试论孟德斯鸠的政体观-----毕业论文

XXXA1A0A2A3A4A5A6A7A9A10A8A12A13IA11本科毕业论文（设计）论文（设计）题目试论孟德斯鸠的政体观学院法学院专业政治学与行政学班级2004学号学生姓名指导教师2008年5月31日XXXA14A15A16A17A18A19A20A21A22A23A24A25A26IIA27目录摘要A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A29ABSTRACTA28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A30引言A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A31一、孟德斯鸠政体分类及其原则A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A32（一）政体的分类A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A321共和政体A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A322君主政体A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A333专制政体A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A34（二）各种政体的原则A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A341共和政体的原则A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A342君主政体的原则A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A353专制政体的原则A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A36二、孟德斯鸠对各种政体的评价A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A37（一）对共和政体的评价A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A37（二）对君主政体的评价A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A37（三）对专制政体的评价A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A38三、孟德斯鸠政体观之精神A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A31A39（一）法治A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A31A39（二）自由A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A31A31（三）平等A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A31A32结束语A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A31A34参考文献A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A40A31A35XXXA14A15A16A17A18A19A20A21A22A23A24A25A26IIIA27致谢A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A28A40A31A36摘要孟德斯鸠作为法国十八世纪杰出的政治哲学家、启蒙思想家、资产阶级理论的创始人和资产阶级法理论的奠基人之一，他的思想和理论涉及面非常广泛和精深。其中的政体思想所包含的内容十分丰富，主要包括政体的分类（将政体划分为共和政体、君主政体和专制政体）、政体的性质、政体的原则（共和政体的原则是美德；君主政体的原则是荣誉；专制政体的原则是恐怖）、政体同法律等社会事实的关系、对各种政体的评价以及政体与政治自由等诸多内容，其丰富的政体思想蕴涵着深刻的法治、自由和平等精神。这其中既有值得褒扬的能启迪人们思想进步、推动世G11040G7003G7138G2469G4649的深G18007思想和精G17779理论，G3926他主G5364G1593G1852法制、实G15904法治、G1457G19568G1856G8677G7447G2045、G2465对G1856G5332G11842G16760G993平等和G7509G12483平等。同G7114他的政体思想G1075有G4396G3324G10793G11145的G3332G7053，G19668要G6117们G13466G14280的G7138G17788。关键词孟德斯鸠政体法治自由平等XXXA14A15A16A17A18A19A20A21A22A23A24A25A26IVA27ONMONTESQUIEUSPOINTOFVIEWABOUTFORMSOFGOVERNMENTABSTRACTMONTESQUIEUASADISTINGUISHEDFRENCHPOLITICALPHILOSOPHER,THINKEROFTHEENLIGHTENMENTON18THCENTURY,THEFOUNDEROFTHETHEORYOFBOURGEOISEANDTHEONEOFTHELEGALTHEORYOFTHEBOURGEOISIE,WHOSEIDEOLOGICALANDTHEORETICALINVOLVEDISVERYEXTENSIVEANDPROFOUNDTHEYCONTAINEDVARIOUSOFGOVERNMENTINCLUDINGTHECLASSIFICATIONOFGOVERNMENTSTOBEDIVIDEDINTOTHEREPUBLIC,THEMONARCHYANDTHEDICTATORSHIP,THENATUREANDTHEPRINCIPLEGOVERNMENTSTHEREPUBLICISVIRTUE,THEMONARCHYISOFHONORANDTHEDICTATORSHIPISTERRORIST,THERELATIONSHIPAMONGTHEGOVERNMENTS,THELAW,THESOCIALFACTANDTHEEVALUATIONOFTHEVARIOUSPOLITICALFREEDOMANDSOONARERICHCONTAINSINTHEPROFOUNDTHESPIRITOFRULESOFLAW,FREEDOMSANDEQUALITIESAMONGTHESE,THEREAREWORTHYCELEBRATINGDEEPTHINKINGSANDBRILLIANTTHEORIESWHICHCANINSPIRETHEPEOPLEANDPROMOTETHEDEVELOPMENTOFWORLDCIVILIZATIONSUCHAS,HEADVOCATEDIMPROVINGTHELEGALSYSTEM,PRACTICINGRULINGBYLAW,PROTECTINGCIVILRIGHTANDOPPOSINGTHEPUBLICRECOGNITIONOFEXTREMEINEQUALITYANDEQUALITYATTHESAMETIME,HEISALSOTHINKINGTHATTHEREAREALSOFLAWSOFGOVERNMENTSWHICHNEEDTOBEDISTINGUISHEDINDETAILKEYWORDSMONTESQUIEUGOVERNMENTRULEOFLAW；FREEDOMEQUALITYXXXA14A15A16A17A18A19A20A21A22A23A24A25A26VA27引言自G2488G5088G14110G7114G1207以G7481，G3324对政治理论的G6518G13046的G2394G2502G19283G8839中，政体G7092G993G6116为政治理论家G19388关G8892的G9978G9869。G1122G8504，G3324G16211G7053G2394G2502G990G5062G7378出G10628G17819G16780多诸G3926G1134G18336G3775多德、G8886G2045G8616G19475等G11752G12362政体的政治理论和政治思想G3835家（G5415G9994G1075出G10628G17819G3835家们对政体理论的G1117G21495）。十八世纪法国杰出的启蒙思想家孟德斯鸠G4613是其中的G1868G3423G1207G15932，他的政体思想G3324G16211G7053政治思想G2502G990G2356有G7509为G18337要的G3332G1313，对G1431G1363G4565G5326制G5242的G9793G1141和资G7424主G1053制G5242的G16818G10995G17227G1114G18337要的作G11004；G3324G2394G2502G990G7378G13475是G6363G5353G16211G7053资产阶级G19773G2641的理论G1393G6466，对G17829G10628G1207国家的G4478政制G5242的G16818G10995和G2469G4649产G10995G1114G17751深的G5445G2721。他的政体G16278与G2081政治理论家们的政体思想有G5468多G11468G15912之G3800，G4600其是与G1134G18336G3775多德的政体思想G7368是有G16780多G11468同G6122G11468G1296的G3252G4388。G1306G3324G8504G8617G12467主要G993是G3324G8616G17751他们的政体思想，G3252G13792G12520者G993对其他G11468关政体理论作G17819多的G8616G17751阐释。从目G2081的G11752G12362G10628状G7481看，专G19388G11752G12362孟德斯鸠政体G16278的学者和作品G993是G5468多，G13792且G3835多数G11752G12362者都只是把孟德斯鸠的政体G16278和其他政治理论家的政体思想进G15904G1114G8616G17751G11752G12362并作评价，G6122者是G4613孟德斯鸠所阐述的政体内容G13792论他的政体思想，缺乏实质性的G5332创意G1053。G12520者G16760为，通G17819对孟德斯鸠政体思想主要内容的阐述、分析，G6518析其中所蕴涵的政体精神具有G18337要的理论和G10628实意G1053。XXXA14A15A16A17A18A19A20A21A22A23A24A25A26VIA27一、孟德斯鸠的政体分类及其原则（一）政体的分类与先G2081的政治理论家一样，孟德斯鸠G1075将政体进G15904G1114分类。G1306是G3324他之G2081，政治理论家们G3324政体的分类G990最广泛采G11004的是G1134G18336G3775多德的分类法，即将政体简述为君主政体、贵族政体和G8677主政体，G6122者是三者结合的混合政体A41A42A43。孟德斯鸠的政体G16278与G1134G18336G3775多德的政体思想有G16780多G11468G1296的G3252G4388，G3926他们都G16760为政体是可以作多种分类的、政体的选择G19668要与国家（城邦）特定的G10628实环境G11468适应、都强调G1114“法治”G3324政体设计和政体选择中的G18337要标准和作G11004。G1306孟德斯鸠并没有像G1134G18336G3775多德那样以适应城邦的“G1856G8677团体”等为G10628实条件从形式G990（一人统治、少数人统治和多数人统治）和实质G990（是否以G1856共G2045益为目的）对政体进G15904分类，他主要从国家规模G3835小的角G5242以G7447力的施G15904G7053式“有G7092法治”为标准，将政体分为共和政体、君主政体和专制政体。他的这种法治分类标准应该说借鉴G1114柏拉图政体分类的G16780多G3252素。至G1122孟德斯鸠提到的“一人”、“一部分人”G6122者“G1852体人G8677”的数量标准，G12520者G16760为，这并非他的数量标准分类法，G13792G3324某种程G5242G990只能G11004G7481说G7138各种政体“有G7092法治”和法治的程G5242G3926何。G3252为G3324孟德斯鸠看G7481，即G1363一个国家是由个体G7481统治的，G1075G993应该称为君主政体，除非这个国家有固定的法律，即便由君主统治，他G1075G993能武断G3332修改法律。G3252G8504，G3926果统治G7447力G7092法治约束，G7092论G7447力由多数人掌握还是由一个人掌握，都可能出G10628专制主G1053，即一人统治的专制G6122G1852体人统治的专制。1共和政体孟德斯鸠G16760为“共和政体是G1852体人G8677G6122仅仅一部分人G8677握有最高G7447力的政体。”A41A44A43G5415G1852体人G8677握有共和国的最高G7447力G7114，G4613是G8677主政治，这是G8677主政治的性质；G5415一部分人G8677握有共和国的最高G7447力G7114，G4613是贵族政治，这便是贵族政治的性质。G3324孟德斯鸠看G7481，G3324共和政体下有着G993同性质的政治模式，G3252G13792，他将共和政体G7424身又分为G8677主政治和贵族政治两种类G3423。他G16760为，G3324G8677主政治G18336，只A45A46A47A48A49A50A51A52A53A54A55A56A57A58A59A60A61A62A63A59A64A65A63A59A66A67A68A59A56A69A70A71A72A22A73A74A75A76A77A62A78A79A80A81A82A83A84A85A86A87A88A89A90A91A83A92A93A94A92A93A95A86A96A97A98A99A100A101A101A100A83A100A102A83A103A104A105A106A107A108A103A109A110A111A112A83A113A108A114A115A116A107A117A103A89A90A91A83A118A119A120A121A99A92A93A94A122A123A124A125A126A99A100A101A101A127A83A128A83XXXA95A86A129A130A131A132A113A133A107A134A135A103A136VIIA137有通G17819选举，人G8677才能G5415君主，G3252为G8677主政治是G1852体人G8677握有最高G7447力，G1852体人G8677都G11468G5415G1122君主，G13792要G1363人G8677G6116为君主，G4613必须要G1363G1852体人G8677G1393照法律享有选举G7447。G3252G8504，G3324G8677主政治下，G1852体人G8677都有投票选举的G7447G2045。G1306是多数G1856G8677都只有选举G7447G13792G7092被选举资格。G993G17819他强调，选举应G5415G1856G5332进G15904，只有人G8677才可以制定法律G11842定选举的主体、选举的内容和选举的G7053式。从他始终所追求的法治精神G7481讲，人G8677根G6466G19668要制定法律G11842定自己的法律G7447G2045和政治G7447G2045，这是G8616G17751符合正G1053原则的。G1306是孟德斯鸠主G5364G3324G8677主政治G18336G11004抽签的G7053式进G15904选举，并G16760为G11004抽签的G7053式进G15904选举是G4658G1122G8677主政治的性质，这G7186G9994是G8436G3961的。G3252为G3324G8677主政治G18336，选举G15932G10628的是人G8677的意G5547，G13792G11004抽签的G7053式进G15904选举G7186G9994G993能G4448G1852G15932G17810人G8677的G11507实意G5547。与G8677主政治G993同，孟德斯鸠G16760为，G3324贵族政治G18336，由掌握最高G7447力的那部分人制定并G6203G15904法律，其G1325的人G8677和统治者的关系G10381G3926君主政体中的G14263G8677和君主的关系。贵族政体是共和政体中G6521G17829君主政体的形式，G13792且G17246是G17829G1122君主政体，贵族政治便G17246是G993G4448G2904。G3252G8504，G3324孟德斯鸠看G7481，“贵族家G5249应该G4625量平G8677G2282。贵族政治G17246是G17829G1122G8677主政治，便G17246是G4448G2904”A138A139A140。G3252G8504，他G993主G5364贵族政体G2533君主政体G19764G6326，G13792是G5088G7407G4439G2533G8677主政体G6521G17829。G3324这同一政体下的两种分类模式中，G5468G7186G9994孟德斯鸠G7368为G17202同G8677主政体一G1135。G1306是G12520者G16760为，共和政体G7424身和G8677主政体G1296G1058G11468同，G13792贵族政体G1296G1058G7368G6521G17829G1122君主政体，G3252G13792将共和政体作这样的分类G5468G7092必要。2君主政体孟德斯鸠说“君主政体是由G2345G10432一个人G6203政，G993G17819G17993照固定的和G11842G12447G1114的法律。”A138A141A140G3324他看G7481，君主政体是由“中G19400的”、“G19480G4658的”等G7447力G7512G6116，君主是一G2011政治与G7447力的G7481G9316，君主一个人G1393照基G7424法律掌握最高G7447力，这便是君主政体的性质。G1306实G19481G990G6117们G11705G17959，G3926果君主既是G12447法者，同G7114又是法律的G6203G15904者，即G1363有基G7424法律，实质G990G1075G19602G1825出G10628君主G1207G7379法律的专制形G5589，G6122者是像G5079G1037所说的G7304君制。G4625G12661他主G5364G3324君主政体下G19668要有贵族团体这一“中G19400G7447力”，“没有君主G4613没有贵族，没有贵族G4613没有君主。G1306是G3324没有贵族的君主国，君主将G6116为A104A142A106A107A108A103A109A110A111A112A83A113A108A114A115A116A107A117A103A89A90A91A83A118A119A120A121A99A92A93A94A122A123A124A125A126A99A100A101A101A127A83A143A144A83A104A105A106A107A108A103A109A110A111A112A83A113A108A114A115A116A107A117A103A89A90A91A83A118A119A120A121A99A92A93A94A122A123A124A125A126A99A100A101A101A127A83A128A83XXXA95A86A129A130A131A132A113A133A107A134A135A103A136VIIIA137G7304君”A138A139A140。G1306这种“中G19400阶G4630”的G7447力并G993一定能制约着君主的G7447力，G3252为君主掌握最高统治G7447，G13792且是G2345G10432一人G6203政。G3252G13792G7092论有G7092贵族阶G4630，实G19481G990都G5468容G7143G4560G14280君主的G7447力被G9401G11004G13792G17220G2533专制的G7509G12483。3专制政体孟德斯鸠G16760为“专制政体是既G7092法律又G7092规G12468，由G2345G10432一个人G6365照一己的意G5547与G2465G3809G7092常的性G5785G20058G4560一G2011。”A138A141A140G3324他看G7481，G3324专制国家G18336，没有G1231何基G7424法律，G1075没有法律的G1457G2367G7438G7512，G13792G8616G17751G8892G18337G4459G6957的G7447G4053，由G1122专制G7447力的性质关系，G7447力G1852部被G6492G1116G1114G2475G7447力G4008G6188的人G252G252G4484G11468，G4484G11468G7424身G4613G1207G7379G1114法律。G3252G8504，“G3324专制国家G18336，政体的性质要求G13489对G7393从；君主的意G5547一G7098G2469出，便应G11842实G2469G10995G6940力”A138A145A140。G12520者G16760为，孟德斯鸠这G18336所说的基G7424法律应该是能G3827G1457G19568G1856G8677自由、G19492制政G5232G7447力的基G7424法律，G6122者说是至少要有这种精神的法律。从这个G4630面G7481讲，孟德斯鸠是对专制政体的一种G6684G5335。G993G17819他说的专制政体G8616G17751G8892G18337G4459G6957G7447G4053的统治，其G10628实G1393G6466G993G17287。G3252为G3324专制国家G18336，G993一定都有G4459G6957的主G4560G7447G4053。（二）各种政体的原则1共和政体的原则孟德斯鸠G16760为“政体的性质是G7512G6116政体的G1008G16211；G13792政体的原则是G1363政体G15904动的G1008G16211。一个是政体G7424身的G7512G17908；一个是G1363政体G17828动的人类G5875G5785。”A138A146A140G3324孟德斯鸠看G7481，G993同性质的政体具G3803G993同的政体原则。G8677主政治的原则是品德，他这G18336所说的品德是G6363高G1122G12181人G17959德的政治品德。G3324G8677主政治下，品德G4613是G10245共和国，G1075G4613是G10245G8677主政治、G10245平等、G10245G1473G7432，这是他所G16760为的共和精神。G3324共和政体下的贵族政治G18336，同样G1075G19668要品德，G1075G3926G1134G18336G3775多德所说的贵族政治的“G2904德”，只G993G17819G3324孟德斯鸠那G18336贵族政治对品德G993是G13489对的G19668要，G13792只是贵族政治原则的一个基G11796。贵族政治的原则是G14422制，即“贵族们应G5415G7393从法律的统治，贵族们之G19400实G10628平等”A138A147A140。孟德斯鸠之所以要将品德和G14422制共同作为贵族政治的原则，是G3252为这样一个贵族团体“只有两种G6245制自己的G7053法。一个是以高G4590的品德，G1363贵族和人G8677多少平等G1135，这可能形G6116一个G3835共和国。G2490一个是以G17751小的品德，G1075G4613A104A142A106A107A108A103A109A110A111A112A83A113A108A114A115A116A107A117A103A89A90A91A83A118A119A120A121A99A92A93A94A122A123A124A125A126A99A100A101A101A127A83A143A148A83A104A105A106A107A108A103A109A110A111A112A83A113A108A114A115A116A107A117A103A89A90A91A83A118A119A120A121A99A92A93A94A122A123A124A125A126A99A100A101A101A127A83A128A83A104A149A106A107A108A103A109A110A111A112A83A113A108A114A115A116A107A117A103A89A90A91A83A118A119A120A121A99A92A93A94A122A123A124A125A126A99A100A101A101A127A83A102A100A83A104A150A106A107A108A103A109A110A111A112A83A113A108A114A115A116A107A117A103A89A90A91A83A118A119A120A121A99A92A93A94A122A123A124A125A126A99A100A101A101A127A83A100A100A83A104A151A106A152A153A154A99A155A156A81A82A83A84A85A86A87A88A89A90A91A83A92A93A94A92A93A95A86A96A97A98A99A100A101A101A100A83A143A157A144A83XXXA95A86A129A130A131A132A113A133A107A134A135A103A136IXA137是说以某种程G5242的G14422制G1363贵族们至少G3324贵族之G19400是平等的，这样他们G4613能G3827G4396G3324下G2447”A138A139A140。G3324孟德斯鸠那G18336，G8677主制的原则G1075基G7424G990适G11004G1122贵族政治，G3252G8504，G12520者G7092意对G8677主制和贵族政治的原则分G14422阐述。G1306是G12520者G16760为，G6365照G8886G18336G8616G19475对政体原则的G16311释，自由和平等G7368能适合为孟德斯鸠的共和政体的原则。G3252为自由是共和政体应有的特G5461，G13792且孟德斯鸠G3324论述共和政体G7114，G7092论是G8677主政治还是贵族政治，他都始终G3324追求着该类政体模式下的平等价值。品德G6122者美德至多G12651是G1231何一种政体都应该有的G7234G17953的政治基G11796，G13792G7234G17953的基G11796是G993应该G5415G6116原则G7481看G5465的。G993G17819，G7092论G5602G1052讲，孟德斯鸠同G7114G1075能想到政体原则的G14116G2282及其对G5465G14116G2282的G12586G11065，这是G3921事。他G16760为，G8677主政体是以品德为其G4396G3324的基G11796和动力的，一G7098这G1135品德G1019G3845，G8677主政体的性质G1075会G19555之G2476G2282，G5415“G8677主政治的原则G14116G2282的G7114G1517，人们G993G1306G1019G3845平等的精神，G13792且产G10995G7509G12483平等的精神”A138A141A140。G3252G13792，“G8677主政体应该G18003G1825两种G7509G12483，G4613是G993平等的精神和G7509G12483平等的精神”A138A145A140。他还G16760为，G3926果贵族们的G7447力G2476得专G8190、G993G4444法的G16817，贵族政治G4613会G14116G2282。G3252G8504，他主G5364G3324一个贵族政治国家G18336，法律应该G1363贵族们G2183G14522多G1325G6363G6393，便G7114常有G3818G5751的恐G5819G5875，这样才能G1363贵族政治原则的力量G13512G6357下G2447。2君主政体的原则孟德斯鸠G16760为，君主政体的原则是荣誉，君主政体下的君主是G1393G19764法律G13792统治的，所以法律G2474G1207G1114品德的G3332G1313，荣誉则G6116为G1114这个国家G4396G3324的基G11796。“G3324君主国G18336，法律G1207G7379G1114所有这一G2011品德的G3332G1313；人们对品德没有G1231何G19668要；国家G1075G993G19668求人们具G3803这G1135品德”A138A146A140。这G18336，G7186G9994有G16780多G16781G16796之G3800，G20330先，G3926果人们G993G19668要G6122G993以政治品德为基G11796，那G1052君主国家是否能制定出良G3921的法律，制定出G7481的法律是否能被G7234G17953G17993从这是应该考虑的问题，G3252为政治品德的基G7424G3252素之一G4613是要G10245法律。其次，G3926果人们G993G19668要G1231何品德，那G1052君主国的人G8677对G10245国家、G10245G14422G1473等是否G1075G7092G19668要，G3926果是这样，那君主政治的国家岂G993是G5468危险这一G9869，G12520者G16760为，G6365照G8886G18336G8616G19475的G16278G9869即G16760为君主政体的原则是G7447G4053（法律的G7447G4053和君主的G7447G4053G252G252G12520者G8892）和力量G17751之孟氏的这一G16278G9869G7368为G3961G5415。G993G17819，G3324孟德斯鸠A104A142A106A107A108A103A109A110A111A112A83A113A108A114A115A116A107A117A103A89A90A91A83A118A119A120A121A99A92A93A94A122A123A124A125A126A99A100A101A101A127A83A100A157A83A104A105A106A107A108A103A109A110A111A112A83A113A108A114A115A116A107A117A103A89A90A91A83A118A119A120A121A99A92A93A94A122A123A124A125A126A99A100A101A101A127A83A143A102A102A83A104A149A106A107A108A103A109A110A111A112A83A113A108A114A115A116A107A117A103A89A90A91A83A118A119A120A121A99A92A93A94A122A123A124A125A126A99A100A101A101A127A83A143A102A127A83A104A150A106A107A108A103A109A110A111A112A83A113A108A114A115A116A107A117A103A89A90A91A83A118A119A120A121A99A92A93A94A122A123A124A125A126A99A100A101A101A127A83A100A144A83XXXA95A86A129A130A131A132A113A133A107A134A135A103A136XA137看G7481，G4625G12661G3324君主国G18336G993G19668要品德，君主的G7447力都是应该G2475到G19492制的，G3252为G5415君主的G7447力由G2475G19492转G2476为专G8190G7114，君主政体G1075G4613G2469G10995G1114G14116G2282。G3252G8504，G5415君主逐渐G3332剥夺G1114团体的和城市的特G7447的G7114G1517，君主政体G1075G4613容G7143G17220G2533君主的专制主G1053。3专制政体的原则孟德斯鸠G16760为，专制政体的原则是恐怖、专G8190和G7304力。G3324专制政体下，人们的自尊心G2475到强烈的压制；G3324专制国家G18336，G993G4396G3324调G14422、G19492制、和G16311等之类的G1008G16211，品德G1075G993G19668要，荣誉则G6116为G1114危险的G1008G16211。G3252G8504，“专制政体的原则是G993断G3324G14116G2282的，G3252为这个原则G3324性质G990G4613是G14116G2282的G1008G16211”A138A139A140。G3324孟德斯鸠看G7481，专制政体的G14116G2282G993同G1122别的政体，别的政体的G14116G2282是G3252为其G4439G3252素破坏G1114G4439们的原则，其政体G7424身是可以防止的。G13792专制政体则是由自己内G3324的缺陷G5353G17227的，虽G9994某G1135G3252素可以暂G7114G13512G6357其G4396G3324下G2447，G1306是并G993能改G2476和防止其G14116G2282的事实。这正G3926他所说“政体的原则一G7098G14116G2282，最G3921的法律G1075要G2476坏，G2465G13792对国家有害。”A138A141A140G3252G8504，G3324专制政体下，由G1122专制政体的原则是G3324G993断G14116G2282的，G3252G13792专制政体下的法律G1075是G3324G993断G3332G2476坏，法律G2476坏G1114必G9994G4560G14280专制政体下的国家实G15904的是残G7304的统治G6122者将G4560G14280专制国家的G9793G1141。A104A142A106A107A108A103A109A110A111A112A83A113A108A114A115A116A107A117A103A89A90A91A83A118A119A120A121A99A92A93A94A122A123A124A125A126A99A100A101A101A127A83A143A158A143A83A104A105A106A107A108A103A109A110A111A112A83A113A108A114A115A116A107A117A103A89A90A91A83A118A119A120A121A99A92A93A94A122A123A124A125A126A99A100A101A101A127A83A143A158A100A83XXXA95A86A129A130A131A132A113A133A107A134A135A103A136XIA137二、孟德斯鸠对各种政体的评价（一）对共和政体的评价孟德斯鸠对政体的喜G3921G7378G13475有一个转折，即G3324其先期的思想中，他是G7509力G17202扬共和政体的，G13792后转为偏G3921君主（G12447G4478）政体。G3324G8886斯人信札和罗马盛衰原G3252论中，孟德斯鸠最欣赏共和政体G13792G7509力G2465对专制政体。他G16760为，G5326G12447共和制G5242是非常G7003G7138的。“共和政体是最佳政体，G1075是唯一G3921的政体”A159A160A161。G3324他对这一政体的评价中，总的G7481说，有值得G17202赏的G3332G7053。孟德斯鸠G16760为，G3324G8677主政治G18336，只有人G8677才可以制定法律，人G8677通G17819选举体G10628自己的主G7447意G5547。G1306是G5468多G7114G1517却有必要由参议会制定，选举G1075由参议会举G15904。诚G9994，他G17751为G17202赏法治之下，G7447力G4444法基G11796之G990的G1207议制G8677主。这是他所说的共和国的一条基G7424规律。是对共和政体下G8677主政治采G11004的政体组织形式的评价。G8504G3818，G3324政体形式G990，孟德斯鸠G16760为，联邦共和国兼具有君主制和共和制的优G9869，G4439“能G3827抗拒G3818力，G1457G6357G4439的G4053势，G13792国内G1075G993G14280G14116G2282这种社会的形式，能G3827防止一G2011弊害”A159A162A161。G3252G8504他G16760为联邦共和国制G5242G3324G2488G1207和G10628G1207都具有G7509强的G10995G2641力。由G8504看出，孟德斯鸠对联邦共和国制G5242有G8616共和政体下其G4439形式的国家制G5242以G17751高的评价。G993G17819，他G16760为，G5415总人口G17810到G11468G5415数量、国家规模G17810到一定水平G7114，只有君主制才是唯一适宜的政体，G13792G993可能实G15904共和制。孟德斯鸠的这一政体G16278G9869有G5468G7138G7186的唯心主G1053色彩。G3252为一个国家要G5326G12447什G1052样的政体，并G993能G2345看人口数量和国家规模。所以，他的这一G3332理环境决定政体形式论是缺乏G17959理的。（二）对君主政体的评价有学者G16760为，孟德斯鸠G3324评判君主政体G7114，将其分为G1114法国式的君主制和英国式的君主G12447G4478制两种模式A159A163A161。G12520者G16760为，没有必要G1075G993应该对孟德斯鸠的这一原G7424思想作G17819分的猜测。G3252为孟德斯鸠G3324评判君主政体G7114，始终都只强调各种G7447力都要G7393从法律的统治，君主的G7447力要G2475到其他G7447力的制衡，这是君主政体应该有的政治G17828G15904模式，G13792并未对所谓的“法国式”和“英国式”作G7138G7186的区分。至A164A165A166A167A168A169A170A171A172A173A174A175A176A177A178A179A180A181A182A183A184A185A186A187A178A188A189A190A191A192A193A194A195A196A197A198A199A200A201A202A203A204A199A193A205A206A206A205A178A207A208A209A178A164A210A166A167A211A169A179A180A181A182A178A212A211A213A214A215A167A216A169A185A186A187A178A217A218A219A192A193A194A195A196A220A221A222A223A224A193A209A225A225A226A178A205A226A226A17