定语从句语法概要

1、1. 定语从句的定义：用作定语的从句叫定语从句2. 先行词：被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词。3. 定语从句的位置：紧跟先行词 名词或代词 之后4. 引导词引导定语从句的词包括关系代词和关系副词1关系代词that/who/whom/which/as2 关系副词whe n/where/why5.引导词的位置位于定语从句之前先行词之后【as除外】6. 引导词的功能作用1 连接先行词和定语从句。2 在定语从句中充当一定的成分关系代词充当主语或宾语关系副词充当状语 。7. 定语从句的类型1限定性定语从句主句和定语从句之间无逗号 直接由引导词引导定语从句The man who you re talking

2、to is my friend. 由介词+关系代词whom/which弓I导The man to whom you re talking is my friend.I n eed a pen with which I can write a letter.介词的选用可根据从句中的相关词组确定该介词通常可以放在关系代词之前也可放在从句之尾。例如The man(who/whom/that) I talked about at the meeting is from BeijingUn iversity.The palace (which/that) I often pay a visit to w

3、as built in the 17th cen tury.二Thepalace to which I often pay a visit was built in the 17th century.2 非限定性定语从句主句和定语从句之间用逗号隔开。 直接由引导词引导定语从句。 由介词+关系代词whom/which弓I导。I live in a house far away from the city, in front of which is a bigtree.There is an apple tree standing at the gate, on which are manyapp

4、les.This is the man to whom I gave the book. 由“代词 / 名词 +of+whom/which ”或“ of which/ whom+名词 /代词”(先行词指人用 whom指物用 which)弓丨导。One, some, any, none, all, both, several, many, most, neither, either等词、数词、分数或百分比与 of whom 或of which 连用。He has five childre n, two of whom are abroad.(比较 He has five children, an

5、d two of them are abroad.) We havethree books, none of which is/are in teresti ng.(比较 We have three books, but none of them is/are interesting.)除why和 that不能引导非限定性定语从句外其余引导词都可以用法同限定性定语从句一样。但要注意以下区别。1. 在形式上非限定性定语从句与主句有逗号隔开2. 非限定性定语从句的作用它只是补充说明先行词的情况翻译时可译成两个句子。The engineer, whose leg was badly hurt, wa

6、s quickly sent to hospital.那位工程师被很快送往医院其腿部受了重伤The engin eer whose leg was badly hurt was quickly sent to hospital.那位腿部受了重伤的工程师被很快送往医院3. 在非限定性定语从句中任何引导词都不能省略包括引导词在此定语从句中充当宾语在内。指人做主语时只能用who,做宾语时用whom;指物做主语宾语都用which;关系副词用when或where也不能省略。The man,is sitti ng on the chair, is my father.The woma n,I met ye

7、sterday, is my En glish teacher.The city,is far away, is very beautiful.He went to America,his pare nts live.He joined the Army yesterday,I left, too.4. whose引导非限定性定语从句The house, whose win dow faces south, is mine.The house, of which the win dow faces south, is mine.二.定语从句中关系代词和关系副词的基本用法。1. who/that

8、指人是主格在定语从句中代替先行词又作定语从句的主语 不能省略。Do you know the gen tlema n who/that is sitti ng there?2. whom/who/that指人是宾格在定语从句中代替先行词又作定语从句的宾语动宾或介宾。 当作动宾动词后接宾语时关系代词可省略。Do you know the gen tlema n (whom/who/that) we met just now? 当作介宾介词后接宾语时介词不提前时关系代词可省略介词提前时关系代词不可省即介词 whom指人时介词后的关系代词只能用whom。The man (whom/who/that)

9、 I spoke with is my teacher.The man with whom I spoke is my teacher.注固定的动词短语动词+介词 女口 look for, take care of等不能把动词与介词拆开既介词不能提至引导词前。She is the right girl (who/whom/that) we are look ing for.3. whose:指人或物是所有格“ ？的”形式。Whose+n起在定语从句中充当主语、宾语动宾或介宾即先行词的什么东西怎样了whose不能省略。Whose+n.=the +n. + ofwhich/whom= of whi

10、ch/ whom+ the 二n.I didn t find the desk whose leg was broken.主语He is the stude nt whose pen cil I broke yesterday.动宾The boss in whose companyl work is very kind.介宾 4.which/that指物指代先行词且在定语从句中作主语或宾语动宾或介宾 当作动宾时关系代词可省略 当作介宾时 介词不提前时关系代词可省略介词提前时关系代词不可省即介词 which(指物时介词后的关系代词只能用which)。The house which/that wa

11、s destroyed in the earthquake is weak.The pen (which/that) you found yesterday is mine.The games (that/which) the young men competed in were difficult.The games in which the young men competed were difficult.注：介词+关系代词即介词+whom/which(先行词指人用whom 指物用 which)。探5.as指人或物 在定语从句中可作主语宾语 表语或状语不能省略。主要用于“ thesame

12、 ?as? such ?as? so ?as? as ? as? as follows ”固定结构中形式固定此时的引导限定性定语从句。要用as代替who(m), which,或that引导定语 从句Such people as knew Hill thought he was hon est.Such people as Hill knew thought he was hon est.My hometow n is no Ion ger the same as it was.Here is so big a stone as no one can lift.The child knows a

13、s much as grow-ups (kno w).I d like to have the same books as are used in your school.He is not such a pers on as I expected.He will marry as pretty a girl as he can find.注 which和as可引导非限定性定语从句可以指代主句中的一部分或整个句子的内容which和as都可以指代主句中的一部分或整个句子的内容有时可以互换。因此 当as/which指代前面的整个句子或前句中的部分内容作定语从句的主语时谓语用单数Our team l

14、ost the game, as/which was reported in the n ewspaper.She was terrified, as/which I could see from her eyes.He married her, as/which was n atural.区别 as引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句前面、插在主句中间或放在主句末尾 而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句后面。He married her, as/which was n atural.Mark Twin is a great writer, which/as is known to a

15、ll. as引导的从句有“正如”、“正像”之意而which则无此意。常用句型有as we all know, as is known to all, as everybody can see, as isexpected, As is known/ said/ reported/ told/ we all know等。女口As we all know, paper was first made in China.To shut your eyes to facts, as many of you do, is foolish. 主句和从句有因果关系时用which.Our class has w

16、on the football match, which made us very happy.Bamboos are hollow, which makes them very light. 从句含否定意义时常用 which. She didn t pass the exam, which we couldn t expect .She didn t pass the exam, as we expected.6. when关系副词 指时间。在定语从句中作时间状语不能省略。此时的whe n还可用介词I still remember the time whe n I joi ned the L

17、eague.I still remember the time on which I joined the League.I still remember the time (which/that) I joined the League on.7. where关系副词指地点。在定语从句中作地点状语不能省略。此时的when 还可用介词+which替换此时先行词一定是表地点的名词。I still remember the school where I joined the League.I still remember the school in which I joi ned the Leag

18、ue.I still remember the school (which/that) I joined the League in.注 对关系副词when, where的认识。 .先行词是时间的名词并非都用关系副词when引导定语从句。I ll never forget the time (which/that) I spent in Beijing. .先行词是地点的名词并非都用关系副词where引导定语从句。This is the factory (which/that) he visited yesterday. .当句型为 It/This/That is(was) the first

19、(second?last) time引起的句子时用that连接其后的句子。此时的time是次数 不是时间。It/This is the first time that we travel.It/This is the last time that I shall give you a less on.8. why指原因在定语从句中作原因状语先行词通常为reason,不能省略。且why引导的定语从句只能是限定性定语从句。Why二for whichI don t know the reason why he was late yesterday.The reas on why(for which)

20、 he was late is that he missed the bus.注当先行词为reason时关系副词并非都用why。This is the reas on (that/ which) he gave/ expla ined to us.【判断用关系代词还是关系副词】从句缺少的是主语、宾语还是状语是确定用关系代词还是关系副词的关键。 试比较I will n ever forget the day (which/that) I spe nt in Hongkong.(spent是及物动词后缺宾语因此用关系代词或省略)I will n ever forget the day whe n/

21、on which Hongkong returned to its motherla nd.从句主谓宾结构完整缺状语因此用关系副词或介词加关系代词The reasonthat/which he gave for not coming to school yesterday isn t believable.（gave是及物动词后缺宾语因此用关系代词或省略）The reason whyhe didn t cometo school yesterday isn t believable.从句主谓宾结构完整缺状语因此用关系副词或介词加关系代词三.值得注意的几个问题第一.当先行词是物时关系代词(tha

22、t/which)只用that的情况。1. 当先行词被序数词或形容词的最高级修饰时。This is the best film that has bee n show n this year.This is the first book (that) I borrow from the library.探 He is the first stude nt that/who came to school today.2. 当先行词为两个或两个以上分别指人和物的名词时。He talked aboutthe teachers and the school (that) he had visited.3

23、. 当先行词本身是all的用that。(all that=what)All that (what) I want to say to you is“ Thank you ” .Go over all that (what) we lear ned.4. 先行词为 something, anything, nothing, everything, thing时 用that.I ll tell you anything (that) I know.5. 当先行词前有 all, much, little, many, (a) few, every, some, any,no, only, the v

24、ery, one of, the only, the last, the n ext等修饰语时。This is one of the books (that) I m very interesting in.M This is one of the books in which I m very interesting.This is the only book (that) I read.He is the only one of the boys that likes playi ng the pia no.All the glasses that were on the table fe

25、ll off onto the floor.6. 人物 当先行词在以who或which开头的特殊疑问句中时用that引导以避免混淆Who is the man that is talki ng with the lady?Which of you that know the an swer can come to the front?7. 当先行词是在定语从句中作表语时用thatHe likes the girl that she used to be.第二.当先行词是物时关系代词(that/which)只用which的情况。1. 作介宾且介词置于引导词之前时The room in which

26、 he lives is very large.2. 引导非限定性定语从句时主宾都用which,都不能省略Football, which is a very in teresti ng game, is played all over the world.The house, which I visited yesterday, is very large.3. which指整个句子的内容或部分内容引导非限定性定语从句He always makes fun of me, which upsets me.第三.其他特殊情况1. 先行词是these, those 指人时关系代词只用who.Thos

27、e who are play ing over there are my stude nts.2. 先行词是人称代词(he, she?)时关系代词只用who.He who doesn t reach the Great Wall is not a true man.3. 不定代词 some one, anyone, every one, no one, somebody, an ybody, everybody作先行词时关系代词用who.An ybody who breaks the rules would be puni shed.4. 先行词是the only one of +可数名词复数

28、在定语从句中作主语时定语从句中的谓语用单数形式因为此时的先行词是the only one,而不是of后的可数名词复数He is the only one of the boys that likes playi ng the pia no.This is the only one of the books that is borrowed.先行词是one of +可数名词复数在定语从句中作主语时定语从句中的谓语用复数形式因为此时的先行词是of后的可数名词复数，而不是oneThis is one of the stude nts who are late.5. 当主句缺先行词时用the one代

29、替 但须注意the one只能代替可数名词单数如为不可数名词时指什么用什么Is this school the one I visited yesterday?Is pop music the music he likes best?6. 当先行词是the way,在定语从句中充当方式状语时the way表 以?方式方法引导词通常用that或省略 也可用in whichI don t like the way (that) you speak.=I don t like the way (which/that) you speak in.【“介词+关系代词”十种情况】在定语从句中介词+关系代词

30、结构是一种较为复杂的问题。现就几种常见的介词+关系代词的结构浅析如下1 介词+which在定语从句中分别作时间、地点和原因状语代替相应的关系副词when, where禾口 why。女口I still remember the day on which (when) I first cameto school.我仍然记得初来学校的那一天。The factory in which (=where) I work is a large one.我工作的工厂是一个大工厂。This is the reas on for which (=why) he was late.这就是他为什么迟到的原因。2 介词

31、+which 指物/ whom指人在定语从句中作地点状语表示存在关系 定语从句主谓一般要倒置。They arrived at a farmhouse, in front of which sat a small boy.他来到一处农舍前边坐着一个小男孩。I saw a ma n, on the head of whom stood a bird.我看见一个人他的头上站着一只鸟。3 介词+ which 指物/ whom 指人 在定语从句中作目的、方式或 地点状语。这种结构 中的介词一般受动词或介词后的名词所制约。如Could you tell me for whom you ve bought

32、this coat? 你能告诉我这件衣服是给谁买的吗The man, from whom I lear ned the n ews, is an engin eer.这人是一位工程师 我是从他那里得到这消息的。4 介词+which/whom 用于被动结构的定语从句中作状语说明动作的出发者。女口The wolf by which the sheep was killed was shot.伤害羊的那只狼被打死了。The man by whom the wolf was shot was a good hun ter. 打死狼的那人 是个好猎手。5 不定代词+of+which/whom在定语从句中

33、作主语说明整体中的部分常用的不定代词有 both, all, any, some, each, none, most等。女口There are a lot of books here, none of which bel ongs to me.这儿有许多书可一本也不属于我。Yesterday Mary bought a few clothes, all of which were expe nsive.昨天玛丽买了一些衣服他们都很贵。6 数词+of+which/whom在定语从句中作主语说明整体与部分的关系。数词可以是基数词、序数词、分数或百分数。如girls.我们班有54名学生25人是女生。

34、两只手表被偷了其Two watches were stole n, one of which was mine.中一只是我的。7 名词+of+which代替whose名词在定语从句中作定语。如I saw sometrees, the leaves of which (=whose leaves) were black withdisease.我看见一些树他们的叶子因害病而发黑I live in a house, the wi ndows of which are all broke n.我住在一所房子里其窗都破了。8 介词+ which 指物 / whose 指人 修饰后边的名词。如 Itra

35、ined all night and all day, during which time the ship was broken into pieces.雨下了一天一夜就在这期间轮船撞碎了。The driver was the man from whose room she had stole n the maps.司机就是那个人她从他的房间偷走地图。9 形容词最高级+of+which/whom结构在定语从句中作定语表部分 关系。如China has thousa nds of isla nds, the largest of which is Taiwa n.中国有成千上万个岛屿其中最大的

36、是台湾岛In our class there are twenty girls, the cleverest of whomis Li Hua.我们班有20名女生最聪明的是李华。10 介词+which+不定式。此种用法多见于正式文体中相当于一个定语从句。如他终于有了给家At last he had somethi ng about which to write home.里写信的内容了。He had no key with which to ope n the door. 他没有开门的钥匙。He has a small room in which to live.【运用定语从句时应注意的几个问

37、题】1 关系代词在定语从句中作主语时定语从句的谓语动词应和先行词的人称和数保持一致。This is one of the books which were writte n by Mark Twai n.这是马克吐温所写的书中的一本。先行词是books因此动词应用were。2 关系代词或关系副词在从句中充当一个句子成分因此要注意避免从句中句子成分的重复出现。This is the most beautiful place that I have visited it.This is the most beautiful place that I have visited.这是我参观过的最美的地方。去掉it 因that代替先行词the most beautiful place在定语从句中作visit 的宾语 再加it就多余了。The school where I worked there is a big one.The school where I worked is a big one.我所工作过的学校是一所大学校。去掉there因where既引导定语从句又在从句中代替in the school 作状语.3 关系代词在定语从句中作主语时