名词性从句和定语从句

1、 attributive clause一. 复合句中，修饰某一名词、代词或整个主句的从句，即定语从句（后置于名词）被定语从句所修饰的词为先行词；【分裂式定从：i have an aunt in london who never write to me.】 从句中人称、数、形式需与先行词保持一致（主谓一致） he who does not reach the great wall is not a true man . he is one of the students who go to beijing. he is the ( only) one of the students who go

2、es to beijing. not the only one of = one of二 限制性定从 修饰限制先行词，省去后原句意义表达不完整；（前无逗号）非限制性定从 补充说明先行词，省去后原句意义不受影响（前有逗号） he has two sons, who work in the same company. he has two sons who work in the same company.三引导定语从句关系词，关系代词：which that who whom whose as 关系副词：when where why 主句完整，从句不完整（缺主语、宾语、定语） 关系代词 主句完整，

3、从句完整 关系副词（缺状语） 或介词+which/whom 从句完整：when、where、why 介词 + which /whom (介词选用原则)分析从句： 缺定语(the): whose 从句不完整： 缺人：who /whom (区分) 缺主/宾/表： 缺物：which /that (区分) 缺人/物： as (两个用法) 四关系代词 （a/b/c ：主宾 d：定语） a.指代人： who 主语、宾语 that is the man_helps me. whom 宾语 that is the man_i help. do you know the woman whom we met at

4、 the gate. 介词 + whom （介词的选用原则：先行词/从句中vi） here are players from china , some of whom are our old friends. in the dark street, there wasnt a single person to whom she could turn for help.b.指代物：which that 先行词指代物时用that不用which的情况：(1) 先行词是不定代词 all no none the one any few little much everything nothing any

5、thing 等时；（something后用“that”或“which”均可） is there anything that i can do for you in town ? you should hand in all that you have.(2) 先行词被序数词或the last, the only, the very修饰时 this is the first place that i visited last time.(3) 先行词被形容词最高级所修饰； this is the best film that i have ever seen.(4) 先行词包括人、物两方面时；

6、they talked about the things and persons that they remembered in the school.(5) 当主语是which、who、what开头的特殊问句时，引导定语从句的关系代词一般用that，而不用which； who is the girl( that is )sitting by the lake? which of those books( that are ) on the table belong to you?(6) 两个定语从句时，其中一关系代词用which，另外一个用that they secretly build u

7、p a small factory, which produced things that could cause pollution.(7) 先行词在主句中作表语，而关系代词也在从句中作表语时 shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be. 先行词指代物时用which不用that的两种情况(1)非限制性定语从句中 she heard a terrible noise, which brought her heart into her month.(2) 当关系代词作介词宾语时，用介+which结构 he built a telescope

8、 through which he could study the skies.c. as 用法 (1) 用于“suchas” “the sameas” “asas” soas”特殊结构中： this is not such a book as i expected.区别the sameas和 the samethat？ this is the same tool as / that i used last time.“suchas” 定语从句 “suchthat”状语从句 he is such a clever boy as everyone likes.he is such a cleve

9、r boy that everyone likes him.(2) as引导非限制定语从句，可以指代整个句子（which亦可指代整个句子） as is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month. the moon travels round the earth once every month, as/which is known to everybody.it is known to everybody that the moon travels round the earth once eve

10、ry month.what is known to everybody is that the moon travels round the earth. as 习惯用语：as has been said before 如上所述 as is mentioned above 正如上面提到的 as is well-known= as is known to all众所周知非限制性定语从句是否定句或表否定时只能用which he came here very late, which was unexpected.非限制性定语从句谓语是一个复合结构时，只能用which betty always tel

11、ls a lie, which her parents find strange.d. whose 作定语，既可指代人，亦可指代物 （of + whom / which） the doctor , whose name was john ,lived in a small town in nanjing. this is the house whose window broke last night. this is the house, the window of which broke last night. this is the house, of which the window b

12、roke last night.e. 关系代词省略：限制性定语从句中，作动词宾语时(若介宾结构，介词在从句词尾) 关系代词可省略 关系副词省略：当先行词是time reason place时，作状语的关系副词when where why可以省去五关系副词 when where why (关系副词= 介词 + which) i will never forget the day when i first came to beijing. i will never forget the day that / which we spent together. xian is a famous cit

13、y where there are many places of interest. xian is a famous city that / which has many places of interest. the reason that / which he gave is not believable. the reason why he did not come to school yesterday is that she was ill.六、特殊定从： way后接定语从句 【way + of doing / to do / 定从】 please tell me the way

14、in which/ that/ 不填 i can improve my english. where 作名词可与from连用 his head soon appeared out of the window, from where he could see what happened clearly. 关系代词than never give your children more money than is necessary.七强调句型： it is / was + 被强调部分 + that / who + 剩余部分 it is / was + not until + that + 去not的

15、剩余部分（注意时态的变化！） 特殊疑问句的强调区分强调句和定语从句：去结构“it is / was”和 “that / who”后，看是否缺成份.八that引导的定语从句及that引导的同位语从句区别（见名词性从句）九【高频考点】when/where 表时间、地点的抽象化、模糊化where situation / stage / case / point occasions are quite rare 【when】 i have the time to spend a day with my kids. later in this chapter cases will be introduc

16、ed to readers 【where】 consumer complaints have resulted in changes in the law. i have reached a point in my life 【where】 i am supposed to make decisions of my own. today, well discuss a number of cases 【where】 beginners of english fail to use the language properly . 解题思路：(1)先判断是定语从句否（陷阱）a.注意标点符号和并列连

17、词（and/but）的两句话b.先行词在从句中不做任何成份以及状语从句c.强调句型、同位语从句等其它句型 (2) 找准先行词（若介词+which/which，确定合适介词）(3) 判断出先行词在从句中所做成份 (4) 若关系副词，直接确定； 若关系代词，在判断人或物，确定具体关系代词n m e t1. the road conditions there turned out to be very good，_ was more than we could expect. a. it b. what c. which d. that2. _ i explained on the phone, y

18、our request will be considered at the next meeting. a. as b. when c. after d. since3. franks dream was to have his own shop _ to produce the workings of his own hands. a. that b. in which c. by which d. how4. i walked in our garden, _ tom and jim are trying a big sign onto one of the trees. a. which

19、 b. when c. where d. that5. look out！dont get too close to the house _ roof is under repair. a. whose b. which c. of which d. that6. i saw a woman running toward me in the dark. before i could recognize who she was, she had run back in the direction _ she had come. a. of which b. by which c. in whic

20、h d. from which7. we saw several natives advancing towards our party, and one of them came up to us, _ we gave some bells and glasses. a. to which b. to whom c. with whom d. with which 8. i was told that there were about 50 foreign students_chinese in the school and most_were from germany. a. study;

21、 of whom b. study; of them c. studying; of them d. studying; of whom9. she was educated at beijing university, _ she went on to have her advanced study abroad. a. after that b. from that c. from which d. after which10. do you have anything to say for yourselves? yes, there is one point _ we must ins

22、ist on. a. why b. where c. when d. / 11. if you are traveling _ the customs are really foreign to your own, please do as the romans do. a. in which b. what c. when d. where12. women _ drink more than two cups of coffee a day have a greater chance of having heart disease than those _ do not. a. who;

23、/ b. /; who c. who; who d. /; /13. it is reported that two schools, _ are being built in my hometown, will open next year. a. they both b. which both c. both of them d. both of which14. last week, only two people came to look at the house, _ wanted to buy it. a. none of them b. both of them c. none

24、of whom d. neither of whom15. by serving others, a person focuses on someone other than himself or herself, _ can be very eye-opening and rewarding. a. who b. which c. what d. that16. many children, _ parents are away working in big cities, are taken good care of in the village. a. their b. whose c.

25、 of them d. with whom17. gun control is a subject _ americans have argued for a long time. a. of which b. with which c. about which d. into which18. those successful deaf dancers think that dancing is an activity _ sight matters more than hearing. a. when b. whose c. which d. where19. human facial e

26、xpressions differ from those of animals in the degree _ they can be controlled on purpose. a. with which b. to which c. of which d. for which20. they have won their last three matches, _ i find a bit surprising actually. a. that b. when c. what d. which21. after graduation she reached a point in her

27、 career _ she needed to decide what to do. a. that b. what c. which d. where22. today, well discuss a number of cases _ beginners of english fail to use the language properly . a. which b. as c. why d. where23. i will give you my friends home address, _ i can be reached most evenings. a. which b. wh

28、en c. whom d. where24. my friend showed me round the town, _ was very kind of him. a. which b. that c. whether d. who25. a person _ e-mail account is full wont be able to send or receive any e-mail. a. who b. whom c. whose d. whoever26. occasions are quite rare _ i have the time to spend a day with

29、my kids. a. who b. which c. why d. when27. what do you think of teaching, bob? i find it fun and challenging. it is a job _ you are doing something serious but interesting. a. where b. which c. when d. that28. later in this chapter cases will be introduced to readers _ consumer complaints have resul

30、ted in changes in the law. a. who b. which c. when d. where29. the man pulled out a gold watch, _ were made of small diamonds. a. the hands of whom b. whom the hands of c. which the hands of d. the hands of which30. they will fly to washington, _ they plan to stay for two or three days. a. where b.

31、there c. which d. when31. for many cities in the world, there is no room to spread our further, _ new york is an example. a. for which b. in which c. of which d. from which 32 animals suffered at the hand of man _ they were destroyed by people to make way for agricultural land to provide food for mo

32、re people. a. in which b. for which c. so that d. in that33. by nine oclock, all the olympic torch bearers had reached the top of mount qomolangma, _ appeared a rare rainbow soon. a. of which b. on which c. from which d. above which 34. i have reached a point in my life _ i am supposed to make decis

33、ions of my own. a. which b. where c. how d. why35. the growing speed of a plant is influenced by a number of factors and _ are beyond our control. a. most of which b. most of them c. most of what d. most of that36. because of the financial crisis, days are gone _local 5-star hotels charged 6,000 yua

34、n for one night. a. if b. when c. which d. since37. its helpful to put children in a situation _ they can see themselves differently. a. that b. when c. which d. where38. shell never forget her stay there _ she found her son who had gone missing two years before. a. that b. which c. where d. when39.

35、 whenever i met her, _ was fairly often, she greeted me with a sweet smile. a. who b. which c. when d. that40. life is like a long race_ we compete with others to go beyond ourselves. a. why b. what c. that d. wherenoun clause从句：引导词后（n性从句：从句陈述语气）一分类： 主语从句:what you said is right. 表语从句: that is what y

36、ou said.宾语从句: i believe what you said. 同位语从句:the news that he had passed the exam shocked us. 二名词性从句：主句完整：同位语从句 主句不完整：主语/宾语/表语从句 从句完整： 陈述句：that (无实意) 一般疑问句：whether / if (是否)分析从句： 特殊疑问句: when/ where /why /how 从句不完整： 缺人： who (主表) / whom (宾)缺物： what（主宾表）/ which (有选择 主宾定) whose（谁的 缺the） 特殊关联词：以as if/ as

37、 though /as/because引导的表语从句(系表结构) thats because they are too careful in their studies. things werent as they seemed to be. (区别thats why和thats because？) （区别seem和appear?）三关联词 1.that无实义，句中不担任何成分.（主、同从句中不能省） that her hair was turning grey worried her a bit. 2.whether/if 表“是否”，句中不担当成分，亦不能省； (if-如果：引导条件状语从

38、句） 用whether不用if六种情况：主语从句whether the 2012 olympic games will be held in pairs is unknown yet. (it作形式主语，主语从句放在句末是whether/if 均可)表语从句 the problem is whether we need it.同位语 the problem whether we will build another school has not been settled.做介词宾语 he was worried about whether he passed the english exam.

39、discuss引导的宾语从句句中有”or not” it does not matter whether she will come or not.主语不定式前 i dont know whether to go either.3.what“所、事/人”和“什么”“什么样的”（区别于“that”） my brother is not what he used to be. the problem is what we should do next.4.连接副词作状语： how this happened is not clear to anyone.四：主语从句 1.“it”作形式主语4种句型

40、： it + be + 形容词 + that从句(strange natural obvious true possible certain clear surprising wonderful funny likely ) it is strange that she did not come yesterday.(若形容词为necessary important essential strange，从句可用虚拟语气，即should+v ) it+be+名词性词组+that从句(a pity a shame a fact good news no wonder an honor no sur

41、prise etc) （a pity a shame后亦可用虚拟语气） it is generally admitted that it is a pity that we can not go. it is a great pity that he should have said so. it+be+过分分词+that从句（reported believed expected thought decided announced , admitted arranged, etc） it is reported that our chinese team has won the game. (

42、若过去分词表“建议”“命令”“愿望”，如suggested ordered requested等，从句用虚拟语气，形式为:should+v) it is requested that mr wang (should) give a performance. it+seems(ed)/happens(ed)+that从句、 it happened that i was not there that day .2.特殊疑问词引导主语从句时，常用it作形式主语 it makes no difference where we shall have the meeting. it has not bee

43、n decided yet who will preside over the meeting.what whatever whoever 引导的主语从句不用形式主语“it” what you told me was ture.五表语从句 （主系表结构？系动词的考点？） the question is whether it is worth doing. it looks as if/though it is going to rain. 句型：the reason + 系动词 +that从句 it / this (that)+系动词 + the reason + why从句 it / thi

44、s (that)+系动词 + because +原因 /why + 结果 the reason was that he fell ill.六宾语从句： 1.后用陈述语气 2.“that”省略（第二个从句后that不可省） that从句一般不能用作介词宾语，但可作except，in等介词的宾语 he is a good student except that he is a little bit careless. he differed from his classmates in that he devoted his spare time to reading. 3.接复合宾语的动词（th

45、ink make consider, etc）引导的宾语从句后有宾语补足语，用it作形式宾语（that不可省） he thought it a pity that he missed the film. 4.介词的宾语从句用what whatever whether 等引导，不能用if或 which she was praised for what she had done. everything depends on whether we have enough experience. 5.”do you think / believe / hope / suppose”作插入语时，后用陈述

46、语气. what did you father buy there ?what do you think you father bought there ? 6.时态呼应问题（若主句为一般过去时，从句改为相应过去范畴内时态） 特殊两点： （1）一般过去时 一般过去时（从句有过去的时间状语） 过去完成时（从句无过去的时间状语） （2）表示客观真理、科学事实时时态不受影响 7.表要求、建议、命令、意见、看法动词后跟宾语从句，从句用虚拟，即should + v he insisted that john should do the job .七同位语从句（位于某些具有实质性内容抽象名词后），news

47、 fact idea hope promise problem possibility desire suggestion thought i have no idea when he will be back . there is a feeling in me that well never know what a ufo is not ever. my question how i shall get in touch with him has not been answered. 八高频考点： 【高频考词what】名词性从句 = 先行词 + 其后的定语从句what = the thing(s) which/that,有时what可以前置，如wh