前后一致主谓一致+代词指代一致yo16

1、前后一致AGREEMENTTOC o 1-5 h z主谓一致1特殊名词的单复数1主谓很近1主语，插入语，谓语1主语of/for/withn谓语，从前不从后2主语谓语1and谓语2,两个谓语单复一致，都是跟随主语2代词指代一致2It第一次出现却没有指代对象-错选的特征2代词指代不明确（指代对象有多个）难点3指代单复数4指代用词不准确5主谓一致特殊名词的单复数OG12-77Theonlywayforgrowerstosalvagefrozencitrusistohaveitquicklyprocessedintojuiceconcentratebeforewarmerweatherreturnsa

2、ndrotsthefruitOG12-80AreportbytheAmericanAcademyfortheAdvancementofSciencehasconcludedthatmanyofthecurrentlyuncontrolleddioxinstowhichNorthAmericansareexposedcomefromtheincinerationofwastes.OG12-5Diabetes,togetherwithitsseriouscomplications,ranksasthenationsthirdleadingcauseofdeath,surpassedonlybyhe

3、artdiseaseandcancer.主谓很近OG12-2Althoughasurgeinretailsaleshasraisedhopesthatarecoveryisfinallyunderway,manyeconomistssaythatwithoutalargeamountofspendingtherecoverymightnotlast.OG12-13Asurgeinnewhomesalesandadropinweeklyunemploymentclaimssuggestthattheeconomymightnotbeasweakassomeanalystspreviouslyth

4、ought.OG12-55Manyhousebuildersofferrent-to-buy_programsthatenableafamilywithinsufficientsavingsforaconventionaldownpaymenttomoveintonewhousingandtoapplypartoftherenttoapurchaselater.OG12-129CajunsspeakadialectbroughttosouthernLouisianabythe4,000Acadianswhomigratedtherein1755;theirlanguageisbasically

5、seventeenth-centuryFrenchtowhichEnglish,Spanish,andItalianwordshavebeenadded主语四种语言，谓语用复数主语，插入语，谓语OG12-12Risinginventories,ifnotaccompaniedbycorrespondingincreasesinsales,canleadtoproductioncutbacksthatwouldhampereconomicgrowth.OG12-68Thefirsttrenchescutintoa500-acresiteatTellHamoukar,Syria,haveyield

6、edstrongevidencethatcentrallyadministeredcomplexsocietiesinnorthernregionsoftheMiddleEastarosesimultaneouslywithbutindependentlyofthemorecelebratedcity-statesofsouthernMesopotamia,inwhatisnowsouthernIraq.（社会）和那些著名的美索不达米亚南部的城邦同时但独立地兴起，也就是在现在伊拉克南部。OG12-95Thepeaksofamountainrange,actinglikerocksinastre

7、ambed,produceripplesintheairflowingoverthem;theresultingflowpattern,withcrestsandtroughsthatremainstationaryalthoughtheairthatformsthemismovingrapidly,isknownas“standingwaves.主语of/for/withn谓语，从前不从后OG12-33Becauseanoversupply_ofcomputerchipshassentpricesplunging,themanufacturerhasannouncedthatitwillcu

8、tproductionbyclosingitsfactoriesfortwodaysamonth.错选：becauseofplungingpricesforcomputerchips,whichisduetoanoversupply，这里which修饰prices,里面要用areOG12-60Whileallstatesfacesimilarindustrialwasteproblems,thepredominantindustriesandtheregulatoryenvironmentofeachstateobviouslydeterminethetypesandamountsofwast

9、eproduced,aswellasthecostofdisposal.OG12-78Fossilsofthearmofasloth,foundinPuertoRicoin1991,havebeendatedat34millionyearsold,makingthesloththeearliestknownmammalontheGreaterAntillesIslandsOG12-27Paleontologistsbelievethatfragmentsofaprimatejawbone(unearthedinBurmaandestimatedtobe40to44millionyearsold

10、)provideevidenceofacrucialstepalongthevolutionarypaththatledtohumanbeings.OG12-133LastweeklocalshrimpersheldanewsconferencetotakesomecreditfortheresurgenceoftherareKempsridleyturtle,sayingthattheircompliancewithlawsrequiringturtle-excluderdevicesonshrimpnetsisprotecting_adultseaturtles.主语谓语1and谓语2，两

11、个谓语单复一致，都是跟随主语OG12-66The32speciesthatmakeupthedolphinfamilyarecloselyrelatedtowhalesandinfactincludetheanimalknownasthekillerwhale,whichcangrowtobe30feetlongandisfamousforitsaggressivehuntingpods.OG12-126Theuseofliedetectorsisbasedontheassumptionthatlyingproducesemotionalreactionsinanindividual_that

12、,inturn,createunconsciousphysiologicalresponses.OG12-140Rocksamplestakenfromtheremainsofanasteroidabouttwicethesizeofthe6-mile-wideasteroid(thateradicatedthedinosaurs)_havebeendatedat3.47billionyearsoldandthusareevidenceoftheearliestknownasteroidimpactonEarth.代词指代一致平行代词指代一致，无论怎样，代词出现都不能破坏平行It第一次出现却没

13、有指代对象错选的特征OG12-4Ofallthevasttidesofmigrationthathavesweptthroughhistory,perhapsnonewasmoreconcentratedthanthewavethatbrought12millionimmigrantsontoAmericanshoresinlittlemorethanthreedecades.错选：perhaps/maybeitisnonethat.这里的it没有指代任何东西，没意义，去掉OG12-9LiketheBrontesandBrownings,JamesJoyceandVirginiaWoolfar

14、eoftensubjectedtothekindofvenerationthatblursthedistinctionbetweentheartistandthehumanbeing.错选：asitisof.it第一次出现，不知道指代什么OG12-29Theendoftheeighteenthcenturysawtheemergenceofprize-stockbreeding,withindividualbullsandcowsreceivingawards,fetchingunprecedentedprices,andexcitingenormousinterestwheneverthey

15、wereputonshow.错选：itexcited/ithadexcited这里it没有指代对象，错，而且破坏平行OG12-57Itcanhardlybesaidthateducatorsareatfaultfornotanticipatingtheimpactofmicrocomputertechnology:AlvinToffler,oneofthemostprominentstudentsofthefuture,didnotevenmentionmicrocomputersinFutureShock,publishedin1970.错选：besaidthatitistheirfault

16、.it/besaidthatitisthefaultof.it这里it没有指代对象OG12-71UnliketheoriginalNationalMuseumofScienceandTechnologyinItaly,wherethemodelsareencasedinglassoroperatedonlybystaffmembers,theVirtualLeonardoProject,anonlineversionofthemuseum,encouragesvisitorsto“toucheachexhibitandtherebyactivatetheanimatedfunctionsoft

17、hepiece.错选Cexhibit,anditwillactivate这里的it没有扌旨代对象，因为前面的touch是V的OG12-89century,butfinanciallystrainedtownshipspointoutthatdirtroadscosttwiceasmuchtomaintainaspavedroadsdo（tomaintaindirtroadsandpavedroads）错选：Dmaintainingdirtroadscoststwiceasmuchasitdoesforpavedroads，这里的it没有扌旨代对象代词指代不明确（指代对象有多个）难点错选的特征一

18、般代词和指代对象之间不要离得太远，或者之间不要出现其他名词，容易导致指代对象不明确代词和指代对象中间不能有其他名词（换位置）,或改成伴随状态/直接写明去掉代词（去it/they/one）当出现“从句，主语”结构时，注意从句的主语是谁，主句的主语和宾语位置变换会影响到从句的主语-从句和主句逻辑主语和语法主语要一致（换位置）OG12-6Inlate1997,thechambersinsidethepyramidofthePharaohMenkaureatGizawereclosedtovisitorsforcleaningandrepairbecausemoistureexhaledbytouri

19、stshadraisedthehumiditywithinthemtosuchlevelsthatsaltfromthestonewascrystallizingandfunguswasgrowingonthewalls.换位置C:becausetouristswereexhalingmoisture,whichhadraisedthehumiditywithinthemtolevelssuchthat其中which从句如果修饰的because从句（本身不对），就算可以这么修饰，其中的them变成指代tourists也改变了题意，变成游客提升了湿度。D:becauseofmoisturetha

20、twasexhaledbytouristsraisingthehumiditywithinthemtolevelsso其中raising.既可以修饰tourists也可以跳跃修饰moisture,如果是跳跃修饰需要加连接词that/which，然后them变成指代tourists不对。E中them清晰指chambersOG12-121Salesofwinesdeclinedinthelate1980s,buttheybegantogrowagainafterthe1991reportthatlinkedmoderateconsumptionofalcohol,andparticularlyof

21、redwine,withareducedriskofheartdisease.错选they在原句中指代sales，如果换了位置，并且前面出现大于一个的名词时，就会出现修饰对象不明确的情况。排除BD.而且CEcausedthem这里的them离sales好远，容易指代错误代词换位置OG12-23Oncedesignedwithitsweightconcentratedinametalcenter,thediscususedintrackcompetitionisnowlinedwithleadaroundtheperimeter,therebyimprovingstabilityinflight

22、andresultinginlongerthrows.错选：文中的主语是discus，不是weight，而AB中第二句中主语it指的是weight，错换位置OG12-58AleadingfigureintheScottishEnlightenment,AdamSmithwrotetwomajorbooksthataretodemocraticcapitalismwhatMarxsDasKapitalistosocialism.未划线部分aleadingfigure指人，即Adam，所以ABC中紧跟着books错误换位置OG12-47Fivefledglingseaeagleslefttheir

23、nestsinwesternScotlandthissummer,bringingto34thenumberofwildbirdssuccessfullyraisedsincetransplantsfromNorwaybeganin1975.错选：anditbrings/brought这里的it不知道是扌指代seaeagles还是Summer,nest反正扌指代不明确去itOG12-75Aproposalhasbeenmadetotrimthehornsfromrhinocerosestodiscouragepoachers;thequestionis_whethertouristswillc

24、ontinuetovisitgameparkstoseerhinocerosesoncetheanimalshornshavebeentrimmed.错选：AB中aftertheirhornsare,这里的their可以指代RHINOCEROSES和TOURISTS,歧义,要直接说明。BE中seeone里面的one很暧昧。写明对象，去oneOG12-78Fossilsofthearmofasloth,foundinPuertoRicoin1991,havebeendatedat34millionyearsold,makingthesloththeearliestknownmammalonthe

25、GreaterAntillesIslands写明对象，去it错选：代词指代不明，因为sloth只是前面句子的宾语，所以后面指代时不能单纯用it/this，要明确写出sloth。OG12-101Beingheavilycommittedtoacourseofaction,especiallyonethathasworkedwellinthepast,islikelytomakeanexecutivemisssignsofincipienttroubleormisinterpretthemwhentheydoappear.错选A中makesitlikelyto，这里的it可以扌指代executiv

26、e,courseofaction,不明确Ccourseofactionsigns.trouble,这里的it扌旨代也不明确去掉itOG12-102AsrainfallbegantodecreaseintheSouthwestaboutthemiddleofthetwelfthcentury,mostoftheMonumentValleyAnasaziabandonedtheirhomestojoinotherclanswhoseaccesstowaterwaslesslimited.Cwheretheyhad.they可以扌旨代mva或者otherclans去掉theyOG12-131Over

27、75percentoftheenergyproducedinFrancederivesfromnuclearpower,whereasnuclearpoweraccountsforjustover33percentoftheenergyproducedinGermany错选：Ait可以指代france,nuclearpower,不明确；Eit可以指代Germany或者energy或者nuclearpower,不明确；排除去掉itOG12-112Ababyemergesfromthedarknessofthewombwitharudimentarysenseofvisionthatwouldbe

28、ratedabout20/500;anadultwithsuchvisionwouldbedeemedlegallyblind.错选：Aasababaywithasenseofvision,it.,or.ifitwere.这里的两个it逻辑上应该都扌旨代baby,而语法上他们第二个扌旨代baby，第一个扌旨代senseofvision，所以错去掉itOG12-7Asitssalesofcomputerproductshavesurpassedthoseofmeasuringinstruments,thecompanyhasbecomeincreasinglywillingtocompetefo

29、rthemassmarketsalesitwouldinthepasthaveconcededtorivals当代词和他所指代的名词离得太远的时候，就会出现指代不明的错误。OG12-46InancientThailand,muchofthelocalartisanscreativeenergywasexpendedonthecreationofBuddhaimagesandon(constructionanddecoration)ofthetemplesinwhichtheywereenshrined.(这里they扌旨buddhaimages)OG12-103Yellowjacketsnum

30、beramongthe900orsospeciesoftheworldssocialwasps,(waspsthatliveinahighlycooperativeandorganizedsocietyconsistingalmostentirelyoffemales一thequeenandhersterilefemaleworkers.)括号内的东西都在修饰wasps指代单复数OG12-30Formembersoftheseventeenth-centuryAshantinationinAfrica,animal-hideshieldswithwoodenframeswereessentia

31、litemsofmilitaryequipment,protectingwarriorsagainstenemyarrowsandspears.错选：asamethod/protectiontoprotect这里items是复数，指代不能用单数amethod，错OG12-32Galileowasconvincedthatnaturalphenomena,(asmanifestationsofthelawsofphysics,)wouldappearthesametosomeon(onthedeckofashipmovingsmoothlyanduniformlythroughthewater)

32、astoaperson(standingonland).这样一个自然现象，对不管是在坐船在水面上滑行还是站在地面上不动的人来说，船表现都是一样的。错选：water,asitwouldtothe这里it不能指代phenomena，phenomena是复数OG12-91Nobodyknowsexactlyhowmanylanguagesthereareintheworld，partlybecauseofthedifficultyofdistinguishingbetweenalanguageandthesublanguagesordialectswithinit,butthosewhohavetr

33、iedtocounttypicallyhavefoundaboutfivethousand.注意distinguishingbetweenalanguageandthe.withinit，这里的sublanguagesanddialect是alanguage中的分支，所以within是withinalanguage，所以要用it。如果指代的是manylanguages，贝I用them。OG12-35Alongwiththedropinproducerpricesannouncedyesterday,thestrongretailsalesfiguresreleasedtodayseemtoin

34、dicatethattheeconomy,althoughgrowingslowly,isnotnearingarecession错选：likeitisindicativethat，这里的like本身错，就算对了，里面it指代salesfigures也错，要变成theyOG12-124FoundthroughoutCentralandSouthAmerica,theslothhangsfromtreesbyitslongrubberylimbs,sleeping15hoursadayandmovingsoinfrequentlythattwospeciesofalgaegrowonitscoa

35、tandbetweenitstoes.女口果用复数人家以为指代treesOG12-1TheGlassHouseMountainsinQueensland,Australia,weresightedin1770bytheEnglishnavigatorCaptainJamesCook,whosonamedthemsupposedlybecausetheir_sheerwetrocksglistenedlikeglass.OG12-132Althoughtheterm“psychopathispopularlyappliedtoanespeciallybrutalcriminal,inpsycho

36、logyitreferstosomeonewhoisapparentlyincapableoffeelingcompassionorthepangsofconscience.OG12-73Combiningenormousphysicalstrengthwithhigherintelligence,theNeanderthalsappeartohavebeenequippedtofaceanyobstacletheenvironmentcouldputintheirpath,(前面只讲了一种path，不用paths)buttheirrelativelysuddendisappearancedu

37、ringthePaleolithiceraindicatesthataninabilitytoadapttosomeenvironmentalchangeledtotheirextinction.OG12-40Dr.TonegawawontheNobelPrizefordiscoveringhowthebodycanconstantlychangeitsgenestofashion,seeminglyunlimitednumberofantibodies,eachtargetedspecificallyataninvadingmicrobeorforeignsubstance.OG12-85S

38、altdepositsandmoisturethreatentodestroytheMohenjo-DaroexcavationinPakistan,thesiteofanancientcivilizationthatflourishedatthesametimeasthecivilizationsintheNileDeltaandtherivervalleysoftheTigrisandEuphrates.划线的that从句修饰civillizaion，代词不能用复数those。OG12-139Thecompanyannouncedthatitsprofitsdeclinedmuchlessinthesecondquarterthananalystshadexpectedandthatitsbusinesswouldimproveinthesecondhalfoftheyear.错选：it不能指代profits，要用复数they/them，排除Ahadexpecteditto;CEexpecteditwouldandhtatitwill;而且就算用了也累赘啊，想办法避免。而且根据题意，本身expect的宾语就是analyst，再加上it或者they都不