高级英语 Everyday Use 背景资料.ppt

1,BackgroundofEverydayUse,英语1091姚莉胡慧,2,Theshortstory,BlackPowerMovement,CivilRightsMovement(1955-1968),AfricanAmericans,Othermovements,AmericanCivilWar(1861-1865),origin,slavery,Terms,StoryBackground,Theshortstory“EverydayUse”,fromthecollectionInLoveandTroublepublishedin1973,waswrittenduringtheheydayoftheBlackPowermovement,whenAfrican-Americansweretryingtogainracialequalityandcalledforself-determinationandracialdignity.African-Americanshortstoriesofthisperiodoftendealtwithproblematicissueslikeseparation,integrationandredefinitionoftheAfricanAmericanpast.BlackswereseekingtheirculturalrootsinAfrica,theslogan“Blackisbeautiful”andtheAfrohairstylearose.EverydayUseisAliceWalkersanswertothesocialdiscourseofthattime,especiallyconcerningtheAfricanAmericanconceptofheritageandidentity.,3,1.Writtenin1973andincludedintheNortonAnthologyofShortFiction（诺顿短篇小说集）.2.Oneofthebest-writtenshortstoriesbyAliceWalker,describingthreewomen.3.Themotherisaworkingwomanwithoutmucheducation,butnotwithoutintelligenceorperception.Thetwodaughtersfromasharpcontrastineveryconceivableway:appearance,character,personalexperience,etc.,About,the,Story,4,Everydayuse,astoryaddressesitselftothedilemmaofAfricanAmericanswho,instrivingtoescapeprejudiceandpoverty,riskaterriblederacination（隔离）,asunderingfromallthathassustainedanddefinedthem.,Aboutthestory,5,Throughthetitleofhershortstory,AliceWalkerconceptuallyexpressesherwarinessoftheBlackPowerMovement.Duringthemid-1960s,youngblackAfricanAmericansproclaimedtheywouldnolongerbeoppressedbytheircurrentlifestyleandbegantocelebrateAfricanculturebyexploitingitforexoticnamesandethnicappeal.,Aboutthestory,6,7,African-Americanhistorystartsinthe16thcentury,withAfricanslaveswhoquicklyroseupagainsttheSpanishexplorerLucasVsquezdeAyllnandprogressestothepresentday,whenBarackObamahasbeenelectedasthe44thandcurrentPresidentoftheUnitedStates.AfricanAmericansintheUnitedStatesfaceddiscrimination,segregation,andstereotyping,especiallyintheSouthernandMidwesternUnitedstatesfordecadesaftertheAmericanCivilWar.,8,AfricanAmericans(alsoreferredtoasBlackAmericansorAfro-Americans,andformerlyasAmericanNegros)arecitizensorresidentsoftheUnitedStatewhohaveatleastpartialancestryfromanyofthenativepopulationsofSub-SaharanAfricaandarethedirectdescendantsofenslavedAfricanswithintheboundariesofthepresentUnitedStates.MostAfricanAmericansareofWestAfricandescent.However,someimmigrantsfromAfrican,Caribbean,CentralAmericanorSouthAmericannationsortheirdescendants,mayalsoself-identifywiththeterm.AfricanAmericansmakeupthesinglelargestracialminorityintheUnitedStates.,9,AfricanAmericans,ThemajorityofAfricanAmericansdescendedfromslaves,mostofwhomweresoldintoslaveryasprisonersofwarbyAfricanstatesorkidnappedbyAfrican,EuropeanorAmericanslavetraders.TheexistingmarketforslavesinAfricawasexploitedandexpandedbyEuropeanpowersinneedoflaborforNewWorldplantations.,10,Africanslaves,ThefirstAfricanslaveswerebroughttoJamestown,Virginiain1619.TheEnglishsettlerstreatedthesecaptivesasindenturedservants(契约仆人)andreleasedthemafteranumberofyears.Thispracticewasgraduallyreplacedbythesystemofrace-basedslaveryusedintheCaribbean.Asservantswerefreed,theybecamecompetitionforresources.Additionally,releasedservantshadtobereplaced.This,combinedwiththestillambiguousnatureofthesocialstatusofBlacksandthedifficultyinusinganyothergroupofpeopleasforcedservants,ledtotherelegationofBlacksintoslavery.Massachusetts（马赛诸塞州）wasthefirstcolonytolegalizeslaveryin1641.Othercoloniesfollowedsuitbypassinglawsthatpassedslaveryontothechildrenofslavesandmakingnon-Christianimportedservantsslavesforlife.,11,Africanslaves,Aformerslavedisplaysthetelltalecriss-cross,keloid（疤肿）scarsfrombeingbullwhipped（牛鞭抽打）.,12,南北美洲黑人贩卖情况,13,Withthepoliticalconsciousnessthatemergedfromthepoliticalandsocialfermentofthelate1960sandearly1970s,blacksnolongerapprovedofthetermNegro.Theybelievedithadsuggestionsofamoderate,accommodationism(迁就主义),even“UncleTom“(逆来顺受的美国黑人)connotation.Inthisperiod,agrowingnumberofblacksintheUnitedStates,particularlyAfricanAmericanyouth,celebratedtheirblacknessandtheirhistoricalandculturaltieswiththeAfricancontinent.,Negro,14,TheBlackPowerMovementdefiantlyembracedBlackasagroupidentifier.Itwasatermsocialleadersthemselveshadrepudiatedonlytwodecadesearlier,buttheyproclaimed,Blackisbeautiful.Inthissameperiod,asmallernumberofpeoplefavoredAfro-American,acommonshortening(asisAnglo-American).However,afterthedeclineinpopularityoftheAfrohairstyleinthelate1970s,thetermfelloutofuse.,BlackandAfro-American,15,这是2004年7月2日，一名无家可归的男子躺在纽约街头。,16,这是一名黑人妇女在华盛顿职业介绍会上收集工作介绍材料,17,这是2005年6月10日，一名无家可归的黑人男子在美国东南部的迈阿密南海滩钻进塑料袋里躲避飓风袭击,这是2005年10月8日，在美国路易斯安那州新奥尔良市波旁大街的一家酒吧外，几名白人警察正在殴打一名老年黑人男子。,18,这是2005年1月28日，一群来自亚洲的青年在美国纽约参加反对当地电台播放“海啸之歌”的抗议活动。当天，数百名亚裔人士、部分纽约州议员、纽约市议员聚集在位于纽约曼哈顿的“狂热97”广播电台所在地，强烈抗议该台在前一周连续4天播放侮辱海啸灾难遇难者并带有种族歧视内容的“海啸之歌”，要求结束“早晨的琼斯小姐”广播节目并呼吁联邦政府对该电台进行制裁。,19,二战后初期美国南方社会生活,Coloredwaitingrooms(有色人种候车室)Whiteonly-ladiesroom(仅供白人女洗手间),20,Afrohairstyle,21,AmericanCivilWar,TheAmericanCivilWar(18611865),knownasthewarbetweentheStatesandseveralotherstates,wasacivilwarintheUnitedStatesofAmerica.ElevenSouthernslavestatesdeclaredtheirSecession（脱离联邦）fromtheU.S.andformedtheConfederateStatesofAmerica(theConfederacy（南方联盟）).ItwasLedbyJeffersonDavis,theyfoughtagainsttheU.S.federalgovernment(theUnion),whichwassupportedbyallthefreestatesandthefiveborderslavestates.,22,AmericanCivilWar,TheAmericanCivilWarwasthedeadliestwarinAmericanhistory,causing620,000soldierdeaths,andanundeterminednumberofciviliancasualties,endingslaveryintheUnitedStates,restoringtheUnion,andstrengtheningtheroleofthefederalgovernment.Thesocial,political,economicandracialissuesofthewardecisivelyshapedthereconstructionerathatlastedto1877,andcontinueintothe21stcentury.,23,TheEmancipationProclamation（解放奴隶宣言）,AbrahamLincoln,24,TheEmancipationProclamation,TheEmancipationProclamationisanexecutiveorderissuedbyUnitedStatesPresidentAbrahamLincolnonJanuary1,1863,duringtheAmericanCivilWarusinghiswarpowers.Itproclaimedthefreedomof3.1millionofthenations4millionslaves,andimmediatelyfreed50,000ofthem,withnearlyalltherestfreedasUnionarmiesadvanced.TheProclamationdidnotcompensatetheowners;itdidnotmaketheex-slaves,calledFreedmen,citizens.,25,民权运动（MatinLutherKing）,“自由乘车运动”,穷人运动,公共汽车抵制运动,南方基督教领袖会议建立,奥尔巴尼运动,发表了“我有一个梦想”著名演讲,1955年1957年1961年,1962年1963年1967年,26,TheAfrican-AmericanCivilRightsMovement(1955-1968)referstothemovementsintheUnitedStatesaimedatoutlawingracialdiscriminationagainstAfricanAmericansandrestoringvotingrightsinSouthernstates.InthelastdecadeofthenineteenthcenturyintheUnitedStates,raciallydiscriminatorylawsandracialviolenceaimedatAfricanAmericansandotherminoritygroupsbegantomushroom(增长).ThisperiodissometimesreferredtoasthenadirofAmericanracerelations.Elected,appointed,orhiredgovernmentauthoritiesbegantorequireorpermitdiscrimination.,CivilRightsMovement,27,CivilRightsMovement,MovementforracialequalityintheU.S.thatthroughnonviolentprotest,brokethepatternofracialsegregation（种族隔离）intheSouthandachievedequalrightslegislationforblacks.FollowingtheU.S.SupremeCourtdecisioninBrownv.BoardofEducationofTopeka（布朗案）(1954),AfricanAmericanandwhitesupportersattemptedtoendtheentrenchedsegregationistpractices.UsingthenonviolentmethodsofMohandasK.Gandhi（甘地）,themovementspread,forcingthedesegregationofmanypublicfacilities.,28,ThemovementforBlackPowerintheU.S.cameduringtheCivilRightsMovementinthe1960s.ThiswasatimewhenAfrican-Americanswerestrugglingtodefinetheirpersonalidentitiesinculturalterms.AfricanAmericansweretryingtogainracialequalityandcalledforself-determinationandracialdignity.,BlackPowerMovement,29,BlackPower,Notallblackshadbeenequallyimpressedwiththecivilrightsmovement.MALCOLMX（马尔科姆艾克斯（美国黑人领袖）andtheNationofIslam,forexample,feltthatracialself-determinationwasacriticalandneglectedelementoftrueequality.Bythemid-1960s,dissatisfactionwiththepaceofchangewasgrowingamongblacks.Theterm“blackpower”hadbeenaroundsincethe1950s,butitwasSTOKELYCARMICHAEL,headoftheSTUDENTNONVIOLENTCOORDINATINGCOMMITTEE(SNCC)（学生非暴力行动协会委员会）,whopopularizedthetermin1966.,30,BlackPowerMovement,TheBlackPowermovementdidnotsucceedingettingblackstobreakawayfromwhitesocietyandcreateaseparatesociety.Nordidithelpenddiscriminationorracism.Itdid,however,helpprovidesomeoftheelementsthatwereultimatelynecessaryforblacksandwhitestogainafullerunderstandingofeachother.Themovementgeneratedanumberofpositivedevelopments.Probablythemostnoteworthyofthesewasitsinfluenceonblackculture.Forthefirsttime,blacksintheUnitedStateswereencouragedtoacknowledgetheirAfricanheritage.,31,BlackPowerMovement,COLLEGESANDUNIVERSITIES