完形填空解题技巧宏观

1、完形填空,cloze,完形填空是一种测试学生语言水平和实际运用语言能力的综合性题型， 它要求学生掌握词汇知识，习惯用语， 语法知识，句法结构， 而且要有一定的语篇领悟能力，逻辑思维能力和语言感悟能力，是综合了现行的单选和阅读的考查。近年来试题所设计的知识面不断拓宽，缺少故事情节的文章增多，特别强调对语篇及上下文的理解和应用，而且完形填空题在整个高考试卷中的分值比重比以往更高，因此，可以说该题型难度大、区分度高，是“容易拉开距离”的题型,一 完形填空所考查的能力,快速阅读,skimming,找中心句,理顺文章,判断,推理,分析,词汇语法,背景知识生活常识,topic sentence,organ

2、ization,analysis & conclusion,vocabulary & grammar,background &knowledge,二 当前完形填空的特点,突出语篇，强调应用，注重交际,辨析词意，以实词为主,题材多为记叙文，且第一句不设空,三 测试要点热点透视,情景运用,常识应用,词语辨析 （先易后难,上下文联系,逻辑推理,归纳概括,语篇理解,四 完形填空的解题思路,总则：在把握整体的基础上对 句子内部的情况进行分析,跳过空格，通读全文， 把握大意,再读全文，反复检查,结合选项，综合考虑，初定答案,瞻前顾后，先易后难， 个个击破,五 完形填空的解题技巧,利用首句解题,运用逻辑分析

3、判断解题,借助词汇复现现象解题,通过合理联想解题,依据上下文语境解题,凭借背景知识解题,调动语法规则解题,5.1 联想和推测这样的基本思维活动始终伴随着完形填空的解题过程，但联想和推测不能是盲目的。在一篇文章中，我们有时候会发现一些实词大致属于一个范畴，这就意味着需要填空的地方有可能也是这一范畴内的词汇，这样就确定了一定的联想方向，在头脑中迅速罗列出与之相关的词汇有助于我们正确判断选项。例如,college,school,primary school,middle school,university,institute,teachers,professors,tutors,students,p

4、upils,graduates,postgraduates,degrees,bachelors,masters,doctors,courses,lectures,examinations,quiz,test,papers,subjects,cheat,homework,mark,results,scholarship,smoking,smokers/non-smokers,parents,children,adults,places to smoke,public places,private places at home,disadvantages (harms,waste of money

5、,fires- loss,diseases-health,laws to,forbid smoking,ban,restrict,fire,fire alarm,firemen/ firefighters,distinguisher,stove,smoke,start a fire,set fire to,seton fire,make a fire,be on fire,fight against,put out,burn to the ground,sound (v.)the fire alarm,law should not restrict (限制) where people can

6、smoke. as far as i am concerned, any arguments that say smoking affects the health of nonsmokers are based on emotions (感情) ， not science. as a matter of fact, there is no conclusive evidence to prove that the health of wives and children of smokers is harmed by their husbands or fathers smoking. ba

7、nning smoking in public places, like restaurants and offices, only cause loss of income and lower productivity. it also, i believe, unfairly restricts peoples freedom of choice. naturally, this is an issue that arouses a lot of anger on the part of a lot of people, but clearly, anger should not dict

8、ate laws. the decision of where and when to smoke, should, in my opinion, be left to common courtesy(礼貌） and sense（理智,eg. i put my head in, expecting the (worst). but to my (surprise), the room wasnt empty at all. it had furniture, curtains, a tv, and even paintings on the wall. and then on the well

9、-made bed sat amy, my new _44_, dressed neatly. a. roommate b. classmate c. neighbour d. companion,eg. and thousands of _58_ watchers stared with their hearts beating fast. 58. a. patient b. terrified c. pleased d. enjoyable,eg. we were _42_ to go back for class again when the headmaster called us (

10、 together) and said, 42. a. about b. able c. sorry d. sure,were about to,when,eg.one day, mrs. nanette oneill gave an arithmetic _26_ to our class. when the papers were _27_ she discovered that twelve boys had made exactly the (same) mistakes throughout the test. 26. a. test b. problem c. paper d. l

11、esson 27. a. examined b. completed c. marked d. answered,5.2 完形填空题的特点是篇幅小，起点高，容量大。按一般的命题要求，完形填空题所采用的短文一般不给标题，但首句往往不设空，通常是个完整的句子，这个句子不容忽视，它往往是全文的关键句，或者称为主导句，（topic sentence)它是了解全文的窗口，常常包含对解题有用的信息，由此句可判断文章的大意乃至主题。因此，考生要充分利用完形填空题首句的提示作用，利用它为解题找到一个突破口，从而展开思维，争取开局顺利,eg. (nmet 2001) 首句：he has been called

12、the “missing link”: half-man, half beast. he is supposed to live in the highest mountain in the world mount everest. 文章的开篇段描述了 “missing link” 的外貌和生活地，读懂第一句我们就可确定说明的对象是半人半兽的动物，有助于预测全文的基本框架和内容,eg. i was six when i joined my father and two elder brothers at sunrise in the fields of eufaula, okla. 36 th

13、e time i was eight i was helping dad fix up old furniture. he gave me a cent for every nail i 37 out of old board. 36. a. before b. within c. from d. by 37. a. pulled b. put c. picked d. pressed,这是一篇相对完整的故事，从第一段可以看出，作者分别提到了6岁，8岁时所干的事情， 但他并不认为那是真正意义上的工作。所以前三项结合语境很容易选出答案,5.3 对语法、词法等基础知识的考查也是完形填空题的命题角度

14、之一。它需要考生不仅要理解上下文的逻辑关系，更要针对性地对语法结构、句式特点、对短文中所设空格中需填词在句子里作什么成分、哪类词适合、应采取什么形式等进行必要的分析思考，从而迅速解决问题。比如，选用动词就要考虑各种时态、语态、语气、主谓搭配以及其如何与其他词类使用等一系列问题。因此调动语法知识解题在完形中是必要的，它包括根据固定句型和词，尤其是动词的固定搭配来选择答案，或运用代词的上下文替代作用。例如,eg. at the beginning of this century, medical scientists made an interesting discovery: we are bu

15、ilt not just of flesh and blood but also of time. they were _to show that we all have a “body clock”. (nmet2000) a. anxious b. able c. change d. move,eg. should the small change received at the store be forgotten or returned? nobody will know except _. but you have to live with yourself, and it is a

16、lways better to live with someone you respect. a. me b. you c. us d. them 此题根据下文的主语you判断，只能选b,eg. a theater with poor sight lines, poor sound-shaping qualities, and too few entries and exits will not work for _ purpose. a. their b. its c. those d. that 本句从反面说明剧院设计应符合空间的作用，四个选项中只有its指代单数名词theater,eg.

17、 (nmet 2001) 首句：he has been called the “missing link”: half-man, half beast. he is supposed to live in the highest mountain in the world mount everest. 文章的开篇段描述了 “missing link” 的外貌和生活地，读懂第一句我们就可确定说明的对象是半人半兽的动物，有助于预测全文的基本框架和内容,eg. 1 my way home yesterday, i saw a dog in front 2 me. 1. a. in b. of c.

18、on d. to 2. a. of b. to c. from d. before,eg. everyday after school i would 41 to jms and work until ten. (nmet 2003 北京） 41. a. head b. turn c. change d. move,head for/ to 是一个固定词组，表示前往，去,5.4 “词汇的复现”是指某一词以原词、同义词或近义词、概括词以及其他形式重复出现在语篇之中。词汇复现的语用意义是使得语篇中的句子相互衔接和连贯，从而构成一个完整和有机的意义整体。大体上说，词汇的复现包括：原词复现、同义词复现

19、、近义词复现、概括词复现和注释性复现。具体指某一词以原词，指代词，同义词，反义词概括词等重新出现在整个文章的前后，并起到了衔接全文的作用。如何利用词汇复现帮助我们解题呢？不妨先看看下面的例子,eg. the strange thing was that practically all the students went to class, and very few people stayed up late at night. only the new people stayed up or _ class. (nmet2000春） a. attended b. took c. missed

20、d. studied 文章中or连接的是并列成分，所以空格中的内容应与上文went to class 构成相反的意义，该题属于反义词复现现象,eg. the parents said that most of the homework was a waste of time, and they wanted to 56 it. spain and turkey are two countries which stopped homework already. (2003 春，上海卷） 56. a. delay b. stop c. block d. prove,eg. and the cler

21、k confirmed that his plane was leaving at nine oclock three days form that day since he was 44 in three days, andy didnt lose any time. (2003 春， 全国卷） 44. a. moving b. returning c. staying d. leaving,eg. the afternoon passed pleasantly with a few laughs and some small talk, and then mark went home “

22、i had planned to run away and i was going home to pack my things. but after we spent some time together 52 and laughing, i realized that ” （2003 春，北京卷） 52. a. talking b. playing c. reading d. watching,eg. how does a tooth go bad? the 51 begins in a little crack in the enamel(珐琅）covering of the tooth

23、. this happens after germs and bits of food have 52 there. then the decay slowly spreads inside the tooth. in the end, poison goes into blood, and we may feel quite ill. (2002, 上海春季招生） 51. a. destruction b. decay c. fault d. hurt 52. a. stored b. collected c. laid d. piled 上文中讲蛀牙如何产生。 空51和红体单词在意义上是一

24、致的， 属于同义词复现现象,5.5 上下文是营造语境的基础，也是逻辑推理的依据。通过分析句与句之间的逻辑关系，根据上下文中对比， 因果，转折及用途等线索，前后顺序及前后文中提示与解释的关系，猜出文中的生词和缺失的单词，并找出信息词是做好完形填空题的关键。近年来，完形填空题在设计上的趋势是朝着深层化及语境化的方面挖掘，侧重逻辑推理判断。就空格设空而言，体现了以实词为主，虚词为辅的特点，而且几乎不暴露明显的语言错误，词语在特定的语境中所表达的隐含信息大都无法光凭表面理解获知。这就大大加强了干扰项的迷惑性，从而提高了试题的难度值,eg. on the whole, i think i am a be

25、tter person for having gone to the school. i can read and write as well as anyone else my age, and i can think better. thats probably a real big difference between the free school and regular school-the amount of _. (nmet2000, 春） a. reading b. gardening c. teaching d. thinking 该段落强调作者比同领人更会思考，且这一点是f

26、ree school 和正规学校的最大区别。结尾处是对上文的总结，属于话题同现的情况,因此，只有借助上下文乃至全文语境的启示或限定如某个话题的总结或再现，才能够准确做出判断,eg. todd was working at his gas station at night when he heard over the radio that a bank in long island had been broken into by an armed man who had killed the night guard and got away with $150,000. “one hundred

27、 and fifty thousand,” todd whistled. heres a fellow who just walks into a bank and helps himself to so much money. todd thought of the _ with which he managed to get the amount of money he needed to start his gas station. so many papers to sign, so much money to pay back. a. satisfaction b. difficul

28、ty c. disappointment d. spirit,填此空时，应该充分利用上下文，对照上文的语气：武装分子抢钱如此轻巧！而自己赚钱却是如此麻烦，其中manage to 也有一定提示作用,eg. i played a racquetball game against my cousin ed last week. it was one of the most 36 and tiring games ive ever had. （nmet 2003） 36. a. encouraging b. hopeless c. surprising d. regular 此处从语法的角度4个选项都

29、对，但联系后文才能发现唯有c为最佳答案,eg. it was an early morning in summer. in the street, sleepily-eyed people were moving quickly, heading towards their _ . a. jobs b. homes c. buses d. offices,5.6 完形填空题的解题过程首先是一个阅读的过程。做题时必须把握作者的思路，使自己的思维模式与作者的思维模式相吻合。在整个解题的过程中不断地从各个角度进行合乎逻辑的推理，进而验证推理的正确性，修正非正确性，以达到理解全文、解决问题的目的。正确

30、分析推理是恰当解题的必要条件，而恰当解题又是对题目进行正确分析推理的必然结果。因此运用句与句之间的逻辑关系解题包括运用修饰，因果，结构再现，连词等技巧解题。即在上下文中寻找有关的提示或暗示，对文章的情节进行逻辑分析，抓住关键语言信息的词语，确定合理的答案至关重要,eg. no man can change the weather. nobody can control the weather. but if we 1 correctly the signs around us we can 2 what the more changes in the weather will be. this

31、 way of telling what the weather will be like the following day or two is called weather forecasting. a. see b. look c. read d. watch a. tell b. speak c. talk d. point,上面是一段文章的开头， 开篇第三句就用了but, 由此可以推断后面的内容和人类可以认识，掌握天气现象有关，这样就不难选出空缺的词了,下面的例子则是考查学生先判断转折关系再填过渡词了。 eg. i had an auto repairman once, who, o

32、n these intelligence tests, could not 38 have scored more than 80. 39 , when anything went wrong with my car, i hurried to him and he always 40 it. (nmet 2002) 38. a. always b. possibly c. certainly d. frequently 39. a. then b. thus c. therefore d. yet 40. a. fixed b. checked c. drove d. changed,eg.

33、 the native people said they 38 (knew of ) this creature and called it the “yeti”, and they said that they had 39 caught yetis on two occasions 40 none has ever been produced. (nmet 2001) 39. a. even b. hardly c. certainly d. probably 40. a. as b. though c. when d. until 39空前的两个分句存在着递进的关系， 而该句又和后面的分

34、句存在转折关系，据此可以判断答案,5.7 完形填空题以自身的内容提供完整的语篇信息，其间无不渗透着各类相关的常识与知识。背景知识指的是我们平时所积累的常识，生活经验，英语国家的风俗习惯，文化背景，历史事件，地理位置等。考生做题时，若能积极地调动自己的文化背景知识和生活常识，注意中西方文化方面存在的差异，将会大大简化复杂的分析与判断过程，节省宝贵的时间，顺理成章地选出正确的答案。因此，这就要求考生平时注意知识的积累，并加强不同学科间的知识融合，有意识地了解一些英语国家的文化背景知识，这对英语学习和应试将大有帮助,eg. people of burlington are being disturb

35、ed by the sound of bells. four students from burlington college of higher education are in the bell tower of the 26 and have make up their minds to ring the bells non stop for two weeks as a protest. (nmet1999) 26. a. college b. village c. town d. church 在英语国家钟楼通常设在教堂里或与教堂连在一起，因此不难判断此题选c,eg. one thi

36、ng we all do now and again is to lose our 54 with a friend and close relatives. the odd thing is that we more often display great 55 towards some one we are fond than towards 56 . (nmet 2002 上海卷） 54. a. mind b. memory c. manner d. temper 55. a. anger b. interest c. love d. respect 56. a. strangers b

37、. friends c. relatives d. colleagues 在日常生活中人们通常会对亲戚朋友或者自己发脾气，但却不在陌生人身上。 加上morethan的句型，则可以判断出答案了,排比结构指的是结构相同或相似，意思密切关联，语气一致的句子或词组成串排列的语言现象。命题者常从排比结构中的关联或对比这一特点来设空,把握两个结构,tips,排比结构,对比结构,对比，又称“对照”，属语言技巧之一。对比结构常把两种对立的事物或同一事物的两个不同方面并列出来加以比较或对比、使之相辅相成，从而达到突出主题的修辞效果,eg. as they walked mark 38 the boys name

38、 was bill, that he 39 computer games, baseball and history, that he was having a lot of 40 with his other subjects and that he had just broken 41 with his girlfriend. （2003 春，北京） 38. a. discovered b. realized c. said d. decided 39. a. played b. loved c. tried d. made 40. a. questions b. ideas c. tro

39、uble d. doubt 41. a. up b. out c. off d. away,eg. many people now think that teachers give pupils too much homework. they say that it is 51 for children to work at home in their free time. 52, they argue that most teachers do not 53 plan the homework tasks they give to pupils. (2003春，上海） 51. a. unne

40、cessary b. uninteresting c. unfortunate d. unimportant 52. a. nevertheless b. however c. therefore d. moreover 53. a. considerably b. favourably c. properly d. pleasantly,eg. when he was speaking to people 37 he had no 38 understanding what they said. 39 , when he was speaking on the phone, he 40 ha

41、d a problem. (nemt,春2003) 37. a. slowly b. in public c. in person d. carefully 38. a. difficulty b. idea c. mistake d. interest 39. a. instead b. therefore c. meanwhile d. interest 40. a. even b. curiosity c. notice d. attention,词义辨析,完形填空题中对词汇知识的考查主要体现在习惯用法和同义词、近义词的辨析两个方面。习惯用法是英语中某些固定的结构形态，不能随意变动。而在

42、众多的习语当中，介词往往扮演最活跃的角色，其次是副词。所以，考生应掌握习惯用法，用它来分析破解完形填空题或许可算得上是一件秘密武器。词义辨析题的比重有加大的趋势。要做好这类题目，非得有较大的词汇量、较强的词语搭配能力,eg. at this moment, the air hostess 73 . she looked pale, but was quite (calm). a. showed b. presented c. exposedd. appeared 本题考查动词近义词辨析, 四个选项都有“出现，显露”的意思， 但是a, b, c都是及物动词，此处不应用及物动词，所以应当选不及物动

43、词appear ，表示“出现”。从此题我们还会发现，单纯地记忆单词词义还远远不够。还应当掌握词性、词的搭配、用法等,eg. human brains are the 68 .68. a. same b. identical c. similar d. alike 本题考形容词辨析，但是考生不必逐一分析每个词之间的差异，最好从搭配入手解题。四个单词中只有same与定冠词连用，故选a,eg. it was the night before the composition was due. as i looked at the list of topics (题目) , “the art of ea

44、ting spaghetti (意大利面条) ” caught my eye. the word “spaghetti” brought back the _36 of an evening at uncle alien s in belleville 37 all of us were seated around the table and aunt pat 38 spaghetti for supper. (nemt 2004,36. a.memory b. thought c. knowledge d. experience 37. a. when b. where c. since d

45、. after 38. a. cooked b. served c. got d. made,eg. the news 1 twenty minutes later. the gunman had 2 a car for a ride, and than 3 out and the driver a. continued b. lasted c. spread d. arrived 本题考查的是相近词的辨析，continue 和last 均能表示延续状态，但只有前者才能表示中断后继续的意思,eg. someone had taken the _ diamond and put a faulty

46、 one in its place. a. real b. pure c. right d. exact 本题中a faulty one 是一个暗示要填一个反义词，相比之下只有a最贴切,解题误区 做完形填空时，除了依据所学语言知识和解题技巧外，还应避免几个误区。 1、单纯求快，忽略语篇理解，只看局部的词义辨析、搭配和语法结构，试图用语言知识解决所有问题。很多考生一拿到完形填空题就急于选择答案，不认真分析通篇文章。表面上解题速度挺快，但是这种见树不见林的做法只会影响解题的质量的效率。2、时间安排不当，在几个选项上过分纠缠，追求完美，导致许多本可以做出的题来不及做。正确的做法是由易到难，先做会,文

47、章首句要重视，全篇理解有启示。 记叙体裁为主体，通读全文明意旨。 填空多是实意词，四个选项巧设计， 词类范畴必同一。确定最佳靠逻辑， 字里行间找信息。个别填空借常识， 相近词义细辨析，习惯用法靠记忆， 复读反思再核实,应试口诀,more practice,there were two lazy men who _1_ did any work at all. they_2_ spend the whole day sitting in the sun and sleeping _3_ talking about what they would do when they were _4_ . many years went _5_in this way and the two men _6_ poor. one summers day as they were sitting _7_ on a bench in the sunshine, one of the men jumped _8_ his feet without warning and exclaimed, “we cant go on _