下载本文档
版权说明:本文档由用户提供并上传,收益归属内容提供方,若内容存在侵权,请进行举报或认领
文档简介
1、Chapter2:PhonologyI.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:1. VoicingisaphonologicalfeaturethatdistinguishesmeaninginbothChineseandEnglish.2. Iftwophoneticallysimilarsoundsoccurinthesameenvironmentsandtheydistinguishmeaning,theyaresaidtobeincomplementarydistribution.3. Aphoneisaphone
2、ticunitthatdistinguishesmeaning.4. EnglishisatonelanguagewhileChineseisnot.5. Inlinguisticevolution,speechispriortowriting.6. Ineverydaycommunication,speechplaysagreaterrolethanwritingintermsoftheamountofinformationconveyed.7. Articulatoryphoneticstriestodescribethephysicalpropertiesofthestreamofsou
3、ndswhichaspeakerissueswiththehelpofamachinecalledspectrograph.8. Thearticulatoryapparatusofahumanbeingarecontainedinthreeimportantareas:thethroat,themouthandthechest.9. Vibrationofthevocalcordsresultsinaqualityofspeechsoundscalledvoicing.10. Englishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintermsofplaceofarticulati
4、onandthepartofthetonguethatisraisedthehighest.11. Accordingtothemannerofarticulation,someofthetypesintowhichtheconsonantscanbeclassifiedarestops,fricatives,bilabialandalveolar.12. Vowelsoundscanbedifferentiatedbyanumberoffactors:thepositionoftongueinthemouth,theopennessofthemouth,theshapeofthelips,a
5、ndthelengthofthevowels.13. Accordingtotheshapeofthelips,vowelscanbeclassifiedintoclosevowels,semi-closevowels,semi-openvowelsandopenvowels.14. Anysoundproducedbyahumanbeingisaphoneme.15. Phonesarethesoundsthatcandistinguishmeaning.16. Phonologyisconcernedwithhowthesoundscanbeclassifiedintodifferentc
6、ategories.17. Abasicwaytodeterminethephonemesofalanguageistoseeifsubstitutingonesoundforanotherresultsinachangeofmeaning.18. Whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestrings,thetwowordsaresaidtoformaphonemiccontrast.19. Therulesgoverningthephon
7、ologicalpatterningarelanguagespecific.20. Distinctivefeaturesofsoundsegmentscanbefoundrunningoverasequenceoftwoormorephonemicsegments.II.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:21. Areferstoastrongpuffofairstreamintheproductionofspeechsounds.22. Aphoneticsdescribesthew
8、ayourspeechorgansworktoproducethespeechsoundsandhowtheydiffer.23. Thefoursounds/p/,/b/,/m/and/w/haveonefeatureincommon,theyareallbsounds.24. Ofallthespeechorgans,thetisthemostflexible,andisresponsibleforvarietiesofarticulationthananyother.25. Englishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintermsofmannerofarticula
9、tionorintermsofpofarticulation.26. Whentheobstructioncreatedbythespeechorgansistotalorcomplete,thespeechsoundproducedwiththeobstructionaudiblyreleasedandtheairpassingoutagainiscalledas.27. Sfeaturesarethephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegments.Theyincludestress,tone,intonation,etc.28. Th
10、erulesthatgovernthecombinationofsoundsinaparticularlanguagearecalledsrules.29. Thetranscriptionofspeechsoundswithletter-symbolsonlyiscalledbroadtranscriptionwhilethetranscriptionwithletter-symbolstogetherwiththediacriticsiscalledntranscription.30. Whenpitch,stressandsoundlengtharetiedtothesentencera
11、therthanthewordinisolation,theyarecollectivelyknownasi.31. Pisadisciplinewhichstudiesthesystemofsoundsofaparticularlanguageandhowsoundsarecombinedintomeaningfulunitstoeffectlinguisticcommunication.32. Thearticulatoryapparatusofahumanbeingarecontainedinthreeimportantcavities:thepharyngealcavity,theoc
12、avityandthenasalcavity.33. Tarepitchvariations,whicharecausedbythedifferingratesofvibrationofthevocalcordsandwhichcandistinguishmeaningjustlikephonemes.34. Dependingonthecontextinwhichstressisconsidered,therearetwokindsofstress:wordstressandsstress.III.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachofthestatements
13、below.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement:35. Ofallthespeechorgans,theis/arethemostflexible.A.mouthB.lipsC.tongueD.vocalcords36. Thesoundsproducedwithoutthevocalcordsvibratingaresounds.A.voicelessB.voicedC.vowelD.consonantal37. isavoicedalveolarstop.A./z/B./d/C./k/D./b/38. Theassimilationru
14、leassimilatesonesoundtoanotherby“copyingWfeatureofasequentialphoneme,thusmakingthetwophones.A.identicalB.sameC.exactlyalikeD.similar39. Since/p/and/b/arephoneticallysimilar,occurinthesameenvironmentsandtheycandistinguishmeaning,theyaresaidtobe.A.inphonemiccontrastB.incomplementarydistributionC.theal
15、lophonesD.minimalpair40. Thesound/f/is.A.voicedpalatalaffricateB.voicedalveolarstopC.voicelessvelarfricativeD.voicelesslabiodentalfricative41. Avowelisonethatisproducedwiththefrontpartofthetonguemaintainingthehighestposition.A.backB.centralC.frontD.middle42. Distinctivefeaturescanbefoundrunningovera
16、sequenceoftwoormorephonemicsegments.Thephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegmentsarecalled.A. phoneticcomponentsB. immediateconstituentsC.suprasegmentalfeaturesD.semanticfeatures43. A(n)isaunitthatisofdistinctivevalue.Itisanabstractunit,acollectionofdistinctivephoneticfeatures.A.phoneB.soun
17、dC.allophoneD.phoneme44. Thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentsarecalledtheofthatphoneme.A.phonesB.soundsC.phonemesD.allophonesSuggestedanswerstosupplementaryexercisesI. DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:16. F17.T18.F19.T20.TII. Fillineachofth
18、efollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:21. Aspiration23.bilabial24.tongue25.place26. stop27.Sonation31. Phonology32.oral33.Tone34.sentenceIII. Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachofthestatementsbelow.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement:
19、IV. Definethetermsbelow:45. phonology46.phoneme48. internationalphoneticalphabet49. intonation50.phonetics51.auditoryphonetics52.acousticphonetics53.phone54.phonemiccontrast55.tone56.minimalpairV.Answerthefollowingquestionsascomprehensivelyaspossible.Giveexamplesforillustrationifnecessary:57. Ofthet
20、womediaoflanguage,whydoyouthinkspeechismorebasicthanwriting58. Whatarethecriteriathatalinguistusesinclassifyingvowels59. Whatarethemajordifferencesbetweenphonologyandphonetics?60. Illustratewithexampleshowsuprasegmentalfeaturescanaffectmeaning.61. InwhatwaycanwedeterminewhetheraphoneisaphonemeornotS
21、uggestedanswerstosupplementaryexercisesIV. Definethetermsbelow:45. phonology:Phonologystudiesthesystemofsoundsofaparticularlanguage;itaimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.46. phoneme:Thebasicunitinphonologyiscalledphonem
22、e;itisaunitofdistinctivevalue.Butitisanabstractunit.Tobeexact,aphonemeisnotasound;itisacollectionofdistinctivephoneticfeatures.47. allophone:Thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentsarecalledtheallophonesofthatphoneme.48. internationalphoneticalphabet:Itisastandardiz
23、edandinternationallyacceptedsystemofphonetictranscription.49. intonation:Whenpitch,stressandsoundlengtharetiedtothesentenceratherthanthewordinisolation,theyarecollectivelyknownasintonation.50. phonetics:Phoneticsisdefinedasthestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage;itisconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurint
24、heworldslanguages51. auditoryphonetics:Itstudiesthespeechsoundsfromthehearerspointofview.Itstudieshowthesoundsareperceivedbythehearer.52. acousticphonetics:Itstudiesthespeechsoundsbylookingatthesoundwaves.Itstudiesthephysicalmeansbywhichspeechsoundsaretransmittedthroughtheairfromonepersontoanother.5
25、3. phone:Phonescanbesimplydefinedasthespeechsoundsweusewhenspeakingalanguage.Aphoneisaphoneticunitorsegment.Itdoesnotnecessarilydistinguishmeaning.54. phonemiccontrast:Phonemiccontrastreferstotherelationbetweentwophonemes.Iftwophonemescanoccurinthesameenvironmentanddistinguishmeaning,theyareinphonem
26、iccontrast.55. tone:Tonesarepitchvariations,whicharecausedbythedifferingratesofvibrationofthevocalcords.56. minimalpair:Whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestrings,thetwowordsaresaidtoformaminimalpair.V. Answerthefollowingquestionsascompre
27、hensivelyaspossible.Giveexamplesforillustrationifnecessary:57.Ofthetwomediaoflanguage,whydoyouthinkspeechismorebasicthanwriting1) Inlinguisticevolution,speechispriortowriting.2) Ineverydaycommunication,speechplaysagreaterrolethanwritingintermsoftheamountofinformationconveyed.3) Speechisalwaysthewayi
28、nwhicheverynativespeakeracquireshismothertongue,andwritingislearnedandtaughtlateratschool.58. Whatarethecriteriathatalinguistusesinclassifyingvowels1) Vowelsmaybedistinguishedasfront,centralandbackintermsofthepositionofthetongueinthemouth.2) Accordingtohowwideourmouthisopened,weclassifythevowelsinto
29、fourgroups:closevowels,semi-closevowels,semi-openvowels,andopenvowels.3) Accordingtotheshapeofthelips,vowelsaredividedintoroundedvowelsandunroundedvowels.4) TheEnglishvowelscanalsobeclassifiedintolongvowelsandshortvowelsaccordingtothelengthofthesound.59. Whatarethemajordifferencesbetweenphonologyand
30、phonetics?Theydifferintheirapproachandfocus.Phoneticsisofageneralnature;itisinterestedinallthespeechsoundsusedinallhumanlanguages:howtheyareproduced,howtheydifferfromeachother,whatphoneticfeaturestheypossess,howtheycanbeclassified.Phonology,ontheotherhand,isinterestedinthesystemofsoundsofaparticular
31、language;itaimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.60. Illustratewithexampleshowsuprasegmentalfeaturescanaffectmeaning.1) ThelocationofstressinEnglishdistinguishesmeaning,suchasimportandimport.Thesimilaralternationofstressalsooccursbetweenacompoundnounandaphraseconsistingofthesameelements.AphonologicalfeatureoftheEnglishcompounds,isthatthestressofthewordalwaysfallsonthefirstelementandthesecondelementreceivessecondarystress,forexample:blackbirdisaparticula
温馨提示
- 1. 本站所有资源如无特殊说明,都需要本地电脑安装OFFICE2007和PDF阅读器。图纸软件为CAD,CAXA,PROE,UG,SolidWorks等.压缩文件请下载最新的WinRAR软件解压。
- 2. 本站的文档不包含任何第三方提供的附件图纸等,如果需要附件,请联系上传者。文件的所有权益归上传用户所有。
- 3. 本站RAR压缩包中若带图纸,网页内容里面会有图纸预览,若没有图纸预览就没有图纸。
- 4. 未经权益所有人同意不得将文件中的内容挪作商业或盈利用途。
- 5. 人人文库网仅提供信息存储空间,仅对用户上传内容的表现方式做保护处理,对用户上传分享的文档内容本身不做任何修改或编辑,并不能对任何下载内容负责。
- 6. 下载文件中如有侵权或不适当内容,请与我们联系,我们立即纠正。
- 7. 本站不保证下载资源的准确性、安全性和完整性, 同时也不承担用户因使用这些下载资源对自己和他人造成任何形式的伤害或损失。
最新文档
- 负债类应用案例-关于提取和使用非财政科研项目间接费用或管理费的会计处理
- 临床胆系病变影像学诊断
- 氮氧化物治理系统项目建议书
- 茄子病虫害防治心得体会
- 燃气厂前期物业管理费用承担主体
- 燃气发电机组项目可行性分析报告
- 地铁消毒指导记录
- 地铁上盖物业:房地产营销新优势
- 中药在临床治疗中的应用与挑战
- 绿色蔬菜种植:物理防止病虫害措施
- 深圳迈瑞生物医疗电子光明生产基地项目环境影响评价报告书
- 海南电网新建发电机组并网启动投运调度流程管理规定
- 白云石防火板生产项目可行性研究报告模板
- 雾化泡沫钻井技术与装备
- 机械设备购销合同
- 美术作品标签
- 镍基合金材料项目可行性研究报告立项申请
- 产品研发管理流程图及工作标准
- 出纳移交工作明细表
- 中考数学总复习提纲(精华版)
- 自适应巡航控制系统ACCPPT课件
评论
0/150
提交评论