英语小白不得不知道的英语写作Whole-Composition的重要性课件

1、Part FiveThe Whole CompositionPart FiveThe Whole Compositio1.Criteria/FeaturesSomething interesting and/or importantSomething newSomething clear, accurate and appropriate.2.StepsWriting is like building.Plan-1st Draft-Revise-Final Copy3. Main Parts of a CompositionBeginning-Middle-End4. Types Descri

2、ption-Narration-Exposition-Argumentation1.Criteria/Features1. If you advance a single point and stick to that point.Unity 2.If you support the pointwith specific evidence.3.If you organize and connectspecific evidence.4.If you write clear, error-freesentence.Four bases Support Coherence Good languag

3、e Features of good writingFour steps 1. If you advance a single UniUnity Is my paper unified?a. Do I have a thesis that is clearly stated or implied in the introductory paragraph?b. Do all my supporting paragraphs support and back up my thesis?support Is my paper supported?a. Are there three separat

4、ed supporting points for the thesis?b. Do I have specific evidence for each of the three supporting points?c. Is there plenty of specific evidence for each point?Unity Is my paper unified?suppIs my paper organized?a. Do I have an interesting introduction, a solid conclusions, and an accurate title?b

5、. Do I have a clear method of organizing my paper?c. Do I use transitions and other connecting words?a. Do I use specific words?b. Do I vary my sentences?c. Do I use words effectively by avoiding slang, clichs, and wordliness?organizationLanguage Is my paper organized?a. Do I Prewriting stage Step 1

6、 Generate ideas Step 2 Sort out the ideas (group ideas) Step 3 Work out the outlineWriting stage (first draft) Step 1 Write opening sentences and thesis statement. Step 2 Develop the topic sentences and support it with specific evidences. Step 3 Write concluding sentences.Rewriting stage (a checklis

7、t) unity support organization languageStages in the writing processFour ways of generating ideas Clustering Making a list Questioning Free writingDiagram of an essay Title of the essayIntroduction Opening remarks to catch readers interest Thesis statement topic sentence 1 (supporting point 1) Body t

8、opic sentence 2 (supporting point 2) topic sentence 3 (supporting point 3)Conclusion Summary (optional); General closing remarksPrewriting stageStages in the GeneralizationSpecific example(1)Specific example(2)Specific example(3)More specific example(1)More specific example(2)More specific example(1

9、)Draw DiagramsTopic sentenceSupporting argument & evidence 1Supporting argument & evidence 2Concluding sentenceGeneralizationSpecific exampleNote-takingI. Topic sentenceII. Supporting argument A 1. evidence 2. 3. Supporting argument B 1. evidence 2. 3.III. ConclusionNote-takingI. Topic sentenceRules

10、 for outlines: Task 1(P128-134)1.Major point mark:I， II，III，IV, VA, B, C, D,2.Topic outline : Noun phrases/Sentence outline (Can not be used together in the same outline)3.Parallel structures are of the same rank and in logical order4.Thesis: complete declarative sentence, expressing one controlling

11、 idea.Rules for outlines: Task 1(P12Main Parts of a CompositionBeginning：Details on P1371.relevant background material2.the time and place of the event to be described3.a quotation4.a question5.a statement6.figures or statistics7.a definitionMain Parts of a CompositionBeMiddle：Ideas and factse.g. na

12、rration: chronological sequence exposition: arranged based on the importance of ideasThe End: emphatic and forceful statementThought-provokingLinking the end with the beginning is a good writing technique.NO new idea in the last paragraph.Middle：Ideas and factsDescriptionDescriptionBy the end of thi

13、s unit you should be able to:describe countries, towns, and landscapeswrite guidesdescribe scenes or weather conditionsdescribe peopledescribe objectsdescribe general and specific processes and procedureswrite instructionsThemes and FunctionsBy the end of this unit you shWhat is description?Descript

14、ion is painting a picture in words of a person, place,object, process, or scene.Hearing Sight Smell Touch TasteWhat is description?Drills to Describe place_ is surrounded by _. It is composed of/consists of _. it lies off _. It is situated/located _. The population of is _. The density of population

15、 is _. is the language which is spoken predominantly.Drills to Describe place_ iAppearance Presenting details of eyes, mouth, nose, hair, facial expression, figure, pose, clothes, jewelry, and etc.Objects Presenting details of texture, pattern, color, materialOrganization Any description should be o

16、rganized around a main point, or controlling ideas. Describing People and ObjectsAppearanceDescribing People an英语小白不得不知道的英语写作Whole-Composition的重要性Chou En-lai Henry Alfred KissingerHis gaunt（憔悴的）, expressive face was dominated by piercing(锐利的) eyes, conveying a mixture of intensity(坚定) and repose(安详)

17、, of wariness (谨慎)and calm self-confidence(自信).Appearance他面容瘦削，颇带憔悴，但神采奕奕，双目如炬（双目炯炯有神），既坚定又安详，既谨慎又满怀信心。Chou En-lai Henry Alfred KissClothes:He wore an immaculately (perfectly) tailored gray Mao tunic, at once simple and elegant.他身穿一套裁剪精致的灰色毛式服装，显得简单朴素，却不失优雅高贵。Clothes:Behavior & CharacterHe moved gra

18、cefully and with dignity, filling a room not by his physical dominance （as did Mao or de Gaulle）but by his air of controlled tension, steely discipline, and self-control, as if he were a coiled spring. He conveyed an easy casualness, which, however, did not deceive the careful observer.Metaphor: Cho

19、u: Tenor/ coiled spring: Carrier他举止娴雅庄重，令举坐（满堂）注目的不是他魁伟的身材(像毛泽东和戴高乐那样)，而是他那外弛内张的神情，钢铁般的自制力，就像是一根拉紧了的弹簧一样。他令人感到轻松自如，但仔细观察就知并不尽然。Behavior & CharacterYou should be able to:write a story using correct grammatical formswrite a well-organized text about your past experiencestart a story in different wayss

20、elect accurate and precise words to describe eventsuse quotation marks correctlywrite direct and reported speechThemes and FunctionsYou should be able to:Themes aTo narrate is to give an account of an event or a series of events. In its broadest sense, narrative writing includes stories, real or ima

21、ginary, biographies, histories, news items, and narrative poemsWhat is Narration? P138To narrate is to give an accouTime and the order of events Time 1 Time 2 Time 3 Time 4 past present future The simple present tenseThe past perfect tenseThe simple past tenseThe simple future tenseTime and the orde

22、r of events T Five factors for Narrative WritingPurposeSelection of details OrganizationcontextPoint of view Five factors for Narrative WrContext when, where and to whom the action in an event happened is often made clear at the beginning of the passage.The last sentence usually draws up the conclus

23、ion of the whole event so that the reader can get a sense of completeness. The conclusion should relate to the main event of the story, not the minor points.Context when, where and to whoSelection of detailsNarrations of incidents and events are made up of details.There should be enough details so t

24、hat the reader knows what is happening. Only relevant details, or things that contribute to bringing out the main idea of the story are useful and effective.Selection of detailsNarrationsOrganization Incidents and events are usually presented in chronological order, that is, in the order in which th

25、ey occur. But it is also possible, and sometimes preferable, to start from the middle or even the end of the story with the event that is most important or most likely to arouse the readers interest, and then go back to the beginning by using flashbacks. Beginning: Setting/background knowledge of wh

26、en, where and to whom the action happened. Middle: story itself.End: Natural conclusionOrganization Incidents and evePoint of viewA first person narrative may be more graphic and lifelike, because it gives the reader the impression that it is what the writer himself has seen or experienced. but the

27、scope of the narrative may be limited.A third person narrative may seem more objective, and is free from the limitation, but it is not easy to put things happened in good order.Point of viewA first person naCheck and Revise1. Do you present the idea of time clearly so that your reader will not get c

28、onfused by the time sequence? Clarity in presenting time is a very important element in good story telling, particularly in unexpected time sequences.2. Have you used your imagination to make the account of the story vivid and interesting? Check and Revise1. Do you presExpositionExpositionIn exposit

29、ory paper, we oftenexplain or explore somethinganalyze causes of a natural or social phenomenon, or the solution to a problem.make comparison or contrastdefine termsWhat is Exposition?The purpose of expository writing is to present facts and ideas by using various ways of logical development. In exp

30、ository paper, we oftenWe can present our ideas by ways of:Classification: Breaking subjects into partsDefinitionExamples: from general to specific Comparison and contrastCause and effectWe can present our ideas by waUnderstanding PovertyWhat is poverty in a little boys eyes?Describe his Christmas g

31、ift in front of his classmatesLaughed at by a roomful of children and a teacherP 146 Sample 1 ExampleUnderstanding PovertyP 146 SamP155: Comparison and contrast:using familiar things to explain the unfamiliarCompare: to see how two things are similarContrast: to see how two things are differentTwo d

32、evelopment methods:Point-to-point method Point 1 A, B Point 2 A, B Point 3 A, B2. Block method A Point 1, Point 2, Point 3 B Point 1, Point 2, Point 3 P155: Comparison and contrast:Cause & Effectone thing leading to anotherThesis statement:Sub-point 1: cause 1Sub-point 2: cause 2Sub-point 3: cause 3

33、Concluding paragraphCause & Effectone thing leadiAssignmentP150 Sample 4 ChinglishAssignmentP150 ArgumentationArgumentation Definition of argumentationIn argumentative paper, the writer often attempts to persuade a reader to adopt a certain point of view or to take a particular action using sound re

34、asoning and sound reasoning and solid evidence by stating facts giving logical reasons using examples quoting expertsWhats Argumentation?Making arguments means the presentation of facts and reasonsin support of a position held by the arguer and opposed by others. Definition of argumentationWh A posi

35、tionOne or more opponent of the positionA defender of the positionFacts in support of the position Reasons in support of the positionComponents of an Argumenta positionargueropponentFacts and reasons for or against the position A positionComponents of an ArExposition VS. ArgumentationTo understand somethingmore clearly and thoroughlyTo persuade a reader to adopt a point of viewReas