[环境类博士学位论文] 浙江天童受损常绿阔叶林恢复动态及主要树种适应策略

I浙江天童受损常绿阔叶林恢复动态及主要树种适应策略院系环境科学系专业生态学研究方向植被工程学指导教师博士研究生2009年5月完成IIDYNAMICSOFRESTORATIONOFDISTURBEDEVERGREENBROADLEAVEDFORESTSANDECOLOGICALSTRATEGIESOFMAINWOODYSPECEISINTIANTONGNATIONALFORESTSPARK,ZHEJIANG学位论文独创性声明本人所呈交的学位论文是我在导师的指导下进行的研究工作及取得的研究成果。据我所知，除文中已经注明引用的内容外，本论文不包含其他个人已经发表或撰写过的研究成果。对本文的研究做出重要贡献的个人和集体，均已在文中作了明确说明并表示谢意。作者签名日期学位论文授权使用声明本人完全了解有关保留、使用学位论文的规定，学校有权保留学位论文并向国家主管部门或其指定机构送交论文的电子版和纸质版。有权将学位论文用于非赢利目的的少量复制并允许论文进入学校图书馆被查阅。有权将学位论文的内容编入有关G3316据G2255进行G1983G3404。有权将学位论文的G947G3477和G4267要G1880编出版。保G2625的学位论文在解G2625G1802G3265用本规定。学位论文作者签名导师签名日期日期III摘要常绿阔叶林是我国东部地带性自然植被，但长期的人为干扰导致面积日益减少，处于严重受损退化状态。并且由于干扰方式、程度各不相同，导致退化类型多样。因此，为了控制退化，加快恢复，急需阐明不同干扰下，受损常绿阔叶林恢复过程和机制。本研究采用实验生态学方法，于2003年10月在浙江天童国家森林公园以米槠木荷群落为对象，模拟区域不同干扰，以4种方式进行采伐在样地中对高度大于8M，DBH大于5CM的大树进行择伐；在样地中G4570地G990植G10301G1852部G9177G19512，G1457G11053G7555G7537落叶G4630；G313在样地G267中G9177G19512地G990G1852部植G10301，并G9177G19512G7555G7537落叶G4630和G15932G3315G4630G708010CMG709；G314在样地G268中G1177G9177G19512下木G4630和G14621本G4630，G1457G11053大树。本G7003在G2081人研究的G3534G11796G990，G13499G13505对群落G10301种G13464G6116、群落G13479G7512、生G3671因G4388进行G4462G1313G17873G17406G16855G7609G70820062008年G709，以期G5414G13447G5647G13479植G10301群落恢复G2033期G7085年G709的恢复G2172态过程，G2040明G1866恢复G7696G4628。并G1186G1039G16213树种G17813G4633方式、生长G7696G4628、G13333G8554G12586G11065方面，G13479G2524叶性状、G7512型G12573多G4630G8437，对恢复G2033期G1039G16213树种的生态G17878G5224G12586G11065的G6518G16764，以期G16311G7524植被恢复的G20549G2172G2159、G19492制因G4388，G1186G13792阐明恢复G2033期G7696G4628的G5430G6116机制，为受损常绿阔叶林的恢复G6564G1391G10714G16782G1393G6466。G1039G16213G13479G16782G3926下G7081G709不同干扰下植G10301群落G10301种G1028G4512度在恢复5年G1881G3355G17817G17907G3698加，并高于干扰G2081G20042G13435群落的G6980G18339。G2081期G15932G10628为G11784G3363严重的样地中G2588G10628G6363G6980G3698长，G125443年G17810G2052高G4804，并G1998G10628G6308G9869。5年G2530干扰G17743的样地中G10301种G6980G7380高。G7082G709不同干扰样地G1881生G8975型G13464G6116G6925G2476G7186G14891。恢复1年以G980年生、多年生G14621本为G1039，木本植G10301以落叶阔叶树种为G1039，G13792且G19555G11540干扰程度的G3698加G13792G3698加。G19555G11540恢复进G4649，群落G2010G4630G17892G9188G5430G6116，落叶树种G1260G2195度下G19489，常绿树种G3698加。G14279恢复5年，G9177G19512了植被，G10990G14279G2447G19512了G15932G3315的样地G990落叶阔叶树G252G252G2347G18252G7543G708CHOEROSPONDIASAXILIARISG709和G8319木G708SASSAFRASTZUMUG709已高G17810657M。G7083G709在G2081人研究的G3534G11796G990，根G6466G10301种在恢复过程中G1998G10628和消失的情况，把各G10301种G2010为维持种、消失种、G17813入种和G980过性G10301种。同时研究了不同干扰样地G1881木本植G10301种G4388散布方式和更新类型，得G1998强度干扰样地G1881恢复G2033期风G2159传播种G4388较多，常绿萌G7537更新比例G7380高。常绿树种强大的萌G7537能G2159，使得在受损群落恢复G2033期即G1998G10628G20042G13435树种。G7084G709对恢复G2033期不同程度干扰样地G1881光、空气和G3315壤温湿度、G3315壤化学性质的IV测G4462，以及植G10301群落恢复G2033期G7696G4628，可G4570受损常绿阔叶林恢复划G2010为四种恢复类型。更新促进型G708样地G709，G2447G19512乔木G4630G2530光照的G3698加使得林下米槠、石栎G12573常绿阔叶树种得G2052释压G13792G17817G17907生长。更新抑制型G708样地G709，林下植被的G2447G19512导致耐荫蕨类的大G18339G13333G8554，并占有很大G1260G2195，阻碍了木本植G10301的更新和生长。演替进G4649型G708样地G709，充足的光照，G1028G4512的外来种源、原有G10301种的萌G7537库、G3315壤种G4388库以及良好的G3315壤条件，使得群落G17817G17907进入G8437生演替过程。演替迟滞型G708样地G709，G7555G7537落叶G4630和G15932G3315G4630的G2447G19512导致种G4388库的G11784G3363以及G3315壤养G2010的贫瘠，G1186G13792抑制了部G2010先锋G10301种的G4462G4633，或生长、G13333G8554，G10301种G1028G4512度低于G1866他样地，且恢复G17907率明G7186落G2530于样地。受损常绿阔叶林恢复G2033期四种不同恢复G7696G4628的G1998G10628，为本地区存在“多途径演替”假说G6564G1391了G6116因G16782方面的佐证。G7085G709对恢复过程中的两大种G13464G17813入种和维持种中7个G1039G16213树种G708G17813入种中选择落叶的山鸡椒G708LITSEACUBEBAG709、G8319木和G2347G18252G7543，维持种以常绿的木荷G708SCHIMASUPERBAG709、石栎G708LITHOCARPUSGLABERG709、米槠G708CASTANOPSISCARLESIIG709和栲树G708CASTANOPSISFARGESIIG709为研究对象G709的G6980G18339G2172态、空间G2010布G7696G4628，以及高生长轨迹的测G4462，得G1998干扰生G3671中以落叶树种为G1039的G17813入种G2010布范围的扩大和种群G6980G18339的G3698加G3355大于常绿树种，且与种G4388重G18339和传播方式有关；对以常绿树种为G1039的维持种G13792言，干扰G2530种群大小G1039G16213取决于干扰G2081种群大小和萌G7537能G2159。G17813入种早期生长G17907率大于维持种。G7086G709在恢复G2033期高生长G17907率是占G6466G1260G2195的重G16213途径，对恢复G2033期7个G1039G16213树种叶性状G708包括G7380大净光G2524G17907率、比叶面积、叶氮磷含G18339G709和G7512型的测G4462和G2010G7524，以期G1186树种转化光能以及获取光能两方面对树种的生长G17907率进行G16311释。G13479果G15932明以落叶树种为G1039的G17813入种具有高光转化能G2159，并对G7537系G13479G7512的投入较低，具有简单的G7537系G13479G7512、扁平的树冠，G13792G4570资源投资于G7537条的生长，即采取高获取低消耗的积G7509型生存G12586G11065，是对光照充G2010G10627G3671长期G17878G5224的G13479果，G17837G1457证落叶树种在恢复G2033期的G12466G1117G1260G2195。以常绿树种为G1039的维持种具有低的光转化能G2159，并对G7537系G13479G7512的投入较高，具有复G7446的G7537系G13479G7512、G4497G2414的树冠，G13792对G7537条生长的投资较少，即采取低获取高消耗的G1457G4444型生存G12586G11065，是对G18069G19393G10627G3671长期G17878G5224的G13479果，G17837使得G1866在恢复G2033期高生长G17907率较低，但是常绿树种G6116为G2530期G1260G2195种和林G1881G1288生种的G6175G8585。G7087G709干扰强度和方式的不同导致资源可G2045用率的G2476化，G1186G13792对植G10301叶性状和G7512型G1147生G5445G2721。G1866中，光照和G3315壤养G2010是G1039G16213的G10627G3671因G4388。在干扰G17743的G18069G19393生G3671中，V植G10301G7380大光G2524G17907率较低，植G10301G1554G2533于G5430G6116大G13792G15192的叶G10267、低G2010G7537率、较小G7537叶G1554G16294、G11713G7537条、平G4649的树冠以扩大G6142G6922光照的面积并减少自G17535维持的消耗，G1186G13792G5430G6116G11714小的植G7678。G19555G11540干扰程度的G3698加，光照强度的G3698加，使得植G10301G7380大光G2524G17907率G3698加，同时G5430G6116小G13792G2414的叶G10267，G3698加叶G1554G16294以G19462G8502强光G1272G4487。植G7678G4506度是G5445G2721植G10301G7512型的G2490G980G1039G16213因G13044。在G9177G19512植被的干扰样地中，由于高的植G7678G4506度使得树种G5430G6116较高的G2010G7537率、大G7537G1554G16294、长G7537条、G12376小的树冠，以快G17907生长G13792G6682G14085受压状态。植G10301叶性状和G7512型与干扰样地恢复G7696G4628相对G5224，有G6940的G16311释了植被恢复机制。G708G27G709对各干扰样地中长期G2469G4649G20056测，得G1998G9177G19512植被并G2447G15932G3315的干扰样地可能G4570比G1177G9177G19512植被的干扰样地更早进入G20042G13435群落G19466G8585。G17837可能是由于G3315壤的贫瘠导致落叶树种高生长较为G13543G5942，G13792常绿萌生植G7678由于G1028G4512的地下G11911G8712化G2524G10301、G11731G10301质G14841养的积G13059，G1457证G1866快G17907生长，G1186G13792可G17340G17246常绿落叶G9163G1144林G19466G8585G13792G11464G6521进入常绿阔叶林G19466G8585。关键词常绿阔叶林，恢复，实验生态学，长期G4462G1313研究，生态G17878G5224，叶性状，G7512型VIABSTRACTEVERGREENBROADLEAVEDFORESTEBLFISAZONALFORESTECOSYSTEMOFEASTERNCHINAUNDERTHELONGTERM,FREQUENTDISTURBANCEOFHUMANACTIVITIES,MOSTOFEBLFHAVEBEENDETERIORATEDTOMANYDEGRADATIONTYPES,SUCHASSECONDARYFORESTS,SECONDARYSHRUBCOMMUNITIES,ANDSHRUBGRASSLAND,EVENTOBARELANDSITISVERYIMPORTANTTOLEARNTHERESTORATIONPROCESSANDMECHANISMOFEBLFFOLLOWINGDIFFERENTDISTURBANCELEVELSTHESTUDYSITEISLOCATEDINTIANTONGNATIONALFORESTPARKTNFP,29O53N,121O39E,ZHEJIANGPROVINCE,EASTERNCHINA,SEVERALKILOMETERSINLANDFROMTHEEASTCHINASEAFIVE20M20MPLOTS,AT260MABOVESEALEVEL,WITHA2530OSLOPE,WEREESTABLISHEDWITHINTNFP,INOCTOBER,2003THEMAINCOMPOSITIONOFTHECOMMUNITYWASEVERGREENBROADLEAVEDSPECIESOFFAGACEAE,CAMELLIA,ANDSYMPLOCACEAEANDWASDOMINATEDBYSCHIMASUPERBA,CASTANOPSISCARLESIIANDLITHOCARPUSGLABERFOURPLOTSWEREDISTURBEDBYDIVERSITYTREATMENTSACCORDINGTOTHECOMMONNATURALORARTIFICIALDISTURBANCETYPESOFTHISAREA,ANDTHEOTHERWASFREEOFDISTURBANCESTHEFOURTREATMENTSWEREPLOTI,REMOVALOFTHEABOVEGROUNDCANOPYTREESOVER8M,TOSIMULATECANOPYGAPSCAUSEDBYSELECTIVELOGGINGORATYPHOONPLOTII,REMOVALOFVEGETATIONTHATSIMULATEDCLEARCUTTINGPLOTIII,REMOVALOFVEGETATION,LITTERANDTHETOPSOIL010CMLAYERTOREPRESENTEDLANDSLIDESORMININGDISTURBANCESPLOTIV,REMOVALOFTHEUNDERSTOREYVEGETATIONBELOW8M,WHICHISSTANDARDFORESTRYMANAGEMENTPRACTICEPLOTVWASLEFTUNDISTURBEDLONGTERMMONITORINGINVESTIGATIONSOFFLORISTICCOMPOSITION,COMMUNITYSTRUCTURES,ANDHABITATFACTORSWERECARRIEDOUTSEQUENTIALLY20062008TOCLARIFYTHERESTORATIONPATTERNANDDYNAMICSOFVEGETATIONINDIFFERENTDEGRADATIONPLOTSFROMTHEINVADING,GROWINGANDREGENERATINGSTAGE,COMBININGLEAFTRAITSANDCROWNARCHITECTUREOFMAINWOODYSPECIES,THERESTORATIONMECHANISMOFDESTROYEDEBLFWASTEMPTEDTODISCUSSTHEMAINRESULTSASFOLLOWS1SPECIESRICHNESSOFDISTURBEDPLOTSINCREASEDSHARPLYDURINGTHE5YEARSAFTERVIIDISTURBANCEANDWASHIGHERTHANTHERICHNESSOFTHEPREDISTURBANCEPLOTTHERICHNESSINCREASEDEXPONENTIALLYINTHEEARLYSTAGE,REACHEDTHESUMMITINTHE3RDYEARAFTERDISTURBANCE,ANDFOLLOWEDTHEINFLEXIONTHERICHNESSWASHIGHERINTHEPLOTWITHLIGHTDISTURBANCE2THELIFEFORMWASCHANGEDSIGNIFICANTLYINDISTURBEDPLOTSTHEANNUALANDPERENNIALHERBDOMINATEDINTHE1STYEARAFTERDISTURBANCEWOODSPECIESWASMAILYCOMPOSEDOFDECIDUOUSBROADLEAVEDTREES,WHOSENUMBERSINCREASEDALONGDISTURBANCELEVELSASTHEPROCESSOFRESTORATION,THESTRATIFICATIONWASFORMEDWITHTHEDECREASINGDOMINATIONOFDECIDUOUSBROADLEAVEDSPECIESANDINCREASINGDOMINATIONOFEVERGREENBROADLEAVEDSPECIESINTHE5THYEARAFTERDISTURBANCE,CHOEROSPONDIASAXILIARISANDSASSAFRASTZUMUINTHEPLOTREMOVALOFVEGETATIONANDEVENREMOVALLITTERANDTHETOPSOILREACHEDTHEHEIGHTOF64AND7MRESPECTIVELY3ONTHEBASEOFPREVIOUSRESEARCH,ACCORDINGTOTHEAPPEARANCEANDDISAPPEARANCEOFSPECIES,WEDIVIDEDTHESPECIESINEACHDESTROYEDPLOTINTO4SPECIESGROUPS,RESIDUALSPECIES,DISAPPEAREDSPECIES,INVADINGSPECIESANDONCEAPPEAREDSPECIESINTHEEARLYSTAGEOFRESTORATION,THESPECIESINHEAVYDISTURBEDPLOTSWEREMAINLYDISPERSEDBYWIND,ANDTHERATIOOFRESPROUTINGINDIVIDUALOFEVERGREENBROADLEAVEDTREESWASTHEHIGHESTDUETOTHESTRONGABILITYOFRESPROUTING,THECLIMAXSEPCEISAPPEAREDINTHEEARLYSTAGEOFRESTORATION4ACCORDINGTOTHEPHOTOSYNTHETICPHOTONFLUXDENSITY,AIRANDSOILTEMPERATUREANDMOISTURE,SOILCHEMISTRYCHARACTERISTICS,ANDTHERESTORATIONPATTERNFOLLOWINGDIFFERENTDISTURBANCELEVELS,THEDESTROYEDPLOTSCOULDBEDIVIDEDTO4TYPES1ACCELERATEDREGENERATIONPLOTI,THEEVERGREENBROADLEAVEDSPECIESANDSHRUBSPECIESUNDERSTORYGREWRAPIDLYAFTERTHEREMOVEOFCANOPYLAYER2RESTRAINEDREGENERATIONPLOTIV,THEREMOVEOFUNDERSTORYLEADEDTOTHEREGENERATIONOFFERN,BUTITSPREDOMINANCERESTRAINEDTHEREGENERATIONANDGROWTHOFWOODYPLANTS3PROGRESSIVESUCCESSIONPLOTII,PERFECTSOILANDLIGHTCONDITION,ABUNDANTSEEDRESOURCES,RESPROUTINGANDSOILSEEDBANKACCELERATEDTHESUCCESSION4DELAYEDSUCCESSIONPLOTIII,POORSOILNUTRIENTANDDESTROYEDSOILSEEDBANKLIMITEDSOMEPIONEERSPECIESDISTRIBUTIONANDGROWTH,THERESTORATIONRATEOFVEGETATIONWASSLOWLYTHE4RESTORATIONTYPESPROVEDVIIITHEMULTIAPPROACHSUCCESSIONINTHISREGION5THENUMBERDYNAMIC,SPATIALDISTRIBUTION,ANDHEIGHTGROWTHTRAJECTORIESOF7MAINTREESPECIESOFTHEMAINSPECIESGROUP,INVADINGSPECIESANDRESIDUALSPECIES,WERESTUDIEDTODISCUSSMECHANISMSOFPATTERNANDDYNAMICSOFTHEINITIALSTAGEOFRESTORATIONTHEINVADINGSPECIESINCLUDEDDECIDOUSBROADLEAVEDLITSEACUBEBA,SASSAFRASTZUMUANDCHOEROSPONDIASAXILIARISTHERESIDUALSPECIESINCLUDEDEVERGREENBROADLEAVEDSCHIMASUPERBA,LITHOCARPUSGLABER,CASTANOPSISCARLESIIANDCASTANOPSISFARGESIITHERESULTSSHOWNTHAT,THEDISTRIBUTIONANDNUMBEROFINVADINGSPECIESWEREHIGHERTHANRESIDUALSPECIES,WHICHWERERELATEDWITHSEEDMASSANDDISPERSALTYPEFORRESIDUALSPECIES,THEPOPULATIONDEPONDEDONTHEPREDISTURBEDPOPULATIONANDTHERESPROUTINGABILITYTHEHEIGHTGOWTHOFINVADINGSPECIESWASHIGHERTHANRESIDUALSPECIES6FASTHEIGHTGROWTHWASANIMPORTANTASPECTOFTHEDOMINANTIONATTHEEARLYSTAGEOFRESTORATIONTHEREFORE,LEAFTRAITSINCLUDINGTHETHEMAXIMUMOFNETPHOTOSYNTHESISBASEDONAREAAMAX,SPECIFICLEAFAREASLA,LEAFNITROGENANDPHOSPHORCONTENTN,PANDCROWNARCHITECTUREOF7MAINSPECIESWEREANALYSEDTOEXPLAINTHEHEIGHTGROWTHPATTERNVIATHELIGHTTRANSFORMANDCAPTURETHERESULTSSHOWNTHAT,THEDECIDOUSINVADINGSPECIESHADHIGHABILITYOFLIGHTTRANSFORMATION,ANDSIMPLECROWNARCHITECTURE,FLATSHAPEDCROWNWITHLOWINVESTMENT,WHILEHIGHINVESTEDINTHEBRANCHGROWTHTHEACCLIMATIONTOSTRONGLIGHTCONDITIONENSUREDTHEDOMINANCEOFDECIDUOUSBROADLEAVEDSPECIESATTHEEARLYSTAGEOFRESTORATIONTHEEVERGREENRESIDUALSPECIESHADLOWABILITYOFLIGHTTRANSFORMATION,ANDCOMPLEXCROWARCHITECTURE,DEEPCROWNWITHHIGHINVESTMENT,WHILELOWINVESTEDINTHEBRANCHGROWTHTHEACCLIMATIONTOSHADECONDITIONMADETHESLOWHEIGHTGROWTHOFEVERGREENBROADLEAVEDSPECIESATTHEEARLYSTAGEOFRESTORATION,BUTITWASTHEPOWERFULINSTRUMENTTOBECOMETHEDOMINANTSPECIESORTHEUNDERSTORYCOMPANIONSPECIESATTHELATESTAGEOFRESTORATION7THEINTENSITYANDTYPEOFDISTURBANCECAUSEDTHECHANGEOFRESOURCEAVAILABILITY,WHICHAFFECTEDTHELEAFTRAITANDCROWNARCHITECTURELIGHTANDSOILNUTRITIONWERETHEMAINENVIRONMENTALFATORSINLIGHTDISTURBEDPLOTWITHSHADECONDITION,PLANTOWNEDIXLOWAMAX,LARGEANDTHINLEAFLET,LOWBIFURCATIONRATIO,SMALLBRANCHANDLEAFANGLETOHORIZON,SHORTBRANCHANDFLATCROWNTOENLARGEPHOTOSYNTHETICAREAANDCUTDOWNCONSUMEOFSELFMAINTENANCE,THENFORMINGTHESHORTINDIVIDUALALONGTHEDISTURBANCELEVEL,LIGHTINCREASED,ANDPLANTHADHIGHERAMAX,SMALLANDTHICKLEAFLETANDLARGEBRANCHANDLEAFANGLETOHORIZON,WHICHBENEFITEDTHEFASTGROWTHANDSELFPROTECTIONUNDERSTRONGLIGHTINDIVIDUALDENSITYWASANOTHERFACTORAFFECTINGTHECROWNARCHITECTUREINTHEPLOTOFVEGETATIONREMOVAL,THEHIGHINDIVIDUALDENSITYCAUSEDTHEHIGHERBIFURCATIONRATIO,THELARGERBRANCHANGLETOHORIZON,LONGERBRANCHLENGTHANDNARROWCROWN,WHICHBENEFITEDGROWINGFASTANDINCREASINGCOMPETITIVENESSFORLIGHTTHECORRESPONDENCEOFLEAFTRAIT,CROWNARCHITECTUREANDRESTORATIONTYPEEXPLAINEDEFFECTIVELYTHEMECHANISMOFRESTORATION8THEMIDDLELONGTERMPREDICTIONOFTHEFUTURETRAJECTORYOFEACHDESTROYEDCOMMUNITYSHOWNTHAT,THEPLOTREMOVALOFVEGETATION,LITTERANDTHETOPSOILWOULDENTERTHECLIMAXSTAGEEARLYTHANTHEPLOTONLYREMOVALOFVEGETATIONITMIGHTBECAUSETHEPOORSOILCAUSEDTHESLOWGROWTHOFDECIDUOUSBROADLEAVEDSPECIES,WHILETHEPOWERFULACCUMULATIONOFNUTRITIONOFTHERESPROUTINGINDIVIDUALOFEVERGREENBROADLEAVEDSPECIESENSUREDTHEFASTGROWTHITWOULDMAKETHEDESTROYEDVEGETATIONSPANTHEDECIDUOUSANDEVERGREENBROADLEAVEDFORESTKEYWORDSEVERGREENBROADLEAVEDFOREST,RESTORATION,EXPERIMENTALECOLOGY,LONGTERMECOLOGICALSTUDY,ECOLOGICALADAPTATION,LEAFTRAIT,CROWNARCHITECTUREI目录摘要IIIABSTRACTVI目录I第一章前言11研究G13984G723512国G1881外研究进G4649221干扰对森林生态系G13491的G5445G2721222受损森林生态系G13491恢复G2172态423受损森林生态系G13491恢复机制524我国常绿阔叶林退化生态系G13491G10317G5461及G1866恢复93研究G11458的和G5859G105314第二章研究区域概况及研究方法161研究地区G8022况162样地G16786G13634及G17331G17406G16855G7609方法1721样地G16786G136341722植被自然恢复G17331G17406G16855G76091823生G3671条件G11429测18第三章受损常绿阔叶林恢复初期植物群落恢复格局及其动态过程191G7460G7021与方法1911植被G6980G6466处G107141912G3315壤养G2010测G4462及生G3671G6980G6466来源202G13479果与G2010G75242021群落G13479G7512G2476化2022生G3671因G4388G2172态303G16764G167823331干扰对G10301种G1028G4512度的G5445G272133II32G10301种G13333G8554G12586G11065对受损常绿阔叶林种类G13464G6116的G5445G27213433受损常绿阔叶林恢复G7696G4628及多途径演替假说364小G1347938第四章受损常绿阔叶林恢复初期主要树种的种群结构及空间格局动态391研究方法3911研究对象3912G6980G6466G2010G7524方法392G13479果与G2010G75244021种群G13479G7512G2476化4022种群空间G2010布G2172态4823生长轨迹493G16764G167825131G1039G16213树种种群空间G2010布G7696G4628的G6116因5132G1039G16213树种种群更新G10317G5461与群落G2172态G20056测514小G1347955第五章受损常绿阔叶林恢复初期主要树种叶性状及其生态适应571研究方法5711研究对象5712实验方法5813G6980G6466处G10714582G13479果与G2010G75245821不同树种叶性状比较5822叶性状G8851干扰G7811度的G2476化593G16764G167826131不同程度干扰对植G10301叶性状的G5445G27216132G1039G16213树种叶性状及对恢复G7696G4628的G16311释624小G1347964第六章受损常绿阔叶林恢复初期主要树种构型及生态适应661研究方法66III11研究对象6612G7512型G2454G6980测G44626713G6980G6466G2010G7524方法672G13479果与G2010G75246821不同树种G7512型比较6822不同样地中树种G7512型G5058G53346923G7512型G6363G7643相关性G2010G7524723G16764G167827331不同树种的G2010G7537G12586G110657332G2010G7537G7696G4628的可G3621性及对恢复G7696G4628的G16311释754小G1347976第七章总结78G19480G54171G10301种G13464G6116及相对G1260G2195度82G19480G54172样方G16855G7609G16772G5417的植G10301G2529G541792G19480G54173G12197研G6116果96G2454G13783G7003G1049897后记1081第一章前言1研究背景由于G12197学G6228G7427的进G8505、G13475G8994的G2469G4649、人G2487的G3698加，人类生G1147、生G8975的足迹G17953及G1852G10711。人类为了生存，对自然资源的需G8726日益G3698加。G10627G3671G8757G7591、植被G11784G3363、G3315地退化、气G1517G2476化、G8712资源G11713G13582、生G10301多样性G1019失G12573G3698加了对自然生态系G13491的G13973G17855，大部G2010原有生态系G13491G13479G7512及G2163能退化。森林生态系G13491是G19482地生态系G13491的G1039G1319，是人类生存和G12050G1262G13475G8994G2469G4649的G1039G16213自然资源。森林不G1177为人类G6564G1391木G7460和林G2115G1147G2709，G13792且对维持地G10711生态系G13491的平G15925，G1457G6264生G10301多样性，G6925G2904自然G10627G3671G12573G17227G11540重G16213的G1328用。然G13792，森林是G980个人类G1039导的生态系G13491NOBLE宋永昌G125732007。G1866中大多G6980人为干扰的强度大、G5445G2721范围广，包括G980G8437性彻底G11784G3363，G3926农业垦G8554、木G7460生G1147和消耗、战G1117G12573；高频G8437、低强度的G11784G3363，G3926薪炭燃G7021的取G7460G12573宋永昌G125732007。G1186G13792导致常绿阔叶林面积大幅度减少王希华G125732005，残存的常绿阔叶林大都G2588G10628孤岛状G2010布，G10267G8585化程度很高，不同退化程度的逆行演替G19466G8585群落G19555处可见，大部G2010退化为G8437生灌丛、灌G14621丛、G10990G14279裸地，部G2010G10990G14279G17810G2052不可逆转的状态，所造G6116的生态G11784G3363已G5445G2721G2052G13475G8994的可持G13505G2469G4649，威G13973G2052群众的G17535G1319健康和生命财G1147安G1852宋永昌G125732005宋永昌G125732007。但由于常绿阔叶林G2010布地区的G8712热条件G1260G17246，气G1517温暖湿润，当G11784G3363不太严重时，G980旦停G8502干扰，常绿阔叶林又可G17892G9188得G2052恢复陈小勇和宋永昌2004。因此，为了控制退化，加快恢复，急需阐明人为干2扰下，受损常绿阔叶林退化以及恢复过程和机制宋永昌G125732005。2国内外研究进展干扰是G6363G2469生在G980G4462地G10714G1313G13634G990，引G17227生态系G13491G13479G7512或G2163能G2469生G2476化的外G11040因G13044，它使得生态系G13491G2172态过程偏离G1866自然的演G2476方G2533和G17907度G2028艳红和赵慧勋2000邬建国2000。森林干扰包括自然干扰和人为干扰。森林中常见的自然干扰有风灾、火灾、雪灾、洪G8712、干旱、G3315壤侵蚀、山崩、滑坡、泥石流、冰川、火山G8975G2172、G2172G10301危G4487、病虫G4487G12573。人为干扰G1039G16213包括毁林、刀耕火种、采伐、G11745伐下木、采集果实、扫G19512G7555落G10301、放牧、大面积种植外来树种、工业G8757G7591、开G11731、旅游G12573。人为干扰G1998G10628的高频率、高强度以及G1147生的深刻G5445G2721远远超过了自然干扰，是森林退化的G1039G16213原因朱教君和G2028足根2004，G13792自然干扰对森林生态系G13491的G1328用往往因人为干扰的G2454与或诱G2469G13792加剧王树G2163G125732005，G17837促使生态学家对人为干扰下森林生态系G13491G13479G7512和G2163能的G2172态G2476化和机制进行研究，以期为森林植被的恢复G6564G1391G10714G16782和G6228G7427支持。21干扰对森林生态系统的影响211物种组成和生物多样性由于群落G13479G7512遭G2052G11784G3363，生G3671条件也G2469生G2476化ELLSWORTH杨徐烽2008群落中光照G3698强，空气和G3315壤温度G990升，空气和G3315壤湿度减少，在中国亚热带地区，强G19489雨的侵蚀G10990G14279引G17227G3315壤退化，养G2010含G18339G19489低G12573赵G1866国2002。G17837G4570导致群落中耐荫的G20042G13435种类减少，G13792喜阳先锋树种G6980G18339G3698加TONIATOSINGH2002。G17902常，生G10301多样性在中度干扰强度或频率下G17810G2052G7380高PELTZERETAL2000WRIGHT2002。因为，在弱干扰或G7092干扰的情况下，G2494有G12466G1117G2159强的G1260G2195种G6177能生存，G13792在强干扰下，G2494有耐干扰种G6177能生存，因此，多样性在中度干扰下G17810G2052G7380高，即“中度干扰假说”CONNELL1978。G17837G980假说在很多研究中得G2052证实G2028艳红和赵慧勋2000。然G13792，也有研究G16760为中度干扰并不能G6564高G7588G1135森林类型的生G10301多样性PHILLIPSETAL1997。SAGARG125732003在印度干旱热带森林地区5G3371受不同自然和人为共同干扰的地G9869进行研究，G13479果G15932明，多样性G6363G6980G8851干扰G8712平的G3698加G13792减少，多样性G6363G6980在干扰G7380强的地G9869G7380高，G1866他4个地G9869比较相G1296。究G1866原因，可能是由于干扰G8712平的G3698加导致资源可G2045用性的G19489低，G1186G13792使得多样性G6363G6980的下G19489BROKAW1985；G13792高的G10301种G936个G1319G6980比G1552可能是多样性G6363G6980在干扰G7380强的地G9869G7380高的原因SAGARETAL2003。212群落结构人为干扰G1262导致群落G13479G7512的明G7186G6925G2476。干扰程度G17246重，群落G4630G8437以及高度G13435G13479G7512G17246简单温远光和G7458G1461G171441998。重度干扰，例G3926G11354伐，G1262导致植被G11464G6521退化G2052裸地或灌木G19466G8585任海和彭少麟2001。G17743度或中度人为干扰G17902常都G1262导致群落乔木G4630个G1319G6980G18339或大径G13435个G1319的减少，平G3355冠幅高度的G19489低；G13792群落下木G4630G10301种和个G1319G6980G18339的G3698加RYDGRENETAL2004TONIATO宋永昌G125732007。亚热带常绿阔叶林恢复的G17902常模式是灌丛G20544G4626G7506G19036叶林G19036阔G9163G1144林常绿阔叶林。赵平G12573G7081999G709研究G16760为，在G6502G19512人为干扰的情况下，常绿阔叶林植被恢复的G2469G4649G13475G2394由退化G14621坡或灌丛G19036叶G13443林以G19036叶树为G1039的G1