2022年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语(一)真题及答案

1、2022年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语(一)真题及答案（江南博哥）材料题根据下列材料，回答问1-20题The idea that plants have some degree of consciousness first took root in the early 2000s; the term "plant neurobiology" was 1 around the notion that some aspects of plant behavior could be 2 to intelligence in animals.&

2、#160;3 plants lack brains, the firing of electrical signals in their stems and leaves nonetheless triggered responses that 4 consciousness, researchers previously reported.But such an idea is untrue, according to a new opinion article. Plant biology is complex and fascinating, but it&

3、#160;5 so greatly from that of animals that so-called 6 of plants' intelligence is inconclusive, the authors wrote.Beginning in 2006, some scientists have 7 that plants possess neuron-like cells that interact with hormones and neurotransmitters, 8 "a plant

4、 nervous system, 9 to that in animals," said lead study author Lincoin Tair, “They 10 claimed that plants have "brain-like command centers" at their root tips.”This 11 makes sense if you simplify the workings of a complex brain, 12 it to an arra

5、y of electrical pulses; cells in plants also communicate through electrical signals. 13 , the signaling in a plant is only 14 similar to the firing in a complex animal brain, which is more than "a mass of cells that communicate by electricity," Tair said."For consc

6、iousness to evolve, a brain with a threshold 15 of complexity and capacity is required," he 16 . "Since plants dont have nervous systems, the 17 that they have consciousness are effectively zero."And what's so great about consciousness, anyway? Plants

7、 can't run away from 18 , so investing energy in a body system which 19 a threat and can feel pain would be a very 20 evolutionary strategy, according to the article.1 单选题 第1题答案是A.coinedB.discoveredC.collectedD.issued正确答案：A参考解析：coin 创造  discover 发现、找到

8、   collect 获得、收集  issue 发布、发表翻译：植物神经生物学这个这与被_，围绕着这个概念，植物某些方面的行为可以与动物的智力相对比。原文意思为"plant neurobiology"这个术语产生于一个概念(notion)， that 后面的部位是同位语从句，修饰notion，所以空格处应该是被产生、被创造，A正确。2 单选题 第2题答案是A.attributedB.directedC.comparedD.confined正确答案：C参考解析：attribute 把.归因于   direc

9、t 指向、指示  compare 比较   confine 限制翻译：植物神经学这个术语被创造源于一个概念，这个概念是植物的某些行为可以与动物的某些智力行为相_。将A选项带入，植物的某些行为归因于动物的智力，错误。B选项，植物的某些行为可以指向动物的智力，错误，D带入，植物行为的某些行为可能只局限于动物的智力，C选项，植物的某些行为可以与动物的智力行为相比较。C正确。3 单选题 第3题答案是A.unlessB.whenC.onceD.though正确答案：D参考解析：unless 除非  when 当.  

10、0;once 一.就. 、曾经  though 尽管翻译：_植物没有大脑，但是在它茎和叶中发射电信号还是触发了反应，这个暗示意识的存在。人的大脑是存在意识的，植物没有大脑，但是它还有电信号的反应，前后两句有转折，D正确。4 单选题 第4题答案是A.coped withB.consisted ofC.hinted atD.extended正确答案：C参考解析：cope with 解决、处理  consist of 由.构成  hint at 暗指  extend 延伸翻译：尽管植物没有大脑，但是在植物的茎和叶中发射电信号也能产生反应，这

11、个反应_意识。将四个选项带入，只有C符合题意。5 单选题 第5题答案是A.suffersB.benefitsC.developsD.differs正确答案：D参考解析：suffer 忍受   benefit 好处  develop 发展  differ 有区别翻译：植物生物学是复杂而迷人的，它与动物生物学有很大_，以至于所谓的植物智力是不能让人信服的。differ. from 与.不同，固定搭配，D正确。6 单选题 第6题答案是A.acceptanceB.evidenceC.cultivationD.cr

12、eation正确答案：B参考解析：acceptance 接受   evidence 证据  cultivation 培养  creation 创造翻译：植物生物学是复杂而迷人的，但是它跟动物生物学还是有很大的区别，以至于所谓的植物智力存在的_是不让人信服的。上一段说 the firing of electrical signals in their stems and leaves nonetheless triggered responses that hinted at consciousness，因为对电信号有反应，所以植物有可能存在意识

13、，本段，Plant biology is so differ form that of animal，所以应该是evident of plant's animal is inconclusive植物智力存在的证据是不令人信服的。B正确。7 单选题 第7题答案是A.doubtedB.deniedC.arguedD.requested正确答案：C参考解析：doubt 怀疑  deny 否认  argue 主张、认为  request 要求翻译：一些科学家_植物有类似于神经元的细胞，这些细胞可以与激素和神经介质相互作用。根据后文的they c

14、laimed that plants have "brain-like command centers" 所以他们一开始应该是认为植物有神经元细胞。C正确。8 单选题 第8题答案是A.adaptingB.formingC.repairingD.testing正确答案：B参考解析：adapt 适应、适合  form 形成、构成  repair 修理、修补 test 测试翻译：一些科学家认为植物具有类似于神经元的细胞，他们能与激素和神经介质相互作用，这些神经元细胞_一个植物神经系统，类似于动物的神经系统。这里填写一个动名词，主语是前面的n

15、euron-like cells ，原句为neuron-like cells is _ a plant nervous system. 根据题意，这些类似于神经元的细胞构成了一个植物神经系统。B正确。9 单选题 第9题答案是A.analogousB. essentialC. suitableD.sensitive正确答案：A参考解析：analogous 类似的、相似的   essential 基本的、必不可少的   suitable 合适的、适当的  sensitive 敏感的翻译：一些科学家认为植物具有

16、类似于神经元的细胞，他们能与激素和神经介质相互作用，这些神经元细胞构成了一个植物神经系统，_动物的神经系统。文章一直在用动物和植物做对比，带入analogous to 类似于，符合题意，A正确。10 单选题 第10题答案是A.justB.everC.stillD.even正确答案：D参考解析：just 仅仅  ever 曾经  still 仍然  even 甚至翻译：他们_声称植物在根尖有一个动物大脑一样的指挥中心。空格处填写一个副词，根据上下文，第一句plants possess neuron-like cells that interact

17、 with hormones and neurotransmitters(植物拥有类似于神经元的细胞)，本段他们声称植物拥有动物大脑一样的指挥中心，两句话为递进关系，D正确。11 单选题 第11题答案是A.restrictionB. experimentC.perspectiveD. demand正确答案：C参考解析：restriction 限定、限制  experiment  经验、体验  perspective 看法、景色  demand  要求、需要翻译：这个_合乎情理，如果你把复杂大脑的职能简化。

18、空格处填写一个名词，结合题意，应该是观点合乎情理，所以C选项"perspective" 看法，正确。12 单选题 第12题答案是_.A.attachingB.reducingC.returningD.exposing正确答案：B参考解析：attach 赋予、附加   reduce 减少、缩小   return 返回、回应  expose 揭发、暴露翻译：如果你简化复杂大脑的运行机制，把它_为一系列的电脉冲，那么这个观点合乎情理。跟提议，大脑的运行与 一系列电脉冲相比，一个很复杂，一个很简单，所以一个很高级

19、，一个很低级，所以reducing it to "将其简化为." 。B符合题意。13 单选题 第13题答案是_.A.HoweverB.MoreoverC.ThereforeD.Otherwise正确答案：A参考解析：however 然而   moreover 此外、而且  therefore 因此  otherwise 除此之外、否则翻译：植物中的细胞交流是通过电信号，_植物中的信号传递只是表面上与复杂动物大脑的信号传递相似。动物的细胞不仅仅是“大量通过电进行交流的细胞”。空格填写一个连词，体现两个句子之间的关系，

20、根据植物与动物的对比，植物细胞是通过电信号交流的，但是动物细胞更复杂，which is more than "a mass of cells that communicate by electricity," 所以前后两句表转折。A正确。14 单选题 第14题答案是_.A.temporarilyB.literallyC.superficiallyD.imaginarily正确答案：C参考解析：temporarily 暂时地  literally 字面地、真正地  superficially 表面地、肤浅地  imaginar

21、ily 想象中地翻译：植物中的细胞交流是通过电信号，然而植物中的信号传递只是_与复杂动物大脑的信号传递相似。动物的细胞不仅仅是“大量通过电进行交流的细胞”。根据前后意思，which is more than "a mass of cells that communicate by electricity,"说明植物细胞跟动物细胞是不同的，the signal in plant 与 the signal in animal 只是表面的相似，C正确。15 单选题 第15题答案是_.A.listB.levelC.labelD.local正确答案：B参考解析：l

22、ist  清单  level 等级   label 标签   local 本地的翻译：为了让意识能够不断进化，大脑有一个复杂_的临界值，和一定的容量。大脑需要有一定的容量，容纳新的东西，也需要有一定程度的复杂度，大脑越进化，容量会越大，复杂程度会更高，所以level"等级"，符合题意，B正确。16 单选题 第16题答案是_.A.recalledB.agreedC.questionedD.added正确答案：D参考解析：racall 回忆、使想到  agree 同意、赞同  q

23、uestion 质疑   add 补充、增加前一句描述了为了使意识进化，大脑要具备一些什么with a threshold level of complexity and capacity is required，后一句，因为没有神经系统，所以它有意识的可能性几乎为0，后一句是对前一句的补充，D正确。17 单选题 第17题答案是_.A.chancesB.risksC.excusesD.assumptions正确答案：A参考解析：chance 机会  risk 风险  excuse 借口  assumption 假定翻译：因为

24、植物没有神经系统，所以植物具有意识的_实际上为零。空格处填写一个名词，后面that they have consciousness 修饰这个名词，宾语为zero  动词为 are， 所以根据题意，应该是植物拥有意识的概率、机会为零。A正确。18 单选题 第18题答案是_.A.dangerB.failureC.warningD.control正确答案：A参考解析：danger 危险  failure 失败  warning 警告  control 控制翻译：据这篇文章说，植物无法逃离_.因为植物是不能移动的，所以根据四个选项c

25、an't run away from /危险/失败/警告/控制。A正确。19 单选题 第19题答案是_.A.representsB.includesC.revealsD.recognizes正确答案：D参考解析：represent 代表、象征  include 包括  reveal 揭示、展示  recognize 认出、识别 翻译：植物不能逃离危险，所以把建立一个能_威胁和感受疼痛身体系统会是一个非常糟糕的进化策略。空格处是一个定语从句，a body system 是先行词，后面连接两个两句，a body system wh

26、ich _ a threat  , a body system which can feel pain,  所以应该是识别威胁，和感受疼痛，这也是神经系统的作用。C正确。20 单选题 第20题答案是_.A.humbleB.poorC.practicalD.easy正确答案：B参考解析：humble 谦逊  poor 低劣的  practical 可行的、有用的  easy 简单的翻译：植物不能逃离危险，所以把建立一个能感知威胁和感受疼痛身体系统会是一个非常_的进化策略。因为植物不能移动，所以进化

27、出身体系统，然后感受到疼痛，和威胁对植物来说 ，是一件吃力不讨好的事，所以这个进化策略是非常糟糕的。B正确。材料题根据以下材料，回答21-25题People often complain that plastics are too durable. Water bottles, shopping bags, and other trash litter the planet, from Mount Everest to the Mariana Trench, because plastics are everywhere and don't break down easily. But

28、 some plastic materials change over time. They crack and frizzle. They "weep" out additives. They melt into sludge. All of which creates huge headaches for institutions, such as museums, trying to preserve culturally important objects. The variety of plastic objects at risk is dizzying: ea

29、rly radios, avant-garde sculptures, celluloid animation stills from Disney films, the first artificial heart.Certain artifacts are especially vulnerable because some pioneers in plastic art didn't always know how to mix ingredients properly, says Thea van Oosten, a polymer chemist who, until ret

30、iring a few years ago, worked for decades at the Cultural Heritage Agency of the Netherlands. "It's like baking a cake: If you don't have exact amounts, it goes wrong," she says. "The object you make is already a time bomb."And sometimes, it's not the artist's fau

31、lt. In the 1960s, the Italian artist Picro Gilardi began to create hundreds of bright, colorful foam pieces. Those pieces included small beds of roses and other items as well as a few dozen "nature carpets" - large rectangles decorated with foam pumpkins, cabbages, and watermelons. He want

32、ed viewers to walk around on the carpets - which meant they had to be durable.Unfortunately, the polyurethane foam he used is inherently unstable. It's especially vulnerable to light damage, and by the mid-1990s, Gilardi's pumpkins, roses, and other figures were splitting and crumbling. Muse

33、ums locked some of them away in the dark. So van Oosten and her colleagues worked to preserve Gilardi's sculptures. They infused some with stabilizing and consolidating chemicals. Van Oosten calls those chemicals "sunscreens" because their goal was to prevent further light damage and r

34、ebuild worn polymer fibers. She is proud that several sculptures have even gone on display again, albeit sometimes beneath protective cases.Despite success stories like van Oosten's, preservation of plastics will likely get harder. Old objects continue to deteriorate. Worse, biodegradable plasti

35、cs designed to disintegrate, are increasingly common. And more is at stake here than individual objects. Joana Lia Ferreira, an assistant professor of conservation and restoration at the NOVA School of Science and Technology, notes that archaeologists first defined the great material ages of human h

36、istory - Stone Age, Iron Age, and so on - after examining artifacts in museums. We now live in an age of plastic, she says, "and what we decide to collect today, what we decide to preserve . will have a strong impact on how in the future we'll be seen."21 单选题 According to Par

37、agraph 1, museums are faced with difficulties in_.A.maintaining their plastic itemsB.obtaining durable plastic artifactsC.handling outdated plastic exhibitsD.classifying their plastic collections正确答案：A参考解析：But some plastic materials change over time. They crack and frizzle. They "weep" out

38、 additives. They melt into sludge. All of which creates huge headaches for institutions, such as museums, trying to preserve culturally important objects.  但一些塑料材料会随着时间的推移而发生变化。它们裂开了，变形了。他们消耗掉了添加剂。它们融化成沉淀物。所有这些都给博物馆等试图保护重要文化物品的机构带来了巨大的麻烦。所以博物馆所面临的的问题是如何，维护塑料产品。A正确。22 单选题 Van Oost

39、en believes that certain plastic objects areA.immune to decay.B.improperly shaped.C.inherently flawed.D.complex in structure.正确答案：B参考解析：Certain artifacts are especially vulnerable because some pioneers in plastic art didn't always know how to mix ingredients properly.  某些文物尤其脆弱，因为一些塑料艺

40、术的先驱并不总是知道如何正确地混合材料。don't know how to mix ingredients properly  与 improperly shaped 同义。B正确。23 单选题 Museums stopped exhibiting some of Gilardis artworks to_.A.keep them from hurting visitors.B.duplicate them for future display.C.have their ingredients analyzed.D.prevent them from fu

41、rther damage.正确答案：D参考解析：Unfortunately, the polyurethane foam he used is inherently unstable. It's especially vulnerable to light damage, and by the mid-1990s, Gilardi's pumpkins, roses, and other figures were splitting and crumbling. Museums locked some of them away in the dark. So van Ooste

42、n and her colleagues worked to preserve Gilardi's sculptures.   不幸的是，他使用的聚氨酯泡沫本身就不稳定。它特别容易受到光的损坏，到了20世纪90年代中期，吉拉尔迪的南瓜、玫瑰和其他雕像开始分裂和破碎。博物馆把其中一些人锁在了黑暗中。因此，范·奥斯汀和她的同事们努力保护吉拉尔迪的雕塑。 所以博物馆不再展示Gilardi的艺术作品是为了保护它不再受到进一步的破坏，D正确。24 单选题 The author thinks that preservation of plastic

43、s is_.A.costlyB.unworthyC.unpopularD.challenging正确答案：D参考解析：Despite success stories like van Oosten's, preservation of plastics will likely get harder. Old objects continue to deteriorate. Worse, biodegradable plastics designed to disintegrate, are increasingly common. 尽管有像范·奥斯汀这样的成功故事，

44、但塑料的保存可能会变得更加困难。旧的物品继续变质。更糟糕的是，可分解的生物可降解塑料越来越普遍。  由题意得，所以作者认为preservation of plastics is challenging（有挑战的）。D正确。25 单选题 In Ferreira's opinion, preservation of plastic artifacts_.A.will inspire future scientific researchB.has profound historical significanceC.will help us separa

45、te the material agesD.has an impact on today's cultural life正确答案：B参考解析：We now live in an age of plastic, she says, "and what we decide to collect today, what we decide to preserve . will have a strong impact on how in the future we'll be seen." 她说，我们现在生活在一个充斥着塑料的时代，“我们今天决定收集什么

46、，我们决定保存什么这将对未来产生强烈的影响。”    have a strong impact on与 profound historical significance 同义。B正确材料题根据以下材料，回答26-30题As the latest crop of students pen their undergraduate application form and weigh up their options, it may be worth considering just how the point, purpose and value of a

47、degree has changed and what Generation Z need to consider as they start the third stage of their educational journey.Millennials were told that if you did well in school, got a decent degree, you would be set up for life. But that promise has been found wanting. As degrees became universal, they bec

48、ame devalued. Education was no longer a secure route of social mobility. Today 28 percent of graduates in the UK are in non-graduate roles, a percentage which is double the average among OECD countries.This is not to say that there is no point in getting a degree, but rather stress that a degree is

49、not for everyone, that the switch from classroom to lecture hall is not an inevitable one and that other options are available.Thankfully, there are signs that this is already happening, with Generation Z seeking to learn from their millennial predecessors, even if parents and teachers tend to be st

50、ill set in the degree mindset. Employers have long seen the advantages of hiring school leavers who often prove themselves to be more committed and loyal employees than graduates. Many too are seeing the advantages of scrapping a degree requirement for certain roles.For those for whom a degree is th

51、e desired route, consider that this may well be the first of many. In this age of generalists, it pays to have specific knowledge or skills. Postgraduates now earn 40 percent more than graduates. When more and more of us have a degree, it makes sense to have two.It is unlikely that Generation Z will

52、 be done with education at 18 or 21; they will need to be constantly up-skilling throughout their career to stay employable. It has been estimated that this generation, due to the pressures of technology, the wish for personal fulfilment and desire for diversity, will work for 17 different employers

53、 over the course of their working life and have five different careers. Education, and not just knowledge gained on campus, will be a core part of Generation Z's career trajectory.Older generations often talk about their degree in the present and personal tense: I am a geographer 'or' I

54、am a classist. Their sons or daughters would never say such a thing; it's as if they already know that their degree won't define them in the same way.26 单选题 the author suggests that Generation Z should_A.be careful in choosing a collegeB.be diligent at each educational stageC.reass

55、ess the necessity of college educationD.postpone their undergraduate application正确答案：C参考解析：As the latest crop of students pen their undergraduate application form and weigh up their options, it may be worth considering just how the point, purpose and value of a degree has changed and what Generation

56、 Z need to consider as they start the third stage of their educational journey.  随着最新一批学生撰写他们的本科申请表并权衡他们的选择，一个学位的意义、目的和价值如何改变，以及Z一代在开始他们第三阶段的学习生涯时需要考虑什么。这都是值得思考的问题。 总结来说就是，generration Z 需要重新评估大学学习的重要性，C正确。27 单选题 The percentage of UK graduates in non-graduate roles reflectA.Millen

57、nial's opinions about workB.the shrinking value of a degreeC.public discontent with educationD.the desired route of social mobility正确答案：B参考解析：As degrees became universal, they became devalued. Education was no longer a secure route of social mobility. Today 28 percent of graduates in the UK are

58、in non-graduate roles. 随着学位的普及，它们就开始贬值了。教育不再是社会流动的安全途径。如今，英国有28%的毕业生扮演着非毕业生的角色。 因为教育普及了，学历就开始贬值了，B正确。28 单选题 The author considers it a good sign that_A.Generation Z are seeking to earn a decent degree.B.School leavers are willing to be skilled workers.C.Employers are taking a realistic

59、 attitude to degreesD.Parents are changing their minds about education.正确答案：C参考解析：Employers have long seen the advantages of hiring school leavers who often prove themselves to be more committed and loyal employees than graduates. Many too are seeing the advantages of scrapping a degree requirement

60、for certain roles. 长期以来，雇主们已经看到了雇佣学校毕业生的好处，他们经常证明自己比毕业生更忠诚和忠诚。许多人也看到了取消对某些角色的学位要求的好处。 作者认为这是一个好迹象，是因为许多人也看到了取消对某些角色的学位要求的好处，即Employers are taking a realistic attitude to degrees"雇主们对学位的态度越来越实际、明智"。C正确。29 单选题 It is advised in Paragraph 5 that those with one degree shouldA.make an

61、early decision on their careerB.attend on the job training programsC.team up with high-paid postgraduatesD.further their studies in a specific field正确答案：D参考解析：For those for whom a degree is the desired route, consider that this may well be the first of many. In this age of generalists, it pays to ha

62、ve specific knowledge or skills. Postgraduates now earn 40 percent more than graduates. When more and more of us have a degree, it makes sense to have two. 对于很多人来说学位是所需的，学位可能是第一个需要考虑的问题。在这个多元化的时代，拥有特定的知识或技能是值得的。研究生现在的收入比毕业生高出40%。当我们中越来越多的人拥有一个学位时，去获得第二个学位也是合乎情理的。所以那些有一个学位的人，应该进一步学习。D正确。30 单选