英语单句的五种基本结构

1、单句的五种基本结构1主谓结构：主语谓语(不及物动词)(1)主谓结构中谓语常用来表示主语的动作或状态。这种句型中的谓语动词为不及物动词，故不能接宾语，也没有被动语态。常见的不及物动词或短语有：arrive, walk, fall, rise, happen, exist, ride, occur, agree, flow, take place, break out, come about等。Liu Yang rode freely in Tiangong1 space lab.刘洋在天宫一号太空实验室里轻松地骑自行车。(2)不及物动词或短语后不能接宾语，要特别注意英汉表达的差异。他家昨晚发生了

2、一场火灾。His home broke out a fire last night.()A fire broke out in his home last night.()点睛break out意为“爆发”，是一个不及物动词短语，其后不能接宾语。练一练本周五晚自习之后我们将于800在学生俱乐部集合。(2012全国卷书面表达)Well_gather_at_the_Students_Club_at_8_pm.this_Friday,_after_the_evening_classes.2主谓宾结构：主语谓语(及物动词)宾语(1)这种句型中的谓语动词必须是及物动词或动词短语，可有被动语态。We al

3、l possess the same chance.我们都拥有相同的机会。(2)在“动词介词”的动词短语中，宾语只能接在介词之后；在“动词副词”的动词短语中，作宾语的名词放于副词前后皆可；作宾语的代词只能放在副词之前。Please wake Li Ling up ( wake up Li Ling) at six thirty in the morning.()Please wake her up at six thirty in the morning.()Please wake up her at six thirty in the morning.()句式升级有些“主谓宾结构”的句子虽然

4、短小，但表达的含义更精确，语言更地道。I could not say any word.Words failed me.(单词虽然少，句子更精悍)练一练我们每个人都将准备一个小礼物。(2012全国卷书面表达)We_each_will_prepare_a_little_present.3主系表结构：主语系动词表语(1)这种句型中的谓语动词为系动词，无被动语态，也无进行时态。常见的系动词有be，还有感官系动词(sound/look/smell/taste/feel)，变化系动词(become/get/grow/turn/go/fall/run)，持续系动词(remain/keep/hold/sta

5、y)，表像系动词(seem/appear/look)等。Wu Bin, the hero bus driver of Hangzhou, kept calm in face of danger.吴斌，杭州最美司机，在危险面前保持冷静。 (2)同一个单词的不同词性作表语时，所表达的意义是不同的，这也是学生写作时常犯错误之一。Learning English is hard.(形容词作表语)()Learning English is a hardship. (抽象名词具体化)()Learning English is hardship.() (3)在主系表结构中要注意英汉表达的差异，避免汉式英语。

6、如：这件外套很贵。The price of the coat is very expensive.()The coat is very expensive.()The price of the coat is very high.()点睛表示价格的词price只能用“高”或“低”，即high或low来修饰，而不能像汉语一样用“贵”或“贱”来形容。如：上海的人口比北京的人口多。The population of Shanghai is more than that of Beijing.()The population of Shanghai is larger than that of Bei

7、jing.()点睛population是不可数名词，说“人口多或少”要用large或small (比较级larger或smaller)，不能受汉语的影响，用many或few (比较级more或fewer)来表示。如：我方便时来看你。I will see you if I am convenient.()I will see you if it is convenient to me.()点睛convenient只修饰事物不修饰人，常用的结构是：sth. be convenient to sb./Its convenient to sb./Its convenient to do sth.练一练

8、我是李华，一名来自中国的中学生。(2012新课标全国卷书面表达)Im_Li_Hua,_a_middle_school_student_from_China.4主谓宾宾结构：主语谓语间接宾语直接宾语(1)这种句型中的及物动词后跟双宾语，指人的宾语称为间接宾语，指物的宾语称为直接宾语。通常间接宾语在前，直接宾语在后。Hegave me some beautiful photos.主语谓语间接宾语直接宾语 (2)双宾语结构只能跟在某些及物动词后面，主要有三类动词：give, tell, teach, write, bring, lend, hand, show, offer, send, pay,

9、pass, allow, return等。这一类动词后的间接宾语可以用介词to引导的短语来表示。Please hand him a book! Please hand a book to him!请递给他一本书。buy, do, get, fetch, save, make, sing, choose等。这一类动词后的间接宾语可以用介词for引导的短语来表示。Her father bought her a bike. Her father bought a bike for her.她的父亲给她买了一辆自行车。ask, answer, take, cost等。这一类动词无法改变结构形式。May

10、 I ask you a question?我可以问你一个问题吗？练一练他们给运动员发去了贺信。 They_sent_the_athletes_a_letter_of_congratulation.They_sent_a_letter_of_congratulation_to_the_athletes.5主谓宾补结构：主语十谓语十宾语十宾语补足语该结构中的宾语补足语可以由名词、非谓语动词、形容词、副词或介词短语等充当。写作时应熟练掌握“名词作宾语补足语”这种写作中的高级表达形式。(1)常用名词充当宾语补足语的动词有：call, name, elect, make, appoint, leave

11、, consider, keep, wish等。Her parents died, leaving her an orphan.她父母双亡，使她成了孤儿。(2)常用形容词充当宾语补足语的动词有：believe, think, get, keep, make, find, set, wish, consider, prove, leave, paint, drive等。He didnt consider himself (to be) important.他并不认为自己重要。(3)只能用现在分词作宾语补足语的动词有：catch, keep, mind, prevent, stop, smell,

12、 excuse等。She caught her son smoking a cigarette.她看到她儿子抽烟。(4)只能用不定式作宾语补足语的动词有：wish, expect, prefer, encourage, allow, permit, remind, ask, invite, request, persuade, command, require, force, forbid等。I would prefer you not to change your plan.我宁愿你不要改变计划。(5)既能用分词又可用不定式作宾语补足语的动词有：see, observe, listen to

13、, hear, feel, have, hate, get, set, leave等。I saw him enter the hall.我看到他进入了大厅。I saw him taken out of the hall.我看到他被带出了大厅。点睛注意英文中有些单词，如agree等，后面不能接不定式作宾补，要注意英汉表达的差异。妈妈同意我今天晚上去看电影。Mother agreed me to see a film this evening.()Mother allowed me to see a film this evening.()练一练你会发现英语是通向如此丰富知识的桥梁。You_wil

14、l_find_English_a_bridge_to_so_much_knowledge. .基础巩固(写出加黑部分在句中作的句子成分)1China is a great country.名词作主语2I like spring very much. 动词作谓语3John plays the piano well. 名词作宾语4He is a student from our school. 名词作表语5I gave him some money. 名词作宾语6. The man in red Tshirt is our English teacher.介词短语作定语7I usually go

15、to school by bike. 副词作状语8Li Hua, our monitor, is a girl.名词短语作同位语9Who do you think is the best student in our class？动词短语作插入语 .能力提升1按要求翻译句子(1)自从2000年以来杨各庄发生了很大变化。(主谓结构)Great_changes_have_taken_place_in_Yang_Ge_Village_since_2000.(2)第二天，我们一早就出发了。(主谓结构)The_next_day,_we_set_off_early_in_the_morning.(3)上周

16、末我们班组织了一次社会实践活动。(主谓宾结构)Last_weekend_our_class_organized_a_social_practice_activity.(4) 我们选出李华作队长。(主谓宾补结构)We_chose_Li_Hua_our_captain.(5)当地的人们都很友好。(主系表结构)The_local_people_are_all_friendly.(6)那花儿闻起来很香。(主系表结构)The_flowers_smell_sweet.(7) 这次活动给我留下了深刻印象。(主谓宾宾结构)The_activity_left_me_a_deep_impression.(8)她在给朋友购买礼品。(主谓宾宾结构)Shes_buying_her_friend_a_present_(gift)/Shes_buying_a_present_(gift)_for_her_friend.2选用以上句子组建短文介绍一次社会实践活动参考范文：Last_weekend_our_class_organized_a_social_