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外文原文SURFACESETTLEMENTPREDICTIONSFORISTANBULMETROTUNNELSEXCAVATEDBYEPBTBMSGERCELEBIHCOPURIOCAKABSTRACTINTHISSTUDY,SHORTTERMSURFACESETTLEMENTSAREPREDICTEDFORTWINTUNNELS,WHICHARETOBEEXCAVATEDINTHECHAINAGEOF0850TO0900MBETWEENTHEESENLERANDKIRAZLISTATIONSOFTHEISTANBULMETROLINE,WHICHIS4KMINLENGTHTHETOTALLENGTHOFTHEEXCAVATIONLINEIS212KMBETWEENESENLERANDBASAKSEHIRTUNNELSAREEXCAVATEDBYEMPLOYINGTWOEARTHPRESSUREBALANCEEPBTUNNELBORINGMACHINESTBMSTHATHAVETWINTUBESOF65MDIAMETERANDWITH14MDISTANCEFROMCENTERTOCENTERTHETBMINTHERIGHTTUBEFOLLOWSABOUT100MBEHINDTHEOTHERTUBESEGMENTALLININGOF14MLENGTHISCURRENTLYEMPLOYEDASTHEFINALSUPPORTSETTLEMENTPREDICTIONSAREPERFORMEDWITHFINITEELEMENTMETHODBYUSINGPLAXISFINITEELEMENTPROGRAMEXCAVATION,GROUNDSUPPORTANDFACESUPPORTSTEPSINFEMANALYSESARESIMULATEDASAPPLIEDINTHEFIELDPREDICTIONSAREPERFORMEDFORATYPICALGEOLOGICALZONE,WHICHISCONSIDEREDASCRITICALINTERMSOFSURFACESETTLEMENTGEOLOGYINTHESTUDYAREAISCOMPOSEDOFFILL,VERYSTIFFCLAY,DENSESAND,VERYDENSESANDANDHARDCLAY,RESPECTIVELY,STARTINGFROMTHESURFACEINADDITIONTOFINITEELEMENTMODELING,THESURFACESETTLEMENTSAREALSOPREDICTEDBYUSINGSEMITHEORETICALSEMIEMPIRICALANDANALYTICALMETHODSTHERESULTSINDICATETHATTHEFEMODELPREDICTSWELLTHESHORTTERMSURFACESETTLEMENTSFORAGIVENVOLUMELOSSVALUETHERESULTSOFSEMITHEORETICALANDANALYTICALMETHODSAREFOUNDTOBEINGOODAGREEMENTWITHTHEFEMODELTHERESULTSOFPREDICTIONSARECOMPAREDANDVERIFIEDBYFIELDMEASUREMENTSITISSUGGESTEDTHATGROUTINGOFTHEEXCAVATIONVOIDSHOULDBEPERFORMEDASFASTASPOSSIBLEAFTEREXCAVATIONOFASECTIONASAPRECAUTIONAGAINSTSURFACESETTLEMENTSDURINGEXCAVATIONFACEPRESSUREOFTHETBMSSHOULDBECLOSELYMONITOREDANDADJUSTEDFORDIFFERENTZONESKEYWORDSSURFACESETTLEMENTPREDICTION_FINITEELEMENTMETHOD_ANALYTICALMETHOD_SEMITHEORETICALMETHOD_EPBTBMTUNNELING_ISTANBULMETROINTRODUCTIONINCREASINGDEMANDONINFRASTRUCTURESINCREASESATTENTIONTOSHALLOWSOFTGROUNDTUNNELINGMETHODSINURBANIZEDAREASMANYSURFACEANDSUBSURFACESTRUCTURESMAKEUNDERGROUNDCONSTRUCTIONWORKSVERYDELICATEDUETOTHEINFLUENCEOFGROUNDDEFORMATION,WHICHSHOULDBEDEFINITELYLIMITED/CONTROLLEDTOACCEPTABLELEVELSINDEPENDENTOFTHEEXCAVATIONMETHOD,THESHORTANDLONGTERMSURFACEANDSUBSURFACEGROUNDDEFORMATIONSSHOULDBEPREDICTEDANDREMEDIALPRECAUTIONSAGAINSTANYDAMAGETOEXISTINGSTRUCTURESPLANNEDPRIORTOCONSTRUCTIONTUNNELINGCOSTSUBSTANTIALLYINCREASESDUETODAMAGESTOSTRUCTURESRESULTINGFROMSURFACESETTLEMENTS,WHICHAREABOVETOLERABLELIMITSBILGINETAL2009BASICPARAMETERSAFFECTINGTHEGROUNDDEFORMATIONSAREGROUNDCONDITIONS,TECHNICAL/ENVIRONMENTALPARAMETERSANDTUNNELINGORCONSTRUCTIONMETHODSOREILLYANDNEW1982ARIOGLU1992KARAKUSANDFOWELL2003TANANDRANJIT2003MINGUEZETAL2005ELLIS2005SUWANSAWATANDEINSTEIN2006ATHOROUGHSTUDYOFTHEGROUNDBYSITEINVESTIGATIONSSHOULDBEPERFORMEDTOFINDOUTTHEPHYSICALANDMECHANICALPROPERTIESOFTHEGROUNDANDEXISTENCEOFUNDERGROUNDWATER,ASWELLASDEFORMATIONCHARACTERISTICS,ESPECIALLYTHESTIFFNESSTECHNICALPARAMETERSINCLUDETUNNELDEPTHANDGEOMETRY,TUNNELDIAMETERLINEGRADE,SINGLEORDOUBLETRACKLINESANDNEIGHBORINGSTRUCTURESTHECONSTRUCTIONMETHOD,WHICHSHOULDLEADTOASAFEANDECONOMICPROJECT,ISSELECTEDBASEDONSITECHARACTERISTICSANDTECHNICALPROJECTCONSTRAINTSANDSHOULDBEPLANNEDSOTHATTHEGROUNDMOVEMENTSARELIMITEDTOANACCEPTABLELEVELEXCAVATIONMETHOD,FACESUPPORTPRESSURE,ADVANCEEXCAVATIONRATE,STIFFNESSOFSUPPORTSYSTEM,EXCAVATIONSEQUENCEANDGROUNDTREATMENT/IMPROVEMENTHAVEDRAMATICEFFECTSONTHEGROUNDDEFORMATIONSOCCURRINGDUETOTUNNELINGOPERATIONSTHEPRIMARYREASONFORGROUNDMOVEMENTSABOVETHETUNNEL,ALSOKNOWNASSURFACESETTLEMENTS,ISCONVERGENCEOFTHEGROUNDINTOTHETUNNELAFTEREXCAVATION,WHICHCHANGESTHEINSITUSTRESSSTATEOFTHEGROUNDANDRESULTSINSTRESSRELIEFCONVERGENCEOFTHEGROUNDISALSOKNOWNASGROUNDLOSSORVOLUMELOSSTHEVOLUMEOFTHESETTLEMENTONTHESURFACEISUSUALLYASSUMEDTOBEEQUALTOTHEGROUNDVOLUMELOSSINSIDETHETUNNELOREILLYANDNEW1982GROUNDLOSSCANBECLASSIFIEDASRADIALLOSSAROUNDTHETUNNELPERIPHERYANDAXIALFACELOSSATTHEEXCAVATIONFACEATTEWELLETAL1986SCHMIDT1974THEEXACTRATIOOFRADIALANDAXIALVOLUMELOSSESISNOTFULLYDEMONSTRATEDORGENERALIZEDINANYSTUDYHOWEVER,ITISPOSSIBLETODIMINISHORMINIMIZETHEFACELOSSINFULLFACEMECHANIZEDEXCAVATIONSBYAPPLYINGAFACEPRESSUREASASLURRYOFBENTONITEWATERMIXTUREORFOAMPROCESSEDMUCKTHEGROUNDLOSSISUSUALLYMOREINGRANULARSOILSTHANINCOHESIVESOILSFORSIMILARCONSTRUCTIONCONDITIONSTHEWIDTHOFTHESETTLEMENTTROUGHONBOTHSIDESOFTHETUNNELAXISISWIDERINTHECASEOFCOHESIVESOILS,WHICHMEANSLOWERMAXIMUMSETTLEMENTFORTHESAMEAMOUNTOFGROUNDLOSSTIMEDEPENDENCYOFGROUNDBEHAVIORANDEXISTENCEOFUNDERGROUNDWATERDISTINGUISHSHORTANDLONGTERMSETTLEMENTSATTEWELLETAL1986SHORTTERMSETTLEMENTSOCCURDURINGORAFTERAFEWDAYSMOSTLYAFEWWEEKSOFEXCAVATION,ASSUMINGTHATUNDRAINEDSOILCONDITIONSAREDOMINANTLONGTERMSETTLEMENTSAREMOSTLYDUETOCREEP,STRESSREDISTRIBUTIONANDCONSOLIDATIONOFSOILAFTERDRAINAGEOFTHEUNDERGROUNDWATERANDELIMINATIONOFPOREWATERPRESSUREINSIDETHESOIL,ANDITMAYTAKEAFEWMONTHSTOAFEWYEARSTOREACHASTABILIZEDLEVELINDRYSOILCONDITIONS,THELONGTERMSETTLEMENTSMAYBECONSIDEREDASVERYLIMITEDTHEREAREMAINLYTHREESETTLEMENTPREDICTIONAPPROACHESFORMECHANIZEDTUNNELEXCAVATIONS1NUMERICALANALYSISSUCHASFINITEELEMENTMETHOD,2ANALYTICALMETHODAND3SEMITHEORETICALSEMIEMPIRICALMETHODAMONGTHEM,THENUMERICALAPPROACHESARETHEMOSTRELIABLEONESHOWEVER,THERESULTSOFALLMETHODSSHOULDBEUSEDCAREFULLYBYANEXPERIENCEDFIELDENGINEERINDESIGNINGTHESTAGEOFANEXCAVATIONPROJECTINTHISSTUDY,ALLTHREEPREDICTIONMETHODSAREEMPLOYEDFORACRITICALZONETOPREDICTTHESHORTTERMMAXIMUMSURFACESETTLEMENTSABOVETHETWINTUNNELSOFTHECHAINAGEBETWEEN0850AND0900MBETWEENESENLERANDKIRAZLISTATIONSOFISTANBULMETROLINE,WHICHIS4KMINLENGTHPLAXISFINITEELEMENTMODELINGPROGRAMISUSEDFORNUMERICALMODELINGTHEMETHODSUGGESTEDBYLOGANATHANANDPOULOS1998ISUSEDFORTHEANALYTICALSOLUTIONAFEWDIFFERENTSEMITHEORETICALMODELSAREALSOUSEDFORPREDICTIONSTHERESULTSARECOMPAREDANDVALIDATEDBYFIELDMEASUREMENTSDESCRIPTIONOFTHEPROJECT,SITEANDCONSTRUCTIONMETHODTHEFIRSTCONSTRUCTIONPHASEOFISTANBULMETROLINEWASSTARTEDIN1992ANDOPENEDTOPUBLICIN2000THISLINEISBEINGEXTENDEDGRADUALLY,ASWELLASNEWLINESAREBEINGCONSTRUCTEDINOTHERLOCATIONSONEOFTHESEMETROLINESISTHETWINLINEBETWEENESENLERANDBASAKSEHIR,WHICHIS212KMTHEEXCAVATIONOFTHISSECTIONHASBEENSTARTEDINMAY2006CURRENTLY,AROUND1,400MOFEXCAVATIONHASALREADYBEENCOMPLETEDTHEREGIONISHIGHLYPOPULATEDINCLUDINGSEVERALSTORYBUILDINGS,INDUSTRIALZONESANDHEAVYTRAFFICALIGNMENTANDSTATIONSOFTHEMETROLINEBETWEENESENLERANDBASAKSEHIRISPRESENTEDINFIG1TOTALLYFOUREARTHPRESSUREBALANCEEPBTUNNELBORINGMACHINESTBMAREUSEDFOREXCAVATIONOFTHETUNNELSTHEMETROLINESINTHESTUDYAREAAREEXCAVATEDBYAHERRENKNECHTEPBTBMINTHERIGHTTUBEANDALOVATEPBTBMINTHELEFTTUBERIGHTTUBEEXCAVATIONFOLLOWSAROUND100MBEHINDTHELEFTTUBESOMEOFTHETECHNICALFEATURESOFTHEMACHINESARESUMMARIZEDINTABLE1EXCAVATEDMATERIALISREMOVEDBYAUGERSCREWCONVEYORTHROUGHTHEMACHINETOABELTCONVEYORANDTHANLOADEDTORAILCARSFORTRANSPORTINGTOTHEPORTALSINCETHEEXCAVATEDGROUNDBEARSWATERANDINCLUDESSTABILITYPROBLEMS,THEEXCAVATIONCHAMBERISPRESSURIZEDBY300KPAANDCONDITIONEDBYAPPLYINGWATER,FOAM,BENTONITEANDPOLYMERSTHROUGHTHEINJECTIONPORTSCHAMBERPRESSUREISCONTINUOUSLYMONITOREDBYPRESSURESENSORSINSIDETHECHAMBERANDAUGERINSTALLATIONOFASEGMENTRINGWITH14MLENGTHINNERDIAMETEROF57MANDOUTERDIAMETEROF63MAND30CMTHICKNESSISREALIZEDBYAWINGTYPEVACUUMERECTORTHERINGISCONFIGUREDASFIVESEGMENTSPLUSAKEYSEGMENTAFTERINSTALLATIONOFTHERING,THEEXCAVATIONRESTARTSANDTHEVOIDBETWEENTHESEGMENTOUTERPERIMETERANDEXCAVATEDTUNNELPERIMETERISGROUTEDBY300KPAOFPRESSURETHROUGHTHEGROUTCANNELSINTHETRAILINGSHIELDTHISMETHODOFCONSTRUCTIONHASBEENPROVENTOMINIMIZETHESURFACESETTLEMENTSTHESTUDYAREAINCLUDESTHETWINTUNNELSOFTHECHAINAGEBETWEEN0850AND0900M,BETWEENESENLERANDKIRAZLISTATIONSGUNGORENFORMATIONOFTHEMIOSENAGEISFOUNDINTHESTUDYAREALABORATORYANDINSITUTESTSAREAPPLIEDTODEFINETHEGEOTECHNICALFEATURESOFTHEFORMATIONSTHATTHETUNNELSPASSTHROUGHTHENAME,THICKNESSANDSOMEOFTHEGEOTECHNICALPROPERTIESOFTHELAYERSARESUMMARIZEDINTABLE2AYSON2005FILLLAYEROF25MTHICKCONSISTSOFSAND,CLAY,GRAVELANDSOMEPIECESOFMASONRYTHEVERYSTIFFCLAYLAYEROF4MISGRAYISHGREENINCOLOR,CONSISTINGOFGRAVELANDSANDTHEDENSESANDLAYEROF5MISBROWNATTHEUPPERLEVELSANDGREENISHYELLOWATTHELOWERLEVELS,CONSISTINGOFCLAY,SILTANDMICADENSESANDOF3MISGREENISHYELLOWANDCONSISTSOFMICATHEBASELAYEROFTHETUNNELISHARDCLAY,WHICHISDARKGREEN,CONSISTINGOFSHELLTHEUNDERGROUNDWATERTABLESTARTSAT45MBELOWTHESURFACETHETUNNELAXISIS145MBELOWTHESURFACE,CLOSETOTHECONTACTBETWEENVERYDENSESANDANDHARDCLAYTHISDEPTHISQUITEUNIFORMINTHECHAINAGEBETWEEN0850AND0900MSURFACESETTLEMENTPREDICTIONWITHFINITEELEMENTMODELINGPLAXISFINITEELEMENTCODEFORSOILANDROCKANALYSISISUSEDTOPREDICTTHESURFACESETTLEMENTFIRST,THERIGHTTUBEISCONSTRUCTED,ANDTHENTHELEFTTUBE100MBEHINDTHERIGHTTUBEISEXCAVATEDTHISISBASEDONTHEASSUMPTIONTHATGROUNDDEFORMATIONSCAUSEDBYTHEEXCAVATIONOFTHERIGHTTUBEARESTABILIZEDBEFORETHEEXCAVATIONOFTHELEFTTUBETHEFINITEELEMENTMESHISSHOWNINFIG2USING15STRESSPOINTTRIANGULARELEMENTSTHEFEMMODELCONSISTSOF1,838ELEMENTSAND15,121NODESINFEMODELING,THEMOHRCOULOMBFAILURECRITERIONISAPPLIEDSTAGEDCONSTRUCTIONISUSEDINTHEFEMODELEXCAVATIONOFTHESOILANDTHECONSTRUCTIONOFTHETUNNELLININGARECARRIEDOUTINDIFFERENTPHASESINTHEFIRSTPHASE,THESOILINFRONTOFTBMISEXCAVATED,ANDASUPPORTPRESSUREOF300KPAISAPPLIEDATTHETUNNELFACETOPREVENTFAILUREATTHEFACEINTHEFIRSTPHASE,TBMISMODELEDASSHELLELEMENTSINTHESECONDPHASE,THETUNNELLININGISCONSTRUCTEDUSINGPREFABRICATEDCONCRETERINGSEGMENTS,WHICHAREBOLTEDTOGETHERWITHINTHETUNNELBORINGMACHINEDURINGTHEERECTIONOFTHELINING,TBMREMAINSSTATIONARYONCEALININGRINGHASBEENBOLTED,EXCAVATIONISRESUMEDUNTILSUFFICIENTSOILEXCAVATIONISCARRIEDOUTFORTHENEXTLININGTHETUNNELLININGISMODELEDUSINGVOLUMEELEMENTSINTHESECONDPHASE,THELININGISACTIVATEDANDTBMSHELLELEMENTSAREDEACTIVATEDWHENAPPLYINGFINITEELEMENTMODELS,VOLUMELOSSVALUESAREUSUALLYASSUMEDPRIORTOEXCAVATIONINTHISSTUDY,THEFEMMODELISRUNWITHTHEASSUMPTIONOF05,075,1AND15VOLUMELOSSCAUSEDBYTHECONVERGENCEOFTHEGROUNDINTOTHETUNNELAFTEREXCAVATIONFIGURES3AND4SHOWTOTALANDVERTICALDEFORMATIONSAFTERBOTHTUBESARECONSTRUCTEDTHEVERTICALGROUNDSETTLEMENTPROFILEAFTERTHERIGHTTUBECONSTRUCTIONISGIVENINFIG5,WHICHISINTHESHAPEOFAGAUSSIANCURVE,ANDTHATAFTERCONSTRUCTIONOFBOTHTUBESISGIVENINFIG6FIGURE7SHOWSTHETOTALDEFORMATIONVECTORSTHEMAXIMUMGROUNDDEFORMATIONSUNDERDIFFERENTVOLUMELOSSASSUMPTIONSARESUMMARIZEDINTABLE3SURFACESETTLEMENTPREDICTIONWITHSEMITHEORETICALANDANALYTICALMETHODSSEMITHEORETICALPREDICTIONSFORSHORTTERMMAXIMUMSETTLEMENTAREPERFORMEDUSINGTHEGAUSSIANCURVEAPPROACH,WHICHISACLASSICALANDCONVENTIONALMETHODTHESETTLEMENTPARAMETERSUSEDINSEMITHEORETICALESTIMATIONSANDNOTATIONSAREPRESENTEDINFIG8THETHEORETICALSETTLEMENTGAUSSIANCURVEISPRESENTEDASINEQ1OREILLYANDNEW198212MAXIESWHERE,SISTHETHEORETICALSETTLEMENTGAUSSERRORFUNCTION,NORMALPROBABILITYCURVE,SMAXISTHEMAXIMUMSHORTTERMINITIAL,UNDRAINEDSETTLEMENTATTHETUNNELCENTERLINEM,XISTHETRANSVERSEHORIZONTALDISTANCEFROMTHETUNNELCENTERLINEM,ANDIISTHEPOINTOFINFLEXIONMTODETERMINETHESHAPEOFASETTLEMENTCURVE,ITISNECESSARYTOPREDICTIANDSMAXVALUESTHEREARESEVERALSUGGESTEDMETHODSFORPREDICTIONOFTHEPOINTOFINFLEXIONIESTIMATIONOFIVALUEINTHISSTUDYISBASEDONAVERAGESOFSOMEEMPIRICALAPPROACHESGIVENINEQS26WHERE,Z0ISTHETUNNELAXISDEPTHM,145MINTHISSTUDY,ANDRISTHERADIUSOFTUNNEL,325MINTHISSTUDYEQUATION3WASSUGGESTEDBYGLOSSOPOREILLYANDNEW1982FORMOSTLYCOHESIVEGROUNDSEQ4WASSUGGESTEDBYOREILLYANDNEW1982FOREXCAVATIONOFCOHESIVEGROUNDSBYSHIELDEDMACHINESEQ5WASSUGGESTEDBYSCHMIDT1969FOREXCAVATIONOFCLAYSBYSHIELDEDMACHINESEQ6WASSUGGESTEDBYARIOGLU1992FOREXCAVATIONOFALLTYPESOFSOILSBYSHIELDEDMACHINESASARESULT,THEAVERAGEIVALUEISESTIMATEDTOBE66MINTHISSTUDYTHEREARESEVERALSUGGESTEDEMPIRICALMETHODSFORTHEPREDICTIONOFTHEMAXIMUMSURFACESETTLEMENTSMAXSCHMIDTSUGGESTEDAMODELFORTHEESTIMATIONOFSMAXVALUEFORASINGLETUNNELIN1969ASGIVENINEQ7THROUGHARIOGLU1992WHERE,KISTHEVOLUMELOSSARIOGLU1992,BASEDONFIELDDATA,FOUNDAGOODRELATIONSHIPBETWEENKANDNSTABILITYRATIOFORFACEPRESSURIZEDTBMCASESASINEQ8WHERECNISTHENATURALUNITWEIGHTOFTHESOILKN/M3,THEWEIGHTEDAVERAGESFORALLTHELAYERS,WHICHIS19KN/M3INTHISSTUDYRSISTHETOTALSURCHARGEPRESSUREKPA,ASSUMEDTOBE20KPAINTHISSTUDYRTISTBMFACEPRESSUREKPA,WHICHIS300KPAINTHISSTUDYANDCUISTHEUNDRAINEDCOHESIONOFTHESOILKPA,THEWEIGHTEDAVERAGESFORALLTHELAYERS,WHICHIS50KPAINTHISSTUDYASSUMINGTHATCUISEQUALTOSUUNDRAINEDSHEARSTRENGTHOFTHESOILALLAVERAGESAREESTIMATEDUPTOVERYDENSESAND,EXCLUDINGHARDCLAY,SINCETHETUNNELAXISPASSESAROUNDTHECONTACTBETWEENVERYDENSESANDANDHARDCLAYTHEMODELYIELDS171MMOFINITIALMAXIMUMSURFACESETTLEMENTHERZOGSUGGESTEDAMODELFORTHEESTIMATIONOFSMAXVALUEIN1985ASGIVENINEQ9FORASINGLETUNNELANDEQ10FORTWINTUNNELSTHROUGHARIOGLU1992WHERE,EISTHEELASTICITYMODULUSOFFORMATIONKPA,THEWEIGHTEDAVERAGESFORALLTHELAYERS,WHICHIS30,000KPAINTHISSTUDY,ANDAISTHEDISTANCEBETWEENTHETUNNELAXES,WHICHIS14MINTHISSTUDYTHEMODELYIELDS499AND587MMOFINITIALMAXIMUMSURFACESETTLEMENTSFORTHERIGHTANDTHELEFTTUBETUNNEL,WHICHIS100MMBEHINDTHERIGHTTUBE,RESPECTIVELYTHEREARESEVERALANALYTICALMODELSFORTHEPREDICTIONOFSHORTTERMMAXIMUMSURFACESETTLEMENTSFORSHIELDEDTUNNELINGOPERATIONSLEEETAL1992LOGANATHANANDPOULOS1998CHIETAL2001CHOUANDBOBET2002PARK2004THEMETHODSUGGESTEDBYLOGANATHANANDPOULOS1998ISUSEDINTHISSTUDYINTHISMETHOD,ATHEORETICALGAPPARAMETERGISDEFINEDBASEDONPHYSICALGAPINTHEVOID,FACELOSSESANDWORKMANSHIPVALUE,ANDTHENTHEGAPPARAMETERISINCORPORATEDTOACLOSEDFORMSOLUTIONTOPREDICTELASTOPLASTICGROUNDDEFORMATIONSTHEUNDRAINEDGAPPARAMETERGISESTIMATEDBYEQ12WHEREGPISTHEPHYSICALGAPREPRESENTINGTHEGEOMETRICCLEARANCEBETWEENTHEOUTERSKINOFTHESHIELDANDTHELINER,ISTHETHICKNESSOFTHETAILSHIELD,DISTHECLEARANCEREQUIREDFORERECTIONOFTHELINER,U3DISTHEEQUIVALENT3DELASTOPLASTICDEFORMATIONATTHETUNNELFACE,ANDWISAVALUETHATTAKESINTOACCOUNTTHEQUALITYOFWORKMANSHIPMAXIMUMSHORTTERMSURFACESETTLEMENTISPREDICTEDBYTHEORETICALEQ13LOGANATHANANDPOULOS1998WHERE,TISUNDRAINEDPOISSONSRATIO,ASSUMEDTOBEOFMAXIMUM05GISTHEGAPPARAMETERM,WHICHISESTIMATEDTOBE00128MINTHISSTUDYANDXISTRANSVERSEDISTANCEFROMTHETUNNELCENTERLINEMANDITISASSUMEDTOBE0MFORTHEMAXIMUMSURFACESETTLEMENTTHEMODELYIELDS230MMOFUNDRAINEDMAXIMUMSURFACESETTLEMENTOTHERPARAMETERSOFSETTLEMENTSUCHASMAXIMUMSLOPE,MAXIMUMCURVATUREANDSOONARENOTMENTIONEDINTHISSTUDYVERIFICATIONOFPREDICTIONSBYFIELDMEASUREMENTSANDDISCUSSIONTHERESULTSOFMEASUREMENTSPERFORMEDONTHESURFACEMONITORINGPOINTS,BYISTANBULMETROPOLITANMUNICIPALITY,AREPRESENTEDINTABLE4FORTHELEFTANDRIGHTTUBESASSEEN,THEAVERAGEMAXIMUMSURFACESETTLEMENTSAREAROUND96MMFORTHERIGHTTUBEAND144MMFORTHELEFTTUBE,WHICHEXCAVATES100MBEHINDTHERIGHTTUBETHEMAXIMUMSURFACESETTLEMENTSMEASUREDAROUND152MMFORTHERIGHTTUBEAND263MMFORTHELEFTTUBEHIGHERSETTLEMENTSAREEXPECTEDINTHELEFTTUBESINCETHEPREVIOUSTBMEXCAVATIONACTIVITIESONTHERIGHTTUBEOVERLAPSTHEPREVIOUSDEFORMATIONTHEEFFECTOFTHELEFTTUBEEXCAVATIONONDEFORMATIONSOFTHERIGHTTUBEISPRESENTEDINFIG9ASSEEN,AFTERLOVATTBMINTHERIGHTTUBEEXCAVATESNEARBYTHESURFACEMONITORINGPOINT25,MAXIMUMSURFACESETTLEMENTREACHESATAROUND9MMHOWEVER,WHILEHERRENKNECHTTBMINTHELEFTTUBEPASSESTHESAMEPOINT,MAXIMUMSURFACESETTLEMENTREACHESATAROUND29MMFIG10IFTHECONSTRUCTIONMETHODAPPLIEDTOTHESITEISCONSIDERED,LONGTERMCONSOLIDATIONSETTLEMENTSAREEXPECTEDTOBELOW,SINCETHETAILVOIDISGROUTEDIMMEDIATELYAFTEREXCAVATIONTHERESULTSOFPREDICTIONSMENTIONEDABOVEANDOBSERVEDMAXIMUMSURFACESETTLEMENTSARESUMMARIZEDINTABLE5THEMETHODSSUGGESTEDBYLOGANATHANANDPOULOS1998ANDSCHMIDT1969CONNECTEDWITHARIOGLUSSUGGESTION1992CANPREDICTTHEMAXIMUMSHORTTERMSURFACESETTLEMENTSONLYFORASINGLETUNNELPLAXISFINITEELEMENTANDHERZOG1985MODELSCANPREDICTDEFORMATIONSFORTWINTUBESHERZOGSMODEL1985YIELDSHIGHERMAXIMUMSURFACESETTLEMENTSTHANTHEOBSERVEDONESTHEREASONFORTHATISTHATTHEDATABASEOFTHEMODELINCLUDESBOTHSHIELDEDTUNNELSANDNATMNEWAUSTRIANTUNNELINGMETHODTUNNELS,OFWHICHSURFACESETTLEMENTSAREUSUALLYHIGHERCOMPAREDTOSHIELDEDTUNNELSSCHMIDT1969,ALONGWITHARIOGLUSSUGGESTION1992,YIELDSPREDICTIONSCLOSETOOBSERVEDPLAXISFINITEELEMENTMODELINGGIVESTHEMOSTREALISTICRESULTS,PROVIDEDTHEREISCORRECTASSUMPTIONOFVOLUMELOSSPARAMETER,WHICHISUSUALLYDIFFICULTTOPREDICTTHEMODELPROVIDESSIMULATIONOFEXCAVATION,LINING,GROUTINGANDFACEPRESSUREINAREALISTICMANNERTOPREDICTSURFACEANDSUBSURFACESETTLEMENTSTHEVOLUMELOSSPARAMETERISUSUALLYASSUMEDTOBE1FOREXCAVATIONWITHFACEPRESSUREBALANCEDTUNNELBORINGMACHINESTHEREALIZEDVOLUMELOSSINTHESITEISAROUND1FORTHISSTUDYCURRENTLY,THEREISDIFFICULTYYETINMODELINGTHEDEFORMATIONBEHAVIOROFTWINTUNNELSONEOFTHEMOSTIMPRESSIVESTUDIESONTHISISSUEWASPERFORMEDBYCHAPMANETAL2004HOWEVER,CHAPMANSSEMITHEORETICALMETHODSTILLREQUIRESENLARGEMENTOFTHEDATABASETOIMPROVETHESUGGESTEDMODELINHISPAPERCONCLUSIONSINTHISSTUDY,THREESURFACESETTLEMENTPREDICTIONMETHODSFORMECHANIZEDTWINTUNNELEXCAVATIONSBETWEENESENLERANDKIRAZLISTATIONSOFISTANBULMETROLINEAREAPPLIEDTUNNELSOF65MDIAMETERSWITH14MDISTANCEBETWEENTHEIRCENTERSAREEXCAVATEDBYEPMTUNNELBORINGMACHINESTHEGEOLOGICSTRUCTUREOFTHEAREACANBECLASSIFIEDASSOFTGROUNDSETTLEMENTPREDICTIONSAREPERFORMEDBYUSINGFEMODELING,ANDSEMITHEORETICALSEMIEMPIRICALANDANALYTICALMETHODSTHEMEASUREDRESULTSAFTERTUNNELINGARECOMPAREDTOPREDICTEDRESULTSTHESEINDICATETHATTHEFEMODELPREDICTSWELLTHESHORTTIMESURFACESETTLEMENTSFORAGIVENVOLUMELOSSVALUETHERESULTSOFSOMESEMITHEORETICALANDANALYTICALMETHODSAREFOUNDTOBEINGOODAGREEMENTWITHTHEFEMODEL,WHEREASSOMEMETHODSOVERESTIMATETHEMEASUREDSETTLEMENTSTHEFEMODELPREDICTEDTHEMAXIMUMSURFACESETTLEMENTAS1589MM1VOLUMELOSSFORTHERIGHTTUBE,WHILETHEMEASUREDMAXIMUMSETTLEMENTWAS1520MMFORTHELEFTTUBEOPENEDAFTERTHERIGHT,FEPREDICTIONWAS2434MM,WHILEMEASUREDMAXIMUMSETTLEMENTWAS2630MM中文翻译基于盾构法的ISTANBUL地铁施工引起的地面沉降预测摘要在这项研究中，研究的是双线隧道的短期地面沉降，选取线路里程总长为4KM的ISTANBUL地铁从ESENLER站到KIRAZL站方向850到900M区间为研究对象。ESENLER到BASAKSEHIR站掘进线路总长为212KM。使用两台刀盘直径为65M土压平衡盾构机进行双线掘进，两隧道中心距14M。左隧道先于有隧道100M掘进。使用宽14M的管片作为支护。使用PLAXIS软件进行沉降的有限元分析。该软件能模拟地下隧道的掘进、支护和掌子面支护等。针对典型的地质特征进行预测，这些特征是决定地面沉降量的关键因素。研究区域的地质构造从地面向下分别为素填土、硬粘土、密实砂、高密砂和硬质粘土。本文不仅使用有限元分析地面沉降，也使用半理论（半经验）和解析模型进行预测。结果表明该FE模型对给定流失值的短期地面沉降预测效果较好。半理论和解析模型得到结果与FE模型得到的结果一致。将预测结果和实际测量值进行对比分析，得到在掘进过程中，灌浆应在管片支护安装到位后尽快进行。刀盘压力应严密监控并及时调整适应不同地质。KEYWORDS地面沉降预测；有限元模型；解析方法；半理论方法；土压平衡盾构机；ISTANBUL地铁介绍随着对基础设施需要的增长，人们对在市区中通过浅埋暗挖修建隧道产生了浓厚兴趣。一些地表和次地表岩土结构的变形使地下工程十分脆弱，这些变形应根据可接受级别得到限制和控制。不论什么掘进方式，短期和长期的地表和次地表层变形都应得到预测，在开挖前要对现有的可能受到破坏的结构采取加固措施。隧道建设成本大量增加主要由于其引起的地面沉降超过了允许值BILGINETAL2009。反应地层沉降的基本参数有地质条件、技术/环境参数和隧道掘进或构造方法OREILLYANDNEW1982ARIOGLU1992KARAKUSANDFOWELL2003TANANDRANJIT2003MINGUEZETAL2005ELLIS2005SUWANSAWATANDEINSTEIN2006。应该以勘探方式进行详细地质调查，弄清地层的物理和机械性质、地下水分布、地层的变形特征，特别是岩层的刚度。技术参数包括隧道深度、几何形状、隧道直径、单线还是双线隧道和邻近建筑物情况。施工方法应该是安全经济的，其选择