【英语论文】论简奥斯汀《爱玛》中价值观和女权主义(英文)

1、论简奥斯汀爱玛中价值观和女权主义TableofContentsAcknowledgementsAbstract中文摘要ChapterOneIntroduction111IntroductionofEmma11.2 Structureofthisthesis2ChapterTwoEmmasViewsofValues22.1 ViewofWealth2221AttitudetowardsHerFathersProperty22.2.2 AttitudetoWomensSocialActivities-32.2 ViewofFriendship32.2.1 KindandHelpful(WithMi

2、ssTaylor,HarrietandBates)42.2.2 MutualRespect(WithMr.Knightley)62.3 ViewofLove62.3.1 AdvocacyofEqualityinaMarriage(othersmarriageinEmmasey6)72.3.2 BeliefintheFoundationofaMarriage-Love8ChapterThreeCausesofTheseValues.931InfluencesofFamilyandSurroundingCommunity103.2 InfluencesofFeminismatThatTime103

3、.3 EconomyBackground11ChapterFourConclusion124.1 Conclusion124.2 Suggestions12References14AcknowledgementsIdliketogivemygreatgratitudetomysupervisor,mydearteacherLiXia,forthehelpandsupportshegaveme.WhenIattendedthecourseofBusinessEnglishReadingtaughtbyProfessorLi,Iwasinspiredbyherseriousnessinstudya

4、ndresearch.Atthebeginningofmyselectingthistopic,ProfessorLiofferedmanyprecioussuggestionstome.Shehelpedmelayouttheclearoutlineandkeypointsthatmyessayhadbetterfocusonaswellasrecommendedmanyresearchexamplesandinformationconcerningmytopicformetoread.Duringmywritingofthisessay,shemadegreateffortstoprovi

5、deguidancetome.Whatsmore,IowemyaccomplishmenttoalltheteacherswhohavetaughtmeintheSchoolofForeignLanguagesandCultures,ProfessorZhangJie,ProfessorLvHongling,ProfessorShaoShan,ProfessorWeiYan,ProfessorXiaHanhuaandsoon,especiallyProfessorLvHonglingandShaoShanwhointroducedmetoEnglishliteratureandAmerican

6、Literature.TheirprofoundknowledgeandperfectEnglishgreatlyattractmyattentioninimprovingmyEnglish.Idliketotakethisopportunitytogivemythanksagaintoallthepeoplementionedabove,fortheirgeneroushelpandthegreatsupporttheyvegivenme!Thankyou!AbstractEmmamaynotbethemostpopularoneofallJaneAustensnovels,butundou

7、btedlyitsthemostmatureoneinstyleandthemostcompleteoneinstructure.Inthisnovel,theauthorsunderstandingsofreality,reflectionsoflifeandtheuseofwritingtechniquesaremoreprofoundandskilledthantheearlierones.EmmafullyreflectsJaneAustensabilitytomasterlanguageandshapethecharacters,andtheskillsofliteraryexplo

8、ration.Hertrueandaccurateportrayalofhumannature,keenobservationofBritishRegencysociety,aswellassuperbmasteryofthearttechniquesstillmakeusgaspinadmiration.JaneAustenhassuccessfullycreatedaseriesoffemalecharacters,whohavetheirowncharacteristics,andeachoneinthenoveloccupiesadifferentlocationandhasadiff

9、erentrole.Emma,theheroine,isthemostprominentcharacter,andisalsotherepresentativeoneamongallofAustenscharacters.Emmadescribeshowtheheroinewalksoneerrorouttomoralperfectionandtheprocessofemotionalmaturation.ThemainresearchpointofthisthesisistheanalysisofEmmasviewofvaluesandthesocialcauses.Thisthesisis

10、dividedintofourparts.ThefirstpartisthesynopsisforthenovelandthebriefintroductionofEmmascharacteristics.ThesecondpartdescribesEmmasvariousvaluessuchaswealth,friendshipandlove,andusesconcreteexamplestodemonstratethem.Theformationofsuchvaluesmusthavevariouscauses,sointhethirdpartofthisthesisthreesocial

11、causesareanalyzed,andIalsocombinethesecauseswiththeeconomicbackgroundatthattime.Lastly,thisthesisbrieflynarratesthereferencesignificanceofEmmatothedevelopmentofmodernwomen.Whatsmore,Ialsoputforwardmygeneralideasandthoughtsonfeminismandthegrowthofmodernwomen.Keyword:Emma,Feminism,Viewsofvalue,Viewsof

12、marriage,SocialCauses中文摘要爱玛或许不是奥斯丁小说中最受欢迎的一部，但却是风格最成熟、结构最完整的一部。在这部小说中，无论是作者对现实的理解、对生活的思索，还是小说所运用的技巧，均比早期作品更为深刻、娴熟、恰到好处。爱玛这一小说充分体现了奥斯丁对英语语言的驾驭能力、对人物的塑造能力和对人物性格的探索。她对人性精准的刻画，对当时英国社会的敏锐观察，以及对高超的艺术手法的把握，至今仍令读者和评论家们叹服。简奥斯汀的爱玛塑造了一系列女性人物，她们有自己的性格特色、背景以及生活状态，在小说中起到不同的作用。其中当然以女主人公爱玛的人物形象最为突出，也是奥斯汀所塑造的女性形象中颇具

13、代表性的一个。爱玛这部小说主要描述的就是女主人如何走出一个个错误而步入道德完善和情感成熟的过程。本论文的主要研究内容为爱玛的价值观分析及其产生的社会成因，因此论文的结构主要分为四个部分：第一部分为小说故事梗概和爱玛人物形象的简述；第二部分详细讲述了爱玛的各种价值观，如财富观、友情观和爱情观，并加以具体的实例论证；形成这种价值观必然存在各种成因，因此在第三部分，论文就一些社会成因进行了分析，并结合了当时的经济背景进行论证；论文最后就爱玛这部小说对于现代女性青少年的成长的借鉴意义进行了简要的叙述，提出笔者对于女性主义和现代女性的成长提出了自己的思考和想法。关键词：爱玛，价值观，婚姻观，社会成因，女

14、权主义ChapterOneIntroduction1.1 IntroductionofEmmaJaneAustenisafamousEnglishfemalenovelistinthe18thcentury,andisalsooneofthemostimportantpioneersinthehistoryofEnglishnovels.Fornearlytwocenturies,peoplehaveneverbeentiredoftalking,readingandwritingaboutherandherworks.SomeJaneAustenorganizationshavebeense

15、tup,someofwhichhaveproducedannualvolumesdevotedentirelytoherformanyyears.JaneAustensEmmaisverypopularwiththereadersathomeandabroad.Itisclaimedtobequitedifferentfromothernovels,becausetheheroineisimperfect.JaneAustenherselfevenworriesthatEmmaisaheroinewhomnoonebutherselfwillmuchlike.Butthefactisthatm

16、ostreadersandcriticshavegiventheirsympathyandlovetothisheroine.DavidLodgeclaimedinhisintroductiontoEmmathatitisthelastcompletelyfinishedproductofAustensmaturity;andintheopinionofmostmoderncritics,itis,ofallhernovels,theonethatmostperfectlyrepresentshergenius.TheGeneralPlotofthisnovel:Emmamainlytells

17、thestoriesofpeopleandtheirlifehappenedinasmallvillageHighburyanddepictsa19thcenturyBritishmiddleclasssociety.ThenovelcentersontherelationshipbetweentheheroineEmmaandothermaincharactersinthevillage.Emmaisa“handsome,clever,andrich”younggirlandasshe“seemedtounitesomeofthebestblessingsofexistence”,sheca

18、nnothelpthinkingtoomuchofherselfandtendstodowhatevershewishes.Althoughshemakesuphermindnottomarryherselfinthebeginning,sheiskeentomakematchesforherfriends.Buteverytimeshedoesthematch-making,hermatchesarebasedonherwhimsorimpulseinsteadofreasonsandfactssothatshealwaysmakesthewrongmatchesandsuffersalot

19、.FinallyshefallsinlovewiththegentlemanMr.Knightley,whichmakesthestoryahappyendingtogetherwithothertwocouples.AsoneofAustensbestnovels,EmmaiswidelymentionedinmostofthecriticalessaysandJaneAustenbiographies.Aftercarefulreadingandthinking,IfindalthoughEmmasgrowthhasgainedattentioninsomecriticalessays,y

20、etfewcriticsfullyanalyzeEmmasvaluesinallaspectsbecausesometalkaboutEmmasviewofwealth,whilesometalkaboutviewofmarriage,butfewcombinethesevalueswiththesocialcausesandtalkabouttheminintegration.1.2 StructureofthisthesisThisthesisconsistsof4chapters.Thefirstchapterisageneralintroductionofthisthesis.Thes

21、econdchapterbeginstoillustrateEmmasvariousvaluessuchaswealth,friendshipandlove,andusesconcreteexamplestodemonstratethem.ThethirdchapteranalyzesthreemajorsocialcausesthatcontributetotheformationofEmmasvalues:familyandsurroundingneighborhood,feminismatthattimeandeconomicbackground.Thelastchapteristhec

22、onclusionofthisthesis.Iputforwardmyideasonmodernwomensgrowthafterreadingthisnovel.ChapterTwoEmmasViewsofValues2.1 ViewofWealth2.2.1 AttitudetowardsHerFathersPropertyHighburyiswherethestorytakesplace.Inthisvillagetherearevariousclassesofpeople,representedbylandedaristocracyWoodhouse,aretiredbattleWes

23、ton,PriestElton,farmerMartin,WidowofPriestBatesetc.Possessionofwealthofdiversepopulationsisdifferent.Themostdirectexpressionofthepossessionofwealthistheannualincome.Janeindicatesthepositionsofdifferentclassesatthewealthpyramidinthemostdirectway,theamountofwealthowned.ThetopofthewealthpyramidinHighbu

24、ryisundoubtedlytheWoodhousefamily.Theirannualincomeismorethanthirtythousandpounds,becomingtheheartofHighburysociety.Emma,asthebeneficiariesofthisincome,hasanobviousadvantageinherdemeanor.Sheboaststhatsheisarichsinglewoman,butalwaysverydecent,smartandlikable.Sheusedtothinkshewillneverbemarriedbecause

25、shebelievestheauthoritymanymarriedwomencouldgetfromtheirhusbandsisnotmorethanshecangetintheHartfield.AfterEmmassisterIsabellasmarriage,EmmaistherealrulerofthehouseholdofHartfield.Herfatherispoorinhealth,soheistotallydependentonEmmasfemalestrengthandjudgment.SoEmmahasbeenthemistresseversinceshewastwe

26、lve.Shemanagesthehousewithskillfuldiplomacy.SheliveswelloffinthedelicatelyprotectedvillageHighbury.Shelivesinalargehousewith“lawn,bushesanditsowntitle”.EverytimeEmmagoestoaparty,shehasherowncarriageinsteadofwalkingthere.Whatsmore,thenovelpresentsthewealthofWoodhouseinthefoodatthedinner,Mincedchicken

27、,bakedoysters,applepie,nicewine.Insuchagoodcondition,Emmaenjoysherlife“withacomfortablehomeandhappydisposition.2.2.2 AttitudetoWomensSocialActivitiesSimplybecauseEmmalivesinthissuperiorcondition,influencedbyakindsupervisorMissTaylorandalsohavingagoodinstruction,shehastheconsciousnessoftakingpartinth

28、esocialactivitiesofthelocalcommunity.ActuallyitreallyisJaneAustenwhohighlightsthesignificanceofwomenslivelyparticipationinthesociallife.JaneAustenpointsoutthatifladiesdesiretoplaycrucialrolesincommunity,theymustveryfirstholdapositiveattitudetosocialactivities.Thisattitudeemanatesfromanacuteawareness

29、thatawomanisnotsupposedtobemerelyagoodwifeandaverygoodmother,butsheisalsoafellowmemberofthecommunity.Therefore,shehastherightandobligationtocontributetohersocietyasamanhasalwaysdone.Thosefemaleswhoareenthusiasticaboutsociallifeandsincerelyconcernedwithotherswelfarecanachievefulfillment.Shealsobeliev

30、esthatwomenneedtotakeoptimisticandtrustworthyattitudetosociallife.Femalesshouldtakeanenergeticpartinsocialactivities,andoughttobearinmindthattheynotonlyplaytheroleofwifeandmother,butalsoanindispensableportionofsociety.Emmacanbeatypicalexampleofwhotakesportioninsociallifelively.EmmaspatronageofHarrie

31、tisagoodexample.AustenexplicitlyshowsEmmasintimacywithHarrietisofwonderfulsignificance,becauseladies,associallyweakmembers,oughttobeunitedandhelponeanother.Thosegirlswhomerelycarefortheirownhappinessactuallytransgressthedutyofwomanforwoman.ThoughMr.KnightlycriticizesEmmasindifferencetoBates,Emmabyno

32、meanswithdrawsherconcernforthem.ShetakescaretosendahindquarterofporktothemwhenMissBatesmentionsthattheyvenotanymeattoeat.HavingobservedJanespoorcondition,Emmaonreachinghouse,referredtoasthehousekeepertotheexaminationdirectlytohershops;andsomearrow-rootofverysuperiorgoodqualitywasspeedilydispatchedto

33、MissBateswithamostfriendlynote(Austen354).WhenEmmadoesallthese,shedoesnotattempttoshowofforgetagreatreputation.Herconcernissincere.SheadoptsapositiveandactiveattitudetowardPP/*TWppsociallife.Heractiveparticipation,planning,organizingavarietyofsocialactivitiesinHighburyvillagearepraised;shebrakesther

34、igidregulations,andacceptstheColefamilysdinnerinvitation;shevisitsthepoorfarmers,fullofcompassion,withoutprejudice,togiveguidelinesandsincerehelp.EmmasprestigeinthevillageofHighburyisowingtothefactthatshetakesanactivepartinsocialactivities.2.2 ViewofFriendship2.2.1 KindandHelpful(WithMissTaylor,Harr

35、ietandBates)Inthenovel,EmmaactsastheleaderinHartfiledandeveninHighburysociety.Shehasmanyfriendsandisrespectedbythepeopleinthevillage.TherearethreecharacterswhohavegreatimpactonEmma.Governess:MissTaylorandMrs.WestonMissTaylorhasbeenintheWoodhousefamilyforsixteenyears.ForEmma,MissTayloractslessasagove

36、rnorthanafriend.Betweenthemitwasmoretheintimacyofsisters.Theyhadbeenlivingtogetherasfriendandfriendverymutuallyattached.(Austen:1)LaterMissTaylorgetsmarriedwithMr.Weston.AlthoughEmmafeelsgentlesorrowtoloseMissTaylorathomeanddoesnotknowhowtoendurethechange,sheisstillhappytoseeMissTaylormarrysuchagent

37、lemanandhaveherownhomeandfamily.AndEmmaevenboaststhatshemakesthematchherselfproudly.EmmahasbeenawareofthedifferencebetweenMissTaylorandMrs.WestonandtriesnottointerruptMrs.Westonsnormalfamilylifealthoughthereisonlyhalfamileaway.ButeverytimeEmmahassomeproblemsandtrouble,shestillturnstoMrs.Westonforhel

38、p.Forexample,whenMr.EltonshowshislovetoEmmaandEmmafinallyfindsoutthatshehasmadethewrongmatch,whichmayhurttwopeople,HarrietandMr.Elton.SheturnstoMrs.WestonforcomfortassheknowsMissTaylorisafriendandcompanionsuchasfewpossessed:intelligent,well-informed,useful,gentle,knowingallthewaysofthefamily,interes

39、tedinallitsconcerns,andpeculiarlyinterestedinher-onetowhomshecouldspeakeverythoughtasitarose,andwhohadsuchanaffectionforherascouldneverfindfault.(Austen:2)NewFriend:HarrietHarrietSmithisaseventeen-year-oldgirlthatEmmaknowsatMrs.Goddardsschool.EmmaadmiresHarrietsprettyappearanceandfindsoutHarrietvery

40、engaging,notinconvenientlyshy,notunwillingtotalk.ThefriendshipwithHarriethappenstomakeupforthelossofMissTaylorscompanion.EmmaguessesfromHarrietsappearanceandstylethatshemustbeborninanupperclassfamily,sosheshouldhelpHarrietdetachherselffromHarrietsbadacquaintance,suchasMr.Martin,acoarseandunpolishedf

41、armerinEmmaseye.EmmadecidestodowhatMissTaylordidtoher;bekindandhelpfultoherfriend.EmmaintroducesHarrietintogoodsocietyinHighbury,andinformsherofopinionsandhermanners,whichiscertainlyaverykindundertaking.WhatEmmadoestohelpHarrietthemostactivelyistodomatchmakingforHarriet:thefirsttimewithMr.Weston,and

42、thenwithFrankChurchill.Whatsmore,EmmaconvincesHarriettorefuseMr.Martinscourtship.AlthoughEmmasmatchmakingprovestobewrongandharmsHarrietalittlebit,Emmaisonlygoingtobekindtoherdearfriend.Respecter:MissBatesMissBatesisalsooneofEmmasFriends,apooroldmaidwhooftenchattersaway.EmmapaysvisitstotheBatesfamily

43、sometimes.ShetakescaretosendahindquarterofporktothemwhenMissBatesmentionstheyhavenotanymeattoeat.AndwheneverthereisdinnerpartyinHartfield,Mrs.andMissBatesareusuallyinvited.However,EmmasometimestakesdifferentattitudetoBatesfromotherfriendsfromanupperclass.SometimesEmmacallsonthemjustontheaccountofcha

44、rity.Emmaisimperfectinmoral.Shejudgesapersonjustbasedonhissocialstatus.Onapicnicdinner,EmmaputsdowntoMissBates.AfterMr.KnightleycriticizesherindifferencetoMissBates,EmmaalsorealizesthatherinsulthasseriouslyharmedMissBatesandtriestomakeupforhermistakeandbehaviorthatdayafterwards.Butallinall,Emmasfrie

45、ndshipwithMissBatesismingledwithpityandsorryforMissBates.2.2.2 MutualRespect(WithMr.Knightley)InmostofAustensnovels,thereistypicallyamature,wiseandexcellenthero,whoplaysacrucialroleinthefictionaldevelopment.Hewillleadtheheroinetomoralperfectionandfinallylivesahappylifewiththeheroine.Lackingdisciplin

46、eatanearlyage,Emmahaslongbeenkeentogetfather-likeloveandguidance.SoAustenproducesasmartmatureguy,GeorgeKnightley.Mr.KnightleyisdefinitelyacriticalcharacterinEmmaschildhood.Inthenovel,Mr.Knightleygetsallofthegoodcharacteristicsinone:mature,kind,straightforward,lovingandwealthy,raremoderngentlemaninam

47、aledominatedsociety.HeisnotonlyEmmasfriend,relative,butalsoservesasEmmasmentor.OnlyhecanobservetheshortcomingsofEmma,andonlyhecanexertinfluenceonEmmasthoughtsandbehavior.TherelationshipbetweenEmmaandMr.Knightley,whichcanbevagueandspecial,isdistinctfromtherelationshipbetweenEmma,herfatherandMrs.Westo

48、n.HisconcernforEmmasgrowthisdeterminedbysocialandfamilylevels.TheagedistinctionamongthemandtheirromanticrelationshipinEmmaschildhoodhaveendowedMr.Knightleywiththeinformalcustodyofthefather-arolethatotherpersoncantreplace.Thissituationsteadilyturnsintoahabit.Whenothersdarenottalk,heoftencriticizesEmm

49、aserror,nomatterhowhugetheerroris.Forexample,heargueswithEmmawhenheknowsEmmateachesHarriettorefusesMr.MartinscourtshipandcriticizesEmmascrueltytoMissBates.TherelationshipbetweenEmmaandMr.Knightleyseemsveryodd.Ontheonehand,Mr.KnightleyscriticismofEmmaisobviouslyjustandessential;however,thesecriticism

50、sareharshwords.WedliketoknowwhyEmma,aproudtwenty-year-oldwoman,canputupwiththesecriticisms.HearingtheargumentsandcriticismfromMr.Knightley,Emmaconfessesorviolentlydisagrees,butbynomeanshateshim.Thiscanbeamanifestationoftheirfuzzyrelations,andwecanreallyfeeltheirrelationshipisnotsimple.Thefriendshipb

51、etweenEmmaandMr.Knightleyseemsstrange,butitisthetruefriendshipbasedonmutualrespectandgenuineconcern.2.3ViewofLove2.3.1 AdvocacyofEqualityinaMarriage(othersmarriageinEmmaseye)JaneAustensviewofmarriageconsistsofaveryimportantnotionwhichisuniqueamonghercontemporaries.Sheinsiststhatequalitybetweenahusba

52、ndandawifeisthekeytoahappymarriage.Inatimewhenwomenaretaughttobeinferiortomen,eveninthedomesticsphere,thepropositionforwomensequalroleinmatrimonialrelationshipistrulydaringandsubversive.OfallthemarriagesdescribedinEmma,onlythematchofEmmaandMr.KnightleyisanidealmarriageinAustenseyes.Itisamarriagenoto

53、nlywithdeeplovebutalsowithalargefortuneasfinancialguarantee,andmoreimportantly,itisbasedonequalityratherthanthesubjectionofthewifetoherhusband.Othermarriagesinthenovelareimperfect,becausetheymoreorlessdependonmaterialismandinequality,andbynomeansareidealmatches.Forexample,thematchofJaneFairfaxandFra

54、nkChurchillisnotbasedonequality.JanesuffersgreatlyfromFranksmisbehavior,butshebearsherpainswithcomposure.Emmahassaid,Thatisadegreeofplacidity,whichIcanneithercomprehendnorrespect.However,inFrankseyes,Janesobediencemakesheraperfectwife.FrankpraisesJanehighly.FrankChurchillregardsJaneasanangelinthehou

55、se,anidealfemaleimageadvocatedbythesocietyatthattime.AndmeanwhilehestatesthathevaluesJaneonlyasabeautifulcreature.SothereissomethingtrueinMr.KnightleysresponsetotheengagementofJaneFairfaxandFrankChurchill-JanewillbeamiserablecreatureandIamsorryforher.Shedeservesabetterfate.ComparedwithJane,HarrietSm

56、ithisnotasglamorous.Theladyisahumble,boardingschoolgirlwithnopropertyandsheevendoesnotknowwhoherparentsare.Sheisgentle,beautifulbutignorant.UnderEmmasinfluence,Harrietdoesnotseekaspousebasedonhertruelove,butonhowmuchwealththemanpossesses.Becauseofherignorance,herloveisveryeasytocontrol.Atfirstshemee

57、tsa“charmingprince”inhereyes-Mr.Martin,butEmmainsiststhatheisavulgarfarmeranddoesnotmatchHarriet.AffectedbyEmmaswords,MissSmithrefusesMr.Martinscourtship.AfterthatEmmadoesthematchmakingforher,soHarrietfallsinlovewiththeprestigiousMr.Elton,whoisveryfamousinHighbury.Emmarefusestosupposeherfriendwasbor

58、ninafamilywithnosocialstatusandshethinksHarrietandMr.Eltoniswellmatched,thatistosay,theyareequalinposition.Butinfact,itisMr.MartinandhissocialstatusthatmatchesthatofHarriet.2.3.2 BeliefintheFoundationofaMarriage-LoveAlthoughJaneAustenhashadarealisticattitudetowardsmarriage,herinsistenceonmutualdeepl

59、oveasthefoundationofamarriagehasneverchanged.Inherviews,itisadreadfulmistakeforawomantogointomarriagewithoutlove.EmmaisobviouslyawareoftheimportanceroleoflovetoasuccessfulmarriageandshetellsHarrietthatsheshouldbeafooltogetmarriedwithoutlove.However,Emmasemotionalawakeningcomesverylate.Fortunately,shee