学术综合英语Unit

main,Unit3Traffic,2012,PartASectionAPre-listening-BackgroundInformation,PaceCarInmotorsport,apacecarorsafetycarisacarwhichlimitsthespeedofcompetingcarsonaracetrackinthecaseofacautionperiodsuchasanobstructiononthetrack.Duringacautionperiodthepacecarentersthetrackaheadoftheleader.Withfew,exceptions,competitorsarenotallowedtopassthepacecarorothercompetitorsduringacautionperiod,andthepacecarleadsthefieldatapre-determinedsafespeed,Pre-listening,NewWordsandExpressions,BackgroundInformation,PartA,PartB,Listening,LISTENING,SectionAPre-listening-BackgroundInformation,whichmayvarybyseriesandcircuit.Attheendofthecautionperiod,thepacecarleavesthetrackandthecompetitorsmayresumeracing.,Pre-listening,NewWordsandExpressions,BackgroundInformation,PartA,PartB,Listening,LISTENING,SectionAPre-listening-BackgroundInformation,Pre-listening,NewWordsandExpressions,BackgroundInformation,PartA,PartB,Listening,DrivingSimulatorDrivingSimulatorsareusedforentertainmentaswellasintrainingofdriverseducationcoursestaughtineducationalinstitutionsandprivatebusinesses.Theyarealsousedforresearchpurposesintheareaofhumanfactorsandmedicalresearch,tomonitor,driversbehavior,performance,andattentionandinthecarindustrytodesignandevaluatenewvehiclesornewadvanceddriverassistancesystems.,LISTENING,SectionAtollbridges,motorsport:acollectionofsportswhichprimarilyinvolvetheuseofmotorizedvehicles,suchasmotorcycleracing,truckracingandmotorboatracing.,PartA,PartB,LISTENING,SectionAfueltax,advanceddriverassistancesystem:asystemtohelpthedriverinitsdrivingprocess.WhendesignedwithasafeHuman-MachineInterface,itshouldincreasecarsafetyandmoregenerallyroadsafety.,PartA,PartB,LISTENING,SectionA.NewWordsandExpressions,Pre-listening,NewWordsandExpressions,BackgroundInformation,PartA,PartB,Listening,pacecarprescribedcoursedrivingsimulatorinebriatedrear-endingpickupspeedtheoverallflowoftrafficdriverperformancehands-freemodel,领驶车规定车道驾驶模拟器喝醉的追尾加速整个车流量驾驶员行为免提式,LISTENING,SectionAListenTask1,Pre-listening,Task1ListenandTakeNotes,Task2ListenforDetails,PartA,PartB,Listening,Anewsreporterisgoingtogiveareportonaresearchstudyondrivingwhiletalkingonacellphone.,LISTENING,SectionAListenTask1,Listentothereportandtrytogetitsmainideasbytakingnotes.Fillintheblanksaccordingtoyournotes.,Pre-listening,Task1ListenandTakeNotes,Task2ListenforDetails,PartA,PartB,Listening,1.Whatisthisnewsreportabout?,2.Whyisdrivingwhiletalkingonacellphoneworsethandrivingwhiledrunk?,Thisnewsreportisaboutdrivingwhiletalkingonacellphone.,_,Becausetheresearchfindsthatthosetalkingonaphonearemoresluggishandslowerinreacting.,_,LISTENING,SectionAListenTask1,Pre-listening,Task1ListenandTakeNotes,Task2ListenforDetails,PartA,PartB,Listening,3.Whoholdsthatdrivingwhiletalkingonacellphoneisworsethandrivingwhiledrunk?,4.Whenwasthisstatementmade?,TheresearchersattheUniversityofUtah,USA.,_,Inthesummerof2006.,_,LISTENING,SectionAListenTask1,Pre-listening,Task1ListenandTakeNotes,Task2ListenforDetails,PartA,PartB,Listening,5.Howwastheconclusionobtainedthatdrivingwhiletalkingonacellphoneisworsethandrivingwhiledrunk?,Usingadrivingsimulator,theresearcherscompared40peoplesdrivingabilitiesinthreegroups:onthephone,drunk,andwithnodistractions.,_,LISTENING,Task2.1,Listentothereportagainandtrytoanswerthefollowingquestions.,Pre-listening,Listening,Task1ListenandTakeNotes,Task2ListenforDetails,PartA,PartB,1.Howdangerousisdrivingwhiletalkingonthecellphoneaccordingtothereport?,Itwillincreasethelikelihoodofanaccidentfive-fold.,2.Inwhatwayisdrivingwhiletalkingonthephonedifferentfromdrivingwhiledrunk?,Drunkdriversareaggressive,whilethosetalkingonthephonearemoresluggish.,LISTENING,Task2.2,Pre-listening,Listening,Task1ListenandTakeNotes,Task2ListenforDetails,PartA,PartB,3.Howmuchwilldrivingwhiletalkingonthephoneaffectthedriver?,4.Whatisthegovernmentalresponsetodrivingwhileonthecellphone?,Itwillreducethedriversreactiontimeby9percentinbrakingand19percentinpickingupspeedafterbraking.,Somestateshavemadelawstoprohibittheuseofcellphoneswhiledriving.,LISTENING,Task2.2,Pre-listening,Listening,Task1ListenandTakeNotes,Task2ListenforDetails,PartA,PartB,5.Isthegovernmentallegislationeffectiveandwhy?,Itisnoteffectivebecausethedriverswillusethehands-freemodel,whichisalsodangerous.,LISTENING,Script,PartA,PartB,DrivingWhileonaCellPhoneWorseThanDrivingWhileDrunk21:44:27EDTJune29,2006Thursday,June29Maneuveringthroughtrafficwhiletalkingonthephoneincreasesthelikelihoodofanaccidentfive-foldandisactuallymoredangerousthandrivingdrunk,U.S.researchersreport.Thatfindingheldtruewhetherthedriverwasholdingacellphoneorusingahands-freedevice,theresearchersnoted.,LISTENING,Script,PartA,PartB,“Asasociety,wehaveagreedonnottoleratingtheriskassociatedwithdrunkdriving,”saidresearcherFrankDrews,anassistantprofessorofpsychologyattheUniversityofUtah.“Thisstudyshowsusthatsomebodywhoisconversingonacellphoneisexposinghimorherselfandotherstoasimilarriskcellphonesactuallyareahigherrisk,”hesaid.HisteamsreportappearsinthesummerissueofthejournalHumanFactors.Inthestudy,40peoplefollowedapacecaralongaprescribedcourse,usingadrivingsimulator.Somepeopledrovewhiletalkingonacellphone,others,LISTENING,Script,PartA,PartB,navigatedwhiledrunk(meaningtheirblood-alcohollimitmatchedthelegallimitof0.08percent),andothersdrovewithnosuchdistractionsorimpairments.“Wefoundanincreasedaccidentratewhenpeoplewereconversingonthecellphone,”Drewssaid.Driversoncellphoneswere5.36timesmorelikelytogetinanaccidentthannon-distracteddrivers,theresearchersfound.Thephoneusersfaredevenworsethantheinebriated,theUtahteamfound.Therewerethreeaccidentsamongthosetalkingoncellphonesalloftheminvolvingarear-endingofthepacecar.In,LISTENING,Script,PartA,PartB,contrast,therewerenoaccidentsrecordedamongparticipantswhoweredrunk,orthesober,cell-phone-freegroup.Thebottomline:Cell-phoneusewaslinkedto“asignificantincreaseintheaccidentrate,”Drewssaid.Hesaidtherewasadifferencebetweenthebehaviorsofdrunkdriversandthosewhoweretalkingonthephone.Drunkdriverstendedtobeaggressive,whilethosetalkingonthephoneweremoresluggish,Drewssaid.Inaddition,theresearchersfoundtalkingonthe,LISTENING,cellphonereducereactiontimeby9percentintermsofbrakingand19percentintermsofpickingupspeedafterbraking.“Thisissignificant,becauseithasanimpactontrafficasasystem,”Drewssaid.“Ifwehavedriverswhoaretakingalotoftimeinacceleratingoncehavingsloweddown,theoverallflowoftrafficisdramaticallyreduced,”hesaid.Inresponsetosafetyconcerns,somestateshaveoutlawedtheuseofhand-heldcellphoneswhiledriving.Butthattypeoflegislationmaynotbeeffective,becausetheUtahresearchersfoundnodifferenceindriverperformancewhetherthedriverwasholdingthephoneortalkingonahands-freemodel.,Script,PartA,PartB,LISTENING,Script,PartA,PartB,DrivingWhileonaCellPhoneWorseThanDrivingWhileDrunk21:44:27EDTJune29,2006Thursday,June29Maneuveringthroughtrafficwhiletalkingonthephoneincreasesthelikelihoodofanaccidentfive-foldandisactuallymoredangerousthandrivingdrunk,U.S.researchersreport.Thatfindingheldtruewhetherthedriverwasholdingacellphoneorusingahands-freedevice,theresearchersnoted.,LISTENING,Script,PartA,PartB,“Asasociety,wehaveagreedonnottoleratingtheriskassociatedwithdrunkdriving,”saidresearcherFrankDrews,anassistantprofessorofpsychologyattheUniversityofUtah.“Thisstudyshowsusthatsomebodywhoisconversingonacellphoneisexposinghimorherselfandotherstoasimilarriskcellphonesactuallyareahigherrisk,”hesaid.HisteamsreportappearsinthesummerissueofthejournalHumanFactors.Inthestudy,40peoplefollowedapacecaralongaprescribedcourse,usingadrivingsimulator.Somepeopledrovewhiletalkingonacellphone,others,LISTENING,Script,PartA,PartB,navigatedwhiledrunk(meaningtheirblood-alcohollimitmatchedthelegallimitof0.08percent),andothersdrovewithnosuchdistractionsorimpairments.“Wefoundanincreasedaccidentratewhenpeoplewereconversingonthecellphone,”Drewssaid.Driversoncellphoneswere5.36timesmorelikelytogetinanaccidentthannon-distracteddrivers,theresearchersfound.Thephoneusersfaredevenworsethantheinebriated,theUtahteamfound.Therewerethreeaccidentsamongthosetalkingoncellphonesalloftheminvolvingarear-endingofthepacecar.In,LISTENING,Script,PartA,PartB,contrast,therewerenoaccidentsrecordedamongparticipantswhoweredrunk,orthesober,cell-phone-freegroup.Thebottomline:Cell-phoneusewaslinkedto“asignificantincreaseintheaccidentrate,”Drewssaid.Hesaidtherewasadifferencebetweenthebehaviorsofdrunkdriversandthosewhoweretalkingonthephone.Drunkdriverstendedtobeaggressive,whilethosetalkingonthephoneweremoresluggish,Drewssaid.Inaddition,theresearchersfoundtalkingonthe,LISTENING,cellphonereducereactiontimeby9percentintermsofbrakingand19percentintermsofpickingupspeedafterbraking.“Thisissignificant,becauseithasanimpactontrafficasasystem,”Drewssaid.“Ifwehavedriverswhoaretakingalotoftimeinacceleratingoncehavingsloweddown,theoverallflowoftrafficisdramaticallyreduced,”hesaid.Inresponsetosafetyconcerns,somestateshaveoutlawedtheuseofhand-heldcellphoneswhiledriving.Butthattypeoflegislationmaynotbeeffective,becausetheUtahresearchersfoundnodifferenceindriverperformancewhetherthedriverwasholdingthephoneortalkingonahands-freemodel.,Script,PartA,PartB,LISTENING,SectionBBackgroundInformation,Pre-listening,Listening,NewWordsandExpressions,BackgroundInformation,PartA,PartB,NiasIslandNiasIslandliesabout125kmofwestSumatraIslandontheIndianOcean.ItispartofNorthSumatraProvince.Thewatersurroundingtheislandisgreatforseaactivities,suchassurfingandscubadiving.Surferswillcallthisisland“ParadiseonEarth”,foritsbaychallengessurferswithspectacularwaves.Inhighseasons,thewavesaretoldtobeashighas3.5meters.,Niasceremonialstonejump,Niaswardance,LISTENING,L-B-P.2,Pre-listening,Listening,NewWordsandExpressions,BackgroundInformation,PartA,PartB,SimeulueRegencySimeulueRegencyisaregencyintheAcehprovinceofIndonesia.ItoccupiesawholeislandofSimeulue,150kmofthewestcoastoffSumatra.ItspeoplearesimilartothepeopleintheneighboringNiasIsland,withalanguagethatdiffersfrommainlandAceh.MostofpeopleofSimeulueareMuslim.,LISTENING,L-B-P.3,Pre-listening,Listening,NewWordsandExpressions,BackgroundInformation,PartA,PartB,RedCrescentRedCrescentisabranchoftheRedCrossthatoperatesinMuslimcountries.TheRedCrescentemblemwasfirstusedbyICRCvolunteersduringthearmedconflictbetweentheOttomanEmpireandRussia(18771878).Thesymbolwasofficiallyadoptedin1929,andsofar(asof2009)33Islamicstateshaverecognizedit.,LISTENING,L-B-P.NewWordsandExpressions,Pre-listening,Listening,NewWordsandExpressions,BackgroundInformation,PartA,PartB,tsunamidevastateNiasIslandTheAssociatedPressablazestafftheU.N.emergencyreliefcoordinator,海啸使荒芜尼亚斯岛美国联合通讯社（美联社）着火担任的职员联合国紧急救援事务协调员,LISTENING,L-B-P.NewWordsandExpressions,Pre-listening,Listening,NewWordsandExpressions,BackgroundInformation,PartA,PartB,temblorepicentercourseofactioninthewakeofSimeulueIslandRedCrescentevacuatethePacificTsunamiWarningCenter,地震震中行动计划在之后锡默卢岛红新月会撤离,太平洋海啸预警中心,LISTENING,Task1,AnewsreporterisgoingtoreportadisasterinIndonesia.,Pre-listening,Listening,Task1ListenandTakeNotes,Task2ListenforDetails,PartA,PartB,LISTENING,Task1,Listentothenewsandtrytogetitsmainideasbytakingnotes.Fillintheblanksaccordingtoyournotes.,Pre-listening,Listening,PartA,PartB,Task1ListenandTakeNotes,Task2ListenforDetails,LateMonday.,_,1.Whendidthequakeinthisnewsreporthappen?,NearNiasIsland,offthewestcoastofIndonesia.,_,2.Wherewasthequake?,Atleast300peoplediedandhundredswereinjured.,_,3.Howmanypeoplediedorwereinjuredintheearthquake?,LISTENING,Task1,Pre-listening,Listening,PartA,PartB,Task1ListenandTakeNotes,Task2ListenforDetails,4.Howbigwasthequake?,Between8.5and8.7.,_,Theaidofficials.,_,5.Whomettoplanacourseofaction?,LISTENING,Task2,Listentothenewsagainandtrytoanswerthefollowingquestions.,Pre-listening,Listening,PartA,PartB,Task1ListenandTakeNotes,Task2ListenforDetails,1.Whatdidpeopledotokeepsafeduringthequake?,Peoplerantohilltopsforsafety.,2.Werethereanytsunamisaftertheearthquake?,Notsunamishappenedaftertheearthquake.,3.Inwhichareawerepeopleurgedtoleavehomeforsafety?,Residentswithin1,000kilometers(620miles)oftheepicenterwereaskedtoevacuatecoastalregions.,LISTENING,Task2,Pre-listening,Listening,PartA,PartB,Task1ListenandTakeNotes,Task2ListenforDetails,4.Whichcountriesissuedtsunamiwarningswhenthequakestruck?,India,MalaysiaandThailand.,5.Whichcountrieswereaffectedbythequake?,ItwasfeltinIndonesia,Malaysia,SingaporeandasfarnorthasBangkok,Thailand.,LISTENING,L-B-L.1Script,QuakeKillsatLeast300onIndonesianIslandVicePresidentSaysupto2,000CouldBeDead(CNN)AmajorearthquakestruckoffthewestcoastofIndonesialateMondaykillinghundreds;butfearsofanothertsunamilikethosethatdevastatedtheregioninlateDecemberhavefaded.OnIndonesiasNiasIslandatleast300peoplediedandhundredsmorewerereportedinjuredortrapped,saidgovernmentspokesmanAgusMendrova.Butinternationalnewsagenciesarereportingthatbetween1,000and2,000peoplemayhavebeenkilledonNiasIsland.,PartA,PartB,LISTENING,L-B-L.1Script,“Itispredictedanditsstillaroughestimatethatthenumberofthevictimsofdeadmaybebetween1,000and2,000,”VicePresidentJusufKallatoldtheel-Shintaradiostation,accordingtoTheAssociatedPress.Between500and1,000homesweredestroyed,andtheislandspublicmarketwasablaze,Mendrovasaid.Between10,000and15,000peoplerantohilltopsforsafetyincaseofatsunami,Mendrovasaid.Manyofthedoctorsandnurseswhonormallywouldstaffthehospitalfledtohigherground.,LISTENING,L-B-L.1Script,“Wehavenotheardofanytsunamihittinganywhere,”JanEgeland,theU.N.emergencyreliefcoordinator,toldCNNfromNewYorknearlysixhoursafterthetemblorstruck.Still,Egelandsaid,theearthquakeitselfwasresponsibleforcasualtiesonislandsclosetotheepicenter.DozensofaidofficialsmetovernightinSumatratoplanacourseofactionafterdaylightbreaksintheregion,Egelandsaid.,LISTENING,TherewasareportofheavydamageonSimeulueIslandinIndonesia,saidBerndSchell,headoftsunamioperationsfortheInternationalFederationofRedCrossandRedCrescentSocieties.SpeakingfromsouthernAceh,Schellsaid“heavy,heavyshaking”lastedaboutthreeminutes.Basedonthesizeoftheearthquake,theNationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministrationinitiallyurgedresidentswithin1,000kilometers(620miles)oftheepicentertoevacuatecoastalregions.ButnotsunamiswerereportedalongIndonesiasislandcoasts,whileIndia,MalaysiaandThailandcanceledtsunamiwarningsearlyTuesday.,L-B-L.1Script,LISTENING,L-B-L.1Script,Thequakesmagnitudewasvariouslyreportedbymonitoringagenciesas8.7and8.5.TheU.S.GeologicalSurveyreportedtheformerafterinitiallyputtingthemagnitudeat8.2;thePacificTsunamiWarningCenterreportedthelatter.ThemainjoltwaslocatednearthecoastofnorthernSumatra,about200kilometers(125miles)westnorthwestofSibolga,andabout1,400kilometers(880miles)northwestofJakarta,Indonesiascapital.TheU.S.GeologicalSurveysaidthequakewas30kilometers(20miles)deep.,LISTENING,L-B-L.1Script,Thequakestruckat11:09p.m.(04:09p.m.GMT,11:09a.m.ET).ItwasfeltinIndonesia,Malaysia,SingaporeandasfarnorthasBangkok,Thailand.,LISTENING,L-B-L.1Script2,PartA,PartB,QuakeKillsatLeast300onIndonesianIslandVicePresidentSaysupto2,000CouldBeDead(CNN)AmajorearthquakestruckoffthewestcoastofIndonesialateMondaykillinghundreds;butfearsofanothertsunamilikethosethatdevastatedtheregioninlateDecemberhavefaded.OnIndonesiasNiasIslandatleast300peoplediedandhundredsmorewerereportedinjuredortrapped,saidgovernmentspokesmanAgusMendrova.Butinternationalnewsagenciesarereportingthatbetween1,000and2,000peoplemayhavebeenkilledonNiasIsland.,LISTENING,L-B-L.1Script,“Itispredictedanditsstillaroughestimatethatthenumberofthevictimsofdeadmaybebetween1,000and2,000,”VicePresidentJusufKallatoldtheel-Shintaradiostation,accordingtoTheAssociatedPress.Between500and1,000homesweredestroyed,andtheislandspublicmarketwasablaze,Mendrovasaid.Between10,000and15,000peoplerantohilltopsforsafetyincaseofatsunami,Mendrovasaid.Manyofthedoctorsandnurseswhonormallywouldstaffthehospitalfledtohigherground.,LISTENING,L-B-L.1Script,“Wehavenotheardofanytsunamihittinganywhere,”JanEgeland,theU.N.emergencyreliefcoordinator,toldCNNfromNewYorknearlysixhoursafterthetemblorstruck.Still,Egelandsaid,theearthquakeitselfwasresponsibleforcasualtiesonislandsclosetotheepicenter.DozensofaidofficialsmetovernightinSumatratoplanacourseofactionafterdaylightbreaksintheregion,Egelandsaid.,LISTENING,TherewasareportofheavydamageonSimeulueIslandinIndonesia,saidBerndSchell,headoftsunamioperationsfortheInternationalFederationofRedCrossandRedCrescentSocieties.SpeakingfromsouthernAceh,Schellsaid“heavy,heavyshaking”lastedaboutthreeminutes.Basedonthesizeoftheearthquake,theNationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministrationinitiallyurgedresidentswithin1,000kilometers(620miles)oftheepicentertoevacuatecoastalregions.ButnotsunamiswerereportedalongIndonesiasislandcoasts,whileIndia,MalaysiaandThailandcanceledtsunamiwarningsearlyTuesday.,L-B-L.1Script,LISTENING,L-B-L.1Script,Thequakesmagnitudewasvariouslyreportedbymonitoringagenciesas8.7and8.5.TheU.S.GeologicalSurveyreportedtheformerafterinitiallyputtingthemagnitudeat8.2;thePacificTsunamiWarningCenterreportedthelatter.ThemainjoltwaslocatednearthecoastofnorthernSumatra,about200kilometers(125miles)westnorthwestofSibolga,andabout1,400kilometers(880miles)northwestofJakarta,Indonesiascapital.TheU.S.GeologicalSurveysaidthequakewas30kilometers(20miles)deep.,LISTENING,L-B-L.1Script,Thequakestruckat11:09p.m.(04:09p.m.GMT,11:09a.m.ET).ItwasfeltinIndonesia,Malaysia,SingaporeandasfarnorthasBangkok,Thailand.,LISTENING,PartB-PairWork.1,Formpairsandanswerthefollowingquestions.Afterabriefdiscussion,somestudentswillbeinvitedtopresenttheirideasinfrontoftheclass.,1.Inmostpartsoftheworld,thevolumeoftrafficisgrowingatanalarmi