分割意思就会发生改变;eg:lookfor,beinterestedin,lookafter,lookat定语从句中如果谓语结构和介词关系紧密,则介词必须保留在谓语结构的后面,不能做任何位置的改动:如果谓语结构和介词关系疏远,介词一般提到which/who/that的前面;eg:Thisisthebookwhichyouarelookingfor.Thisisthebookwhichyouareinterestedin.Thisisthebookinwhichyouareinterested.Thisisthebookwhichyouaskedfor..关系代词和关系副词:eg:Beijingistheplace.Iwasbornintheplace.BeijingistheplacewhichIwasbornin.BeijingistheplaceinwhichIwasborn.定语从句中,如果介词+which表示地点,则可以用where替换;BeijingistheplacewhereIwasborn.eg:Ican'tforgettheday.Ijointhearmyontheday.Ican'tforgetthedaywhichIjointhearmyon.Ican'tforgetthedayonwhichIjointhearmy.Ican'tforgetthedaywhenIjointhearmy.判断:ThisisthemountainvillagewhereIvisitedlastyear.ThisisthemountainvillageinwhichIvisitedlastyear.ThisisthemountainvillagewhichIvisitedinlastyear.正确:Thisisthemountainvillagewhich/thatIvisitedlastyear..判断关系代词和关系副词的方法:(1)不管是关系代词还是关系副词,都取决于从句中的谓语动词;若该谓语动词为及物动词,则一定使用关系代词;若该谓语动词为不及物动词,且其后没有介词,则一定使用关系副词;eg:IwillneverforgetthedayswhenIworkedtogetherwithyou.IwillneverforgetthedayswhenIspentinthecountryside.IwillneverforgetthedayswhichIspentinthecountryside.(2)通过判断先行词在定语从句中的成分eg:Isthisthemuseum(that)youvisitedafewdaysago?themuseum:充当visit的宾语Isthisthemuseum(inwhich/where)theexhibitionwasheld?关系代词:前面句子里的先行词也要在后面的句子里充当主语或者宾语的成分;介词+which,恰好表示时间和地点,可以替换成when,where这样的关系副词;5限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句(1)非限定性定语从句:先行词(即名词)后有一个逗号;eg:Inourschool,therewere8foreignteacherswhocomefromAustralia.(限定性定语从句)Inourschool,therewere8foreignteachers,whocomefromAustralia.(非限定性定语从句)限定性定语从句:定语从句和关系词关系非常紧密,删掉定语从句后,整个句子意思会改变;非限定性定语从句:定语从句和关系词关系不是很紧密,删掉定语从句后,整个句子意思不会改变,定语从句只起到补充说明的意义;eg:Thisisthehousewhichweboughtlastmonth.(2)非限定性定语从句:①先行词是前面的整句话;eg:Hewonthefirstplaceinthecompetition,whichisoutofourexpectation.WewillspendtheSpringFestivalinGuangzhou,whichwasdecidedlastyear.Thisisthehouse,whichweboughtlastmonth.②非限定性定语从句:which引导非限制性定语从句只能放在后面,as则只能放在句子前面;eg:Smokingisharmfultoourheath,whichweknow.Smokingisharmfultoourheath,asweknow.Asweknow,smokingisharmfultoourheath.eg:Alicereceivedaninvitationfromherboss( )cameasasurprise.A.ItB.thatC.asD.which(3)that和which的区别:①什么时候不能用ihat,只能用which:非限定性定语从句中,即逗号之后;eg:Thetree,thatis400yearsold,whichisveryfamoushere.②什么时候不能用that,只能用which:非限定性定语从句中,即逗号之后;介词后面不能用that,只能用which;eg:Thetree,thatis400yearsold,whichisveryfamoushere.Wedependontheland,hat:因为;(4)什么时候不能用which,只能用that:前面的先行词是不定代词,包括all,anything,nothing,theone,much,little等;eg:HaveyoutakendowneverythingthatMr.Leehassaid?如果先行词中出现了theonly,thevery等;eg:Thisistheonlywaythatwecanthinkout.③如果先行词中出现了序数词和形容词最高级;eg:ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeverseen.④如果先行词中即有人,又有物;eg:Theyaretalkingabouttheschoolandtheteachersthattheyvisitedyesterday.例:Medicalresearchersarepainfullyawarethattherearemanyproblems(他们至今还没找到答案).Theyhaven'tfoundsolutions/answerstotheseproblems.Therearemanyproblemswhichtheyhaven'tfoundsolutions/answersto.例:(与我成长的地方相比),thistownismoreprosperousandexciting.Comparedwiththeplaceinwhich/whereIgrewup,例:(听到他告诉我的消息),Icouldiflhelplaughing.Hearingthenewswhich/thathetoldme,例:CareerexpertssaythatoneofthewaysjobseekerscanstaysafewhileusingtheInternettosearchoutjobsistoconcealtheiridentities.当先行词中是theway的时候,后面的连接词可以用that,可以用which和inwhich,甚至可以不填;六.名词性从句名词性从句:主语从句、宾语从句、补语从句及同位语从句;定义:在句子中起名词作用的句子,且在句子中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等成分;(1)同位语从句eg:Iknowtheman,thepresidentoftheNewOrientalSchool.同位语从句:对前面名词的进一步解释;英语中的简单句:陈述句、一般疑问句、特殊疑问句。eg:Heisastudent.Areyouastudent?Whoisastudent?同位语从句:关系词不再和前面的名词有关系,而是取决于后面的从句;eg:Iknowthefact.Heisastudent.1knowthefactthatheisastudent.eg:Ihaveaquestion.Areyouastudent?Ihaveaquestionwhetheryouareastudent.Ihaveaquestionwhoisastudent.①「 从句仍然接在名词之后,名词有可能为answer,belief,concept,explanation,fact,hope,message,news,promise,prove,question,thought等,后面可以接同位语从句;形式:名词+从句;连接词取决于后面的从句是什么样的形式;如果是陈述句,直接加that引导;一般疑问句:先把一般疑问句变成陈述句语序,然后在其前加上whether或者if;特殊疑问句:直接保留特殊疑问词,后面的句子变成陈述句语序;eg:Thenewssoonspreadthewholeschool.Theyhadwonthegame.Thenewsthattheyhadwonthegamesoonspreadthewholeschool.Thenewsthattheyhadwonthegamecame.Newscamethattheyhadwonthegame.eg:Informationhasbeenissued.Moremiddleschoolstudentwillbeadmittedtouniversities.Informationthatmoremiddleschoolstudentwillbeadmittedtouniversitieshasbeenissued.Informationhasbeenissuedthatmoremiddleschoolstudentwillbeadmittedtouniversities.egThequestionwasansweredbythefamilydoctorWhetherweshouldsendforanspecialist.Thequestionwhetherweshouldsendforanspecialistwasansweredbythefamilydoctor.同位语从句的形式和定语从句的形式非常相似,两者最大的区别在于同位语从句的功能在于对前面的名词进行进一步的解释,定语从句的功能在于对前面的名词进行进一步的修饰和限定;如果关系词为weather,how,what,一定是同位语从句;如果名i向前的关系词为when,where,why,若when前面的名词是地点,where前面的名词是时间,why前面的名词是原因,那么一定是定语从句;若when,where,why前面不是地点、时间和原因,那么是同位语从句;如果关系词为which,则通过中文翻译进行区分;若which能翻译成哪一个,则一定是同位语从句,若不能,则为定语从句;如果关系词为that,则需要对句子进行成分分析来判定;如果that在句子中充当成分,则是定语从句,否则即为同位语从句;eg:Thesuggestionthatsheshouldstayintheroomisgood.Thesuggestionthatshehasgiveninthemeetingisgood.例:Thefactthatordinarycitizensarenowstartingtothinkseriouslyaboutthenation'smoralclimate,saysthisethicsprofessorattheUniversityofChicago,isreasontohopethatnewideaswillcomeforwardtoimproveit.(2)宾语从句从句部分的连词取决于从句时一般疑问句、特殊疑问句还是陈述句;eg:Wemustfindoutwhodidallthese.Iwanttoknowwhetherhewillcome.Ihopethathewillcome.宾语从句的时态:如果宾语从句前的动词是过去式,则宾语从句的时态应相应变成过去时态;如果宾语从句是客观事实或真理,不管宾语从句前的动词时什么时态,宾语从句都用i股现在时;eg:Theteachertoldusthattheearthisround.eg:ToddPark,alocaldetective,saidthemethodhashelpedhimlearnmoreaboutanunidentifiedwomanwhoseskeletonwasfoundnearGreatSaltLake.宾语从句后接陈述句,用that引导,则that•般可以省略;eg:Ithinkthatyouareright.宾语从句如果谓语动词是doubt,后面接的•般疑问句通常用weathei•或if引导;如果前面的谓语动词是don'tdoubt,则后面从句的连接词一定是that;eg:Idoubtwhetherheistellingthetruth.Idon'tthatheistellingthetruth.宾语从句如果谓语动词是wonder,句型为Iwonderif,后面的连接词不能用weather:④宾语从句的否定转移:think,believe,suppose,expect,fancy,imagine等动词后面宾语从句的否定词转移到主句中,即主句的谓语动词用否定式,而从句的谓语动词用肯定式;eg:Idon'tthinkIknowyou.Idon'tbelievehewillcome.将seem,叩pear等后的从句的否定转移到前面。Itdoesn'tseemthattheyknowwheretogo.Itdoesn'tappearthatwe'llhaveasunnydaytomorrow.(3)表语从句构成方式:若从句为陈述句,直接加that;若从句为特殊疑问句:直接保留特殊疑问词,后面的句子变成陈述句语序:若从句为一般疑问句:先把一般疑问句变成陈述句语序,然后在其前加上weather或者亚eg:Chinaisnolongerwhatsheusedtobe.Thequestioniswhoisresponsibleforwhathashappened.(4)主语从句:主语变成一个句子构成方式:若从句为陈述句,直接加that;若从句为特殊疑问句:直接保留特殊疑问词,后面的句子变成陈述句语序;若从句为一般锭问句:先把一般疑问句变成陈述句语序,然后在其前加上whether或者if;位置:直接置于句首;eg:Thatthecollegewilltakeinmorestudentsistrue.Whetherhewillcomeornothasn'tbeendecided.Whyheisn'thereisnotcleartoeveryone.it做形式主语的情况:Itis+名词+主语从句;eg:Itisapitythatyoushouldhavetoleave.Ilis+形容词+主语从句;eg:Itisclearthatthewholeprojectisduetofailure.如果是Itisnecessary/important/strange/nalural+thal引导的主语从句,从句中的谓语动词一定要用should+动词原形;eg:Itisnecessarythatoneshouldmastertheskillsofoperatingcomputer.Itis+过去分词+主语从句;Itissaid/planted/expectedeg:ItissaidthatPresidentBushwillvisitourschoolnextweek.Itis+不及物动词+形容词表语形式+主语从句;eg:Itseemedcertainthathewillwintheprize.七、从句的判别和应用从句的判别和应用:eg:Weathershewillcomeornotisunknown.(主语从句)Itisunknownwhetherhewillcomeornot.(主语从句)Idon*tknowwhetherhewillcomeornot.(宾语从句)Thequestioniswhetherhewillcomeornot.(表语从句)Thequestionwhetherhewillcomeornotisnotsettled.(同位语从句)例:09年6月真题 (很多人没有意识到的)isthatSimonisaloverofsports,andfootballinparticular.whatmanypeopledidn*trealize例:08年12月真题Itwasverydark,butMaryseemedto(本能地知道该走哪条路).knowwhichwaytotakebyinstinct宾语从句例:07年12月真题Inmysixties,onechangeInoticeisthat(我比以前更容易累了).Ifeel/gettiredmoreeasilythanbefore例:真题08年6月Globalwarmingmayormaynotbethegreatenvironmentalcrisisofthe21stcentury,but-regardlessofwhetheritisorisn't-wewon'tdomuchaboutit.例:Becausetheyusuallyreceivethesamescoreonstandardexaminations.Thereisoftendisagreementatwhoisthebetterstudent,BoborHellen?例:真题08年12月Yourresumeshouldattractawould-beboss'sattentionbydemonstrating(为什么你是某个特定职位的最佳人选).宾语从句whyyouwouldbethebestcandidateforacertainposition.例:SincemychildhoodIhavefoundthat(没有什么比读书对我更有吸引力).Nothingismoreattractive/appealingtomethanreading八状语从句状语从句:两个独立的句子中间用一些含义不同的连接词连接;状语从句用来表达两个句子之间的逻辑关系;分成原因状语、条件状语、结果状语、时间状语、地点状语、让步状语、目的状语、比较状语、方式状语等九大类型;eg:Igotuplate.Iwaslateforschool.BecauseIgotuplate,Iwaslateforschool.(原因状语从句)Igotuplate,soIwaslateforschool.(结果状语从句).地点状语:地点状语从句通常由where,wherever,everywhere引导:eg:WhereIlivethereareplentyoftrees.Whereveryouwork,youwillgainmuchvaluableexperienceaslongasyouarewillingtowork.Wherever=nomatterwhereEverywheretheywent,theywerewarmlyreceived.Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.where:不能翻译成在 地方时,通常翻译为如果,表示在 条件下;eg:Whereyouareconfident»youwillsucceed.eg:Wherepreviouslythebankhadconcentratedonthebiginfrastructureprojects,suchasdams,roadsandbridges,itbegintoswitchtoprojectswhichdirectlyimprovedthebasicservicesofacountry.concentratedon:集中于;.方式状语从句:方式状语从句通常由as,asif,asthoughttheway,what引导;eg:Alwaysdototheothersasyouwouldbedoneby.WhenenterRomedoastheRomansdo.as从句带有比喻的含义,意思是“正如…“,“就像";asif/though:”仿佛……似的“,”好像……似的”;有时用虚拟语气,有时不用;eg:Theycompletelyignorethesefactsasif(asthough)theyneverexisted.(与事实相反,谓语用虚拟语气。)Helooksasif(asthough)hehadbeenhitbylighting.(与事实相反,谓语用虚拟语气。)Itlooksasiftheweathermaypickupverysoon.(实现的可能性较大,谓语用陈述语气。)theway:可以连接两个句子,表达就像 一样;eg:Ishoulddothejobthewaymyfatherdid.ManyEuropeansnowapparentlyviewtheUS.thewaymanyAmericansviewMexicanasacheapplacetovacation,shopandparty.what:就像,犹如;eg:Airistomanwhat/aswateristofish.句型:AistoBwhatCistoD.eg:AlGorecallsglobalwarmingan''inconvenienttruth/'asifmerelyrecognizingitcouldputusonapathtoasolution.putsb.onapathtoasolution:找到解决的办法;.目的状语从句可以由that,sothat,inorderthat,lest,forfearthat,incase等词引导;lest:以防;从句中的谓语动词必须用should+动词原形;eg:Hewrotethenamedownforfearthat(lest)heshouldforgetit.Hetooktheumbrellawithhimlestitshouldrain.incase:以防;与lest不同,从句里的时态不做特殊变化;eg:Taketheumbrellawithyouincaseitrains.forfeatthat:和lest保持一致;eg:Avarietyofactivitiesshouldbeorganizedsothatparticipantscanremainactiveaslongastheywantandthengoontosomethingelsewithoutfeelingguiltyandwithoutlettingtheotherparticipantsdown.let…down…:让 感到气馁;.结果状语从句结果状语从句常由so-that或such…that引导;so保留,that可以省略;如此 以至・・•••・,eg:Hedidn'tabidebythecontractsothathewasfined.Hewassoexcitedthathecouldn*tfallasleep.Hemadesuchaninspiringspeechthateverybodygotexcited.比较:so和suchso:so+形容词、副词+that;so+形容词+a/an+名词+that;eg:Thewindwassostrongthatwecouldhardlymoveforward.HerunssofastthatIcouldn*tcatchupwithhim.Itwassohotadaythatcropswilted.Heissolovelyaboythateveryoneloveshim.such:such+a/an+形容词+名词+thateg:Itwassuchahotdaythatcropswilted.Heissuchalovelyboythateveryoneloveshim..比较状语从句:than,as…as…,notsoas…,(not)thesameas,the+比较级;eg:Lighttravelsfastthansound.lhe+比较级:eg:Thesooner,thebetter.eg:Girlsarethusseenaslessvaluablethanboysandartkeptathometodohouseworkwhiletheirbrothersaresenttoschool-theprophecy(预言)becomesself-fulfilling,trappingwomeninaviciouscircle(恶性循环)ofneglect.6时间状语从句(1)当 的时候:while,when,as;when:强调一件事情正在发生的时候,另外一件事情突然发生;eg:WhenIwaswatchingTV,mymothercameback.while:强调两个动作同时进行,一边……一边……;eg:Myfatheriscookingwhilemymotherisreadingnewspaper.as:”随时间推移”eg:Astimewentby,thedaysbecamelongerandlonger.(2) 就 :assoonas,主将从现;用directly,immediately,instantly连接两个句子;一一些名词如theminute,themoment,theinstant也可表示;nosooner,,,than,hardly*when后面的句子需要倒装;eg:Iwillwritetoyouthemoment/minuteIarrivedinParis.(3)特殊单词:bythetimethat,every/eachtime(使用时后面不要再加when)(4)till&until:①肯定形式表示的意思是“做某事直至某时”,动词必须是延续性的;否定形式表达的意思是”直至某时才做某事”,一般用until,动词为延续性或非延续性都可以;eg:Isleptuntilmidnight.WaittillIcallyou.Shedidn'tarriveuntil6o'clock.②Until可用于句首,而till通常不用于句首,通常用于句中;eg:Untilyoutoldme,Ihadheardnothingofwhathappened.eg:Asyousleepyoupassthroughasequenceofsleepstates一lightsleep,deepsleepandREM(rapideyemovement)sleep一thatrepeatsapproximatelyevery90minutes..条件状语•从句:(1)连接词:if,once,aslongas,onconditionthat①如果引导的条件可以实现,主将从现;②如果引导的条件和事实相反,则用虚拟语气;eg:Ifwintercomescanspringbefarbehind.Aslongasitdoesn'train,wecanplay.Youcangooutonconditionthatyouwearanovercoat.Modemcarsarefartoughertosteal,astheirenginemanagementcomputerwon'tallowthemtostartunlesstheyreceiveauniqueIDcodebeamedoutbytheignition(点火)key..原因状语从句连接词:because,since,as,for,nowthat,inthat,owingto,dueto,thanksto,becauseof,asaresultof;比较:because,since,as和forbecause语势最强,用来说明人所不知的原因,回答why提出的问题。当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知,就用as或since。Ididn'tgo,becauseIwasafraid.Since/Astheweatherissobad,wehavetodelayourjourney.由because引导的从句如果放在句末,且前面有逗号,则可以用for来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因,而是多种情况加以推断,就只能用for。Heisabsenttoday,because/forheisill.Hemustbeill,forheisabsenttoday.nowthat:既然;inthal:因为,通常只能放在句中,强调重要的,唯一的原因;eg:Nowthatthissemesterisfinished,Iamgoingtorestafewdaysandtakeatrip.Humanbeingsaredifferentfromanimalsinthathumancanspeakandthink,owingto,dueto,thanksto,becauseof,asaresultof等短语后面只能接词或短语,不能接从句;9.让步状语从句常见的连接词有though,although,as,while,eventhough区分though,although,aseg:Although/thoughheisachild,hecanlivebyhimself.as表示虽然的时候,要进行倒装;Childas/thoughheis,hecanlivebyhimself.eg:Although/thoughsheworksveryhard,shemakesverylittleprogress.Hardassheworks,shemakesverylittleprogress.Although/thoughsheisyoung;shehastravelledtomanycountriestoputshows.Youngassheis,shehastravelledtomanycountriestoputshows.while:连接两个句子,表示虽然,但是;eg:Heisexperiencedwhileheisyoung.真题分析:l.Theanti-virusagentwasnotknown(直到一名医生偶然发现了它)untiladoctorfinditbychance.wouldprefershoppingonlinetoshoppinginadepartmentstorebecause(它更力□方便和省时)itismoreconvenientandtimesaving.utsincewaterismuchcheaperthanwine,andmanyofthefancierbrandsaren'tavailableinstores,mostdinersdon'tnoticeorcare.4.Whilethere?snoquestionthatcontinuousstressisharmful,severalstudiessuggestthatchallengingsituationsinwhichyou'reabletorisetotheoccasioncanbegoodforyou.九从句的复习复合句:定语从句、名词性从句、状语从句。定语从句:.that,which,who的使用。一个句子当中有两个相同的名词,将其中的一个名词进行替换,如果是人,用who:如果是物,用which:that既可以指人又可以指物。.谓语动词(结构)和后面的介词有两种关系:关系紧密&关系疏远;定语从句中如果谓语结构和介词关系紧密,则介词必须保留在谓语结构的后面,不能做任何位置的改动:如果谓语结构和介诃关系疏远,介词一般提到which/who/that的前面;介词加which正好表示时间,可以表达成when:表示地点时,可以表达成where:表示原因时,变成why:.限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。限定性定语从句:定语从句和关系词关系非常紧密,删掉定语从句后,整个句子意思会改变;非限定性定语从句:定语从句和关系词关系不是很紧密,删掉定语从句后,整个句子意思不会改变,定语从句只起到补充说明的意义;(2)非限定性定语从句:eg:Hewonthefirstplaceinthecompetition,whichisoutofourexpectation.②非限定性定语从句:which引导非限制性定语从句只能放在后面,as则只能放在句子前面名词性从句:主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句及同谓语从句;形式:名词+从句;连接词取决于后面的从句是什么样的形式;如果是陈述句,直接加that引导;一般疑问句:先把一般疑问句变成陈述句语序,

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