大学英语精读第6册课文全文翻译-中英对照

1、大学英语精读第6册全文课文翻译A surprising amountof one's time as a student andprofessional is spent reporting the results of one's research projects for presentation to teachers, managers, and clients. Indeed, without basic research skills and the ability to present research results clearly and completely

2、, an individual will encounter many obstacles in school and on the job. The need for some research-writing ability is felt nearly equally by college students in all fields, engineering and science as well as business and the humanities. Graduate study often makes great demands on the student's r

3、esearch-writingskills, and mostprofessions continue the demand; education, advertising and marketing, economics and accounting, science and engineering, psychology, anthropology, the arts, and agriculture may all require regular reporting of research data.The standard research report, regardless of

4、the field or the intended reader , contains four major sections.Thesesections may be broken down into a variety of subsections, and they may be arranged in a variety of ways, but they regularly make up the core of the report.Problem Section. The first required section of a research report is the sta

5、tement of the problem with which the research project is concerned. This section requires a precise statement of the underlying question which the researcher has set out to answer . In this same section there should be an explanation of the significance - social, economic, medical, psychological, ed

6、ucational, etc.- ofthe question; in other words, why the investigation was worth conducting. Thus, if we set out, for example, to answer the question "What is the effect of regular consumption of fast foods on the health of the American teenager?" we must explain that the question is thoug

7、ht to have significant relevance to the health of this segment of the population and might lead to some sort of regulations on such foods.consist of summaries of the contributions of previous第六册RESEARCHREPORTSFORBUSINESSANDTHECNICALWRITINGELEMENTSOFTHERESEARCHPAPERAfrequentsubsectionofthisproblemsec

8、tionisareviewofpastresearchonthetopicbeinginvestigated.Thiswould商务、技术研究报告的写作作为学生和专业人员，他们花了大量时间将自己的研究项目的结果报告给老师，经理和委托人。的确，一个人如果没有从事研究工作的基本技能和将研究成果清楚而完整地表达的能力，那么他就会在学习和工作中碰到许多障碍。科研写作能力的需要对于在各个领域的学生都是相等的，无论理工科学生还是商务、人文学科的学生都是这样研究生阶段的学习对学生的科研写作提出了很高的要求，而且大多数职业继续要求这样：教育（学）、广告与市场营销、经济学与会计学，理工科、心理学、人类学、艺术以

9、及农艺可能都要定期报告研究的信息。研究报告的要素标准的研究报告，不论是哪个领域或针对哪类读者，都有四个主要部分。这些大的部分可以分成许多小的部分，而且结构安排可以多种多样，但是报告的核心通常由这四大部分组成的。问题部分。研究报告的首要部分就是陈述研究项目所涉及的问题。这一部分要求准确阐述研究者要问答的根本问题。在这同一个部分里应该从社会、经济，医学、心理、教育方面来解释问题的意义：换言之，为什么值得进行这项研究。这样，举例来说，如果我们开始回答“经常食用快餐食品对美国青少年有什么影响？"那么我们就必须解释,此问题认为同这部分的人口有着非常密切的关系，可能导致对此类食品作出某种规定。问

10、题这一部分通常有一个小部分对该课题过去的研究民情况进行回顾。这可能包括对这个问题以前的研究者作出的贡献进行总结以及对这些贡献作出某种评价。这一小部分具有修辞作用，因为它显示了所提供的资料是在对本领域所取得的成researcher to theunderconsiderationwithsomeassessmentof the value of these contributions.This果透彻理解的基础上取得的，因而它提高了对研subsectionhasrhetoricalusefulnessinthatitenhancesthe credibility of the researcher

11、 by indicating that the data presented is based on a thorough knowledge of what has been done in the field and, possibly, grows out of someinvestigative tradition.Procedures Section. Theresearch report details,second majorwith as much datasection of theas possible,exactly how the studywas carried ou

12、t.This sectionincludes description of any necessary equipment, how thesubjects were selected if subjectswereused, whatstatistical technique was used to evaluate the significance of the findings, how many observations were made andwhen, etc. An investigation of the relative effectiveness of various s

13、wim-strokes would have to detail the number ofswimmers tested, the nature of the tests conducted, theexperience of the swimmers, the weather conditions at the time of the test, and any other factors that contributed tothe overall experiment. The goal of the procedures section is to allow the reader

14、to duplicate the experiment if suchwere desired to confirm, or refute, your findings.Results Section. The third, and perhaps most important, section of the research report is the presentation of theresults obtained from the investigation. The basic rule in this section is to give all data relevantto

15、the research究者的可信度。弁且很可能是从某种调查研究中 得出来的。过程部分。研究报告的第二大部分准确阐述了， 用尽可能多的资料，研究是如何进行的。这部分包括说明所需要的设备，实验对象是怎样选择的,如果使用了的话，用什么统计方法来评价实验成果的意义，进行了多少次观察以及什么时候进行的等。如果要对不同泳姿的相应效果进行研究的话，那么就要详细说明参加测试的人数，进行测试的性质，游泳者的经历，进行测试的天气条件，以及对整个实验有影响的其它因素。过程部分的目的是让读者能模拟实验，如果他愿意这么样来证实或驳斥你的结果的话。结果部分。研究报告的第三，也许是最重要的部分是展示从研究中获得的结果。这

16、部分的基本原 则就是对最初提出的问题提供一切有关的资料。当然，虽然人的自然倾向可能是对任何在某方面 与自己的假设不符的结果进行隐瞒，可是这种不question initially asked. Although, of course, one's natural tendency might be to suppress any findings which do not in some way support one's hypothesis, such dishonesty isantithetical to good research reporting in any f

17、ield. If the experiments undertaken fail to prove anything, if the datawas inadequate or contrary to expectations, should be honestly written and as complete as possible, just as it would be if the hypothesis were totally proven bythe report诚实与任何领域优秀的研究报告是相背的。如果所进行的实验不能证实什么，如果资料不充分或与期望相反，那么研究报告就应该如实

18、而且尽可能完整地写下来，就象假设被研究证实了的那样把它写下来。讨论部分。研究报告的最后一个必要部分就是讨theresearch.DiscussionSection.Thefinalrequiredsectionofresearchreportisadiscussionoftheresultsobtainedand论所获得的结果，阐述从那些结果中得出的任何结论。在商务和技术的研究报告中，人们主要关注是结果的可靠性，这也是公司决策的依据；我 们策划的项目符合联邦环境政策吗？会得到批准for company decisions:Will our plannedconstructionprojecta

19、pprovedmeet federalfor building?environmentalguidelinesandbe进行吗？这个新项目会吸引技术人材到我们公skilledpersonnel toWill this new programour company? W川 thisattractnew oil司来吗？从金融方面看，这项石油回收新技术可行吗？这样，研究报告的讨论必须全面评价研究recoverydiscussiontechnique be financially feasible? Thus, the section of the research report must evalu

20、atethe research results fully: were they validly obtained, are they complete or limited, are they applicable over a wide rangeof circumstances?The discussion section should成果：它们获得是否真实？它们是完整的还是有局限性？它们的应用范围很大吗？讨论部分也应该指出哪些问题仍然没有找到答案，也许对进astatementofanyconclusionswhichmaybedrawnfromthoseresults.Ofprimar

21、yinterestinbusinessandtechnicalresearchreportsisthevalidityoftheresultsasthebasesalsopointoutwhatquestionremainunansweredandperhapssuggestdirectionsforfurtherresearch.STYLEOFRESEARCHREPORTSResearchreportsareconsideredformalprofessionalcommunication.Assuch,thereislittleemphasisonalivelystyle,although

22、,ofcourse,thereisnoobjectiontowritingthatispleasingandinteresting.Theprimarygoalsofprofessionalcommunicationareaccuracy,clarity,andcompleteness.Theroughdraftofanyresearchreportshouldbeeditedtoensurethatalldataiscorrectlypresented,thatallequipmentislisted,thatallresultsareproperlydetailed.Asanaidtoth

23、ereader,headingsindicatingatleastthemajorsectionofthereportshouldbeused,andalldatashouldbepresentedundertheproperheadings.Inadditiontotheirfunctionofsuggestingtothereaderthecontentsofeachsection,headingsenhancetheformalappearanceandprofessionalqualityofthereport,increasetosomedegreethewriter'scr

24、edibilitybyreflectingalogicalandmethodicalapproachtothereportingprocess,andeliminatetheneedforwordytransitionaldevicesbetweensections.Researchdatashouldbepresentedinawaythatplacesproperemphasisonmajoraspectoftheproject.Fordifferentreadersdifferentaspectswilltakeondifferentdegreesofimportance,andsome

25、considerationshouldbegiventostructuringresearchreportsdifferentlyfordifferentaudiences.Management,forexample,willbemostconcernedwiththeresultsofaresearchproject,andthustheresultssectionshouldbeemphasized,probablybypresentingitimmediatelyaftertheproblemsectionandbeforetheproceduressection.Otherresear

26、cherswouldbemostinterestedintheproceduressection,andthisshouldbehighlightedinwritingupresearchprojectsforpublicationinprofessionaljournalsorforpresentationatprofessionalconferences.Fornon-technicalreadersandfederalagencies,theimplicationsoftheresultsmightbethemostimportantconsideration,andemphasissh

27、ouldbeplacedonthediscussionofthereportforthisreadership.Foradditionalclarityandemphasis,majorresultsshouldbepresentedinavisualformat-tables,charts,graphs,diagrams-aswellasinaverbalone.Beyondcheckingthereportforclarityandaccuracyinthepresentationoftechnicaldata,theauthorofaresearch步研究提出一些建议。研究报告的文体人们

28、认为研究报告是属于正规的专业交流。并不强调用活泼文体，当然也不反对文章写得生 动有趣。专业交流的主要目的是准确、明晰，完整。校订任何研究报告初稿都应保证所有资料正 确提供，所有设备列出，所有结果恰当详述。为 方便读者，应该使用标题，至少标明报告的主要 部分，而所有资料都应当在恰当的标题下陈述。标题除了有向读者提示每部分内容的功能外，它 还提高了报告的规范性和学术质量，同时报告是 按逻辑、有条理地写出来的，因此在某种程度上增加了作者的可信度，消除了报告各部分之间冗 长的承上启下的词语。应该用一种恰当强调项目主要方面的方式陈述研究资料。对于不同的读者来说，不同的方面具有 不同的重要性。应该考虑到报

29、告的结构因不同的读者而有所不同。例如：资方对研究项目的结果 最为关心，所以这部分应该加以强调。在问题部分之后和过程部分之前有可能立即出现。其他的 研究人员对过程部分尤为感兴趣，所以在把研究 项目整理成文用于在专业刊物发表或在专业会议上宣读时，这一部分应该着重突出。对于非专业读者和联邦机构来说，首要考虑的是研究结果的含 意，对于这部分读者来说，应该强调讨论部分。另外为了明晰、强调，主要成果不仅应该用书面 文字而且还应该用表格，图表，图解，简图等直 观形式来表述。除了检查研究报告是否在技术资料方面表达清楚、准确外，作者还应该检查基本语法和打印方 面是否准确。在陈述复杂信息时最好使用短句。应该使用列

30、举方法来避免长篇大论，强调信息。研究报告的作者应该在不损害报告的专业质量的 情况下尽可能使用最简单的语言。虽然专业术语 能够使用，但虚饰的行为应当避免。一篇完整的据此,reportshouldreviewforbasicgrammaticalandmechanicalaccuracy.Shortsentencesarepreferabletolonginthepresentationofcomplexinformation.Listings一shouldbeusedtobreakuplongpassagesofproseandtoemphasizeinformation.Theresearch

31、writershouldtrytousethesimplestpossiblelanguagewithoutsacrificingtheprofessionalqualityofthereport.Althoughspecializedtermscanbeused,pretentiousjargonshouldbeavoided.Afinishedresearchreportshouldbereadableandusefuldocumentpreparedwiththereaderinmind.CONCLUSIONAlthoughwestrugglewithresearchreportsinh

32、ighschool,dreadthemincollege,andareoftenburdenedbytheminourprofessionallive,learningtolivecomfortablywiththemisarelativelyeasytask.Apositiveattitude(i.e.onethatseemtheoralorwrittenpresentationofresearchto the data-gatheringresultsasofequalimportanceprocess);anorderlyapproachwhichincludesprewriting(i

33、.e.,beforeanyactualresearchisdone,theresearchershouldtrytogetdownonpaperasmuchaboutthesubjectunderinvestigationaspossible)andaformalresearchreport structureastheframeworkfortheinvestigation;研究报告应该是一份把读者装在心中，可读而又 有用的文献。结论虽然我们在中学就努力去写好研究报告，在 大学仍有点害怕，在专业生活中还经常感到它是一种负担，然而学会与之泰然相处也是一件相对 容易的事。为了帮助人们及时而又有效

34、地写出报告，人们应该做到：有一种积极的态度（即把口 头和书面陈述研究成果与资料收集过程看成同样重要）：写作步骤井然有序，包括写作前的准备工 作（即在进行实际研究工作之前，研究者应当尽可 能多地把与研究课题有关的资料写下来）有一个正式研究报告的构思作为调查的框架；有一个 合理的写作方法，包括为了准确、清楚、将会很 有效的进行校订过程。andareasonableapproachtotheactualwritingprocessincludingeditingforaccuracyandclarity,willhelponetoproduceeffectiveresearchreportseffi

35、ciently.THEBEGINNINGOFACARREERDearMother,职业的开端贝尔蒙特宾馆，1952年6月11日亲爱 的妈妈：你那份令我吃惊的电报，宣布了由我转寄的 明顿家的星期天、获得了小姐杂志五百元奖金。它正好是我在阴暗的贝尔蒙特餐厅洗餐 桌时收到的我非常激动，大声叫着，竟一把抱住 了女服务员领班。毫无疑问，她一定认为我发疯 了。不管怎样，从心理上讲，你的电报来得正是时候。那时我觉得很累人到一个新地方，第一夜总是睡不好的一一而我就没有睡多少觉。更 糟糕的是，我是这里唯一的女招待。一直要擦洗家具，洗盘子和银餐具，搬桌子等， 从上午8点开 始我刚知道，因为我完全没有经验，将不会让

36、我在正厅工作，而是让我在经理们和主管人员就餐 的“侧厅”工作。所有，这个暑假的小费毫无疑 问会少得多，并且一起干活的伙伴缺乏风趣。我正 开动为缺钱发愁时你的电报来了。上帝啊！想想看，明顿家的星期天竟是一家全国性通俗Youramazingtelegramtelegramannouncing$500Mademoiselleprizefor"SundayattheMintons,"whichIforwardedcamejustasIwasscrubbingtablesintheshadyinteriorofTheBelmontdiningroom.Iwassoexcitedtha

37、tIscreamedandactuallythrewmyarmsaroundtheheadwaitresswhonodoubtthinksIamratherinsane!Anyhow,psychologically,themomentcouldn'thavebeenbetter.Ifelttired-one'sfirstnight'ssleepinanewplaceneverispeaceful-andIdidn'tgetmuch!Totopitoff,Iwastheonlygirlwaitresshere,andhadbeenscrubbingfurnitur

38、e,washingdishesandsilver,liftingtables,etc.since8a.m.Also,IjustlearnedsinceIamcompletelyinexperienced,Iamnotgoingtobeworkinginthemaindiningroom,butinthe"sidehall"wherethemanagersandtophotelbrasseat.So,tipswillnodoubtnetmuchlessduringthesummerandthecompanybelessinteresting.SoIwasbeginningto

39、worryaboutmoneywhenyourtelegramcame.God!Tothink"SundayattheMintons"isoneoftwoprizestoriestobeputinabignationalslick!Frankly,Ican'tbelieveit!ThefirstthingIthoughofwas:Mothercankeepherintersessionmoneyandbuysomeprettyclothesandaspecialtriporsomething!AtleastIgetawintercoatandextraspecial

40、suitoutoftheMintons.Ithinktheprizeis$500!ME!Ofallpeople!?Soit'sreallylookinguparoundhere,nowthatIdon'thavetobescaredstiffaboutmoney?Oh,Isay,evenifmyfeetkillmeafterthisfirstweek,andIdrop20trays,Iwillhavethebeach,boystobringmebeer,sun,andyounggaycompanions.Whatalife.Love,yourcrazyolddaughter.S

41、ivvy刊物的两篇获奖小说之一！说实话，我真地不敢 相信！我当时想到的第一件事是：妈妈可以将她要给我 暑假用的钱留下，买些好衣服，进行一次特别旅 游什么的。至少我能够用明顿家获得的奖金买一件冬装和一套非常精美的衣服。奖金有五百元之多啊！这么多人中，获奖的竟是我！June12.1952NodoubtafterIcatchuponsleep,andlearntobalancetrayshighonmylefthand,I'llfeelmuchhappier.Asitisnow,Ifeelstuckinthemidstofalotofloud,brassyIrishCatholics,and

42、theonlywayIcanjollymyselfistosay,"Oh,well,it'sonlyforasummer,andIcanmaybewriteaboutthemall."AtleastI'vegotanewnameformynextprotagonist-Marley,agabbygirlwhoknowsherwayaroundbutgood.Therationofboystogirlshasgottenlessandless,soI'llbeluckyifIgettaggedbytheyoungestkidhere.Lotsofthe

43、girlsarereallywise,drinkingflirts.Asforme,beingtheconservative,quiet,gracioustype,Idon'tstandmuchchanceofdatingsomeofthecutestonesIcanonlyget"in"asapalwiththesegirls,andneverforaminuteletthemknowI'mthegentleintellectualtype,it'llbeO.K.AsfortheMllenews,Idon'tthinkit'srea

44、llysunkinyet.Ifeltsuretheymadeamistake,orthatyou'dmadeituptocheerme.ThebigadvantagewillbethatIwon'thavetoworryaboutearningbarely$300thissummer.Iwouldreallyhavebeensickotherwise.Ican'twaittillAugustwhenIcangocasuallydowntothedrugstoreandpickupaslickcopyofMlle,fliptotheindex,andseeME,oneof

45、twocollegegirlsintheU.S.!Really,whenIthinkofhowIstarteditoverspringvacation,polisheditatschool,andsatuptillmidnightintheHavenHousekitchentypingitamidstnoiseandchatter,Ican'tgetoverhowthestorysoaredtowereitdid?现在这里一切都好起来，因为我不必为钱担心了，？啊，即使这第一个星期之后我双脚疼得要命，即使摔破了二十个盘子我仍然会到海滩去，要侍者为我拿酒，要享受海边的阳光，要与年轻的伙伴同

46、乐。多么美好的生活！爱你，你那发疯的女儿。西维1952 年6月12日毫无疑问，我睡足觉，学会用左手端稳高高的盘子后，我会感到更高兴的。现在实际上，我觉得自己陷入一伙闹哄哄、厚脸皮的爱尔兰天主教徒之中，无法脱身，而我能够自乐的唯一办法就是说：“嗯，只是一个夏天，而我还可以把他们写到我的小说里去呢。”至少，我已经为我的下一个主人公取了 一个新名字马莉，一个能说会道熟知人情世 故的女孩，小伙子们与大姑娘的比例越来越小。所以如果我被这儿哪个最年轻的小伙子追求的If话，那我是很幸运的。这里的很多女孩确实机灵，能喝酒，会调情卖俏。而我因是那种保守、文静、优雅的女孩，所以不太可能和一些帅小伙子约会？?要是我

47、能与这些女孩相处很好，作她们朋友而决不让她们知道我是个文雅的知识分子的话，那就好了。对于小姐杂志那条消息，我还是感到不可理解。我曾经确信他们弄错了，或是你杜撰出来让我高兴的。最大的好处将是我不必为这个夏天只能挣到300美金发愁了。不然的话，我会忧心忡忡的。我现在真是急不可耐地希望八月到来，到那时我可随意走进杂货店拿起一册漂亮的小姐杂志，赶快翻到索引部分，看到我，美国两名女大学生之一！真的，当我想起整个春假期间怎样着手写这篇小说。在学校修改润色，在海文豪斯厨房喧闹的环境中熬夜打字到深夜的时候，我真的无法相信这篇小说会获得如此大奖？Igetgreatpleasureoutofsharingithe

48、rfeelingaboutthestorywithyou,whoreallyunderstandhowterriblymuchwriting ability. The only thing, I probably chance to win Mlle again, so I'll try for a guest editorship maybe next or my senior year, and set my sights for the Atlantic. God, I'm glad I can talk about probably you're the onl

49、y outlet that I'll have that won't get tired of my talking about writing?Speaking again of Henry and Liz, it was a step for me to a story where the protagonist isn't always ME, and proved that I am beginning to use imagination to transform the actual incident. I was scared that would nev

50、er happen, butwon't have ait with youI think it's an indication that my perspective is broadening.Sometime I think - heck, I don't know why I didn't stay home all summer, writing, doing physical science, and having a small part-time job. I could "afford" to now, but it does

51、n't do much good to yearn about that, I guess. Although it would have been nice. Oh well, I'll cheer up. I love you.Your own Sivvy因为你能真正理解，它对我来说有多么重要的意义。它充分表明我有创作潜力。唯一的事就是我极有可 能再也没有机会获得小姐杂志的大奖了。所以 也许明年，也许在大四，我要努力争取做一名客座 编辑，而且我的目标是要做大西洋月刊的客座 编辑。天哪，能和你谈论这事，我很高兴一一很可能你是我拥有的唯一一一一位不厌其 烦地听我谈论写作的听众

52、？再谈谈亨利和莉兹，它是我小说创作迈出的一步。故事中的主人公不再总是“我”，它还证明我开始动用想象力来改变真事。我还真害怕过这事办不到，不过我想这表明我观察事物的能力在扩大.有时我想一一见鬼，我不知道我为何整个夏天不呆在 家里写作、学习自然科学，做一份兼职的小事。我 现“有能力”做到了，不过我想过于想得到这个弁不 一定是好事，虽然这样做了会很好。好啦，我会振 作精神的，我爱你。你的西维June15,1952DearMother.?Dowritemeletters,Mommy,becauseIaminaverydangerousoffeelingsorryformyself?Justatpres

53、ent,lifeisawful.Mademoiselleseemsquiteunreal,andIamexhausted,scared,incompetent,unenergeticandgenerallylowisspirits?Workinginsidehallputsmepart,andIfeelcompletelyuprootedandclumsy.ThemoreIseethemainhallgirlsexpertlygettingspecialdishes,fixingshavediceandfruit,etc.,themoreIgetaninferioritycomplexandf

54、eelthateachdayinsidehallleavesmefurtherbehind?ButastemptedasIamtobeacowardandescapebycrawlingbackhome,Ihaveresolvedtogiveitagoodmonth'strial-tillJuly10?Don'tworryabout1952 年6月12日亲爱的妈妈，妈妈，你一定要给我写信，因为我现在处在一种自惭形秽的危险状态？?就眼下，生活糟透了。小 姐获奖好象完全不是真的，我现在总的来说，情绪低落：疲惫、害怕、无能、精力不济 ？在 侧厅工作把我撇在一边，我感到孤立无援，非常尴

55、 尬。我越是看见正厅的女孩们熟练地准备特别的菜 肴，做刨冰，水果等，就越是感到自叹不如，感到每天在侧厅工作使我大大落后了 ？?但是尽管我受到诱惑去当胆小鬼、爬回家去，我还决心试着干完这一个月一一直到7月10日？?不要为我担心, 不过请一定时常给我寄些简短的建议来。June 24, 1952? Last night I went on a "gang" birthday party at the "Sand Bar" where we sang and talked fora fewhours.There were about forty of us ki

56、dsfromthehotel.Imanaged by some magic to get myself seated next toafellow in his first year at Harvard Law - and he was just a dear ? The best part was when we came back. It was a beautiful clear starry night, and Clark went in to get me two of his sweaters to wear because it was cold, andbrought ou

57、t a book of T.S. Eliot's poems. So we sat on a bench where I could just barely read the print, and he put1952 年6月15日昨天晚上我到“桑德酒吧”参加了一个 “同伙”生日聚会。在哪儿我们唱啊、谈啊她几个小时。从宾馆我们去了大约四十个少男少女。受到某种魔力的驱使，我设法挨着一名哈佛法学院的一年级学生坐了下来 一一而且她的确招人喜爱？?最好的时光是我们回来的时候。那是一个美丽、明净、星星满天夜晚，因为天气冷，克拉克进屋去拿了两件毛衣让我穿， 还拿出了一本 TS 艾略特诗集。 我们坐

58、在一张我能够勉强看得清字的长凳上，他 把头靠在我的膝上，我给他念了一会儿诗。真好。me,butdosendmelittlepelletsofadvicenowandthen.nice. The only thing is I am so inclined to get fond ofsomeone who will do things with me like that inclined to be too metaphysical conversationally - that's my main trouble hear the check from Mlle is real. I hardly could believe it. Just now I am mentally so disorganized that I can't retain knowledge or think at all. The work is still new enough to be tiring, what with three changes a day-always and se