[英语学习]新标准大学英语综合教程4u6active_reading_2

Mapping,Embarkation,Navigation,Destination,Resources,Active reading 2,PredictingUnderstanding text organisationGiving reasonsCooperating to establish meaningIdentifying the significance of historical facts,Active reading 2: Mapping,Active reading 2: Embarkation,What is History & E. H. Carr,Historical fact & historian,Other figures and events,Films and photos on history,Films and photos on history,1. Watch the videos for discussion on history and other media. Video Clip 1: Queen Victoria who happened to be a queen as her Uncles William IV and George IV died childless.,More,Queen Victoria,Films and photos on history,More,憨豆特工,Video Clip 2: Film Johnny English, based on an assumption that Queen Elizabeth II was forced to abdicate (逊位) in a plot led by the French prison entrepreneur Pascal Sauvage, a descendant of William the Conqueror.,Films and photos on history,2. Work in pairs and answer the questions. 1. Can you think of photographs or films which show important historical events? 2. Which is more powerful in portraying historical events, the camera or the pen? 3. How accurately do you think films represent historical events? 4. Does it matter if a historical film is not factually accurate,click,click,click,click,Films and photos on history,1. Can you think of photographs or films which show important historical events?,More,Films and photos on history,1. Can you think of photographs or films which show important historical events?,Back,the Long March,Communist Party delegate arrived at Chongqing for negotiation, 1945,Films and photos on history,2. Which is more powerful in portraying historical events, the camera or the pen?,Back,well-written history,large screen production,powerful,more thoughtful,impressivewith musicand action,Films and photos on history,3. How accurately do you think films represent historical events?in terms of clothes, weapons and background, but simplified story to make characters easier to understand,Back,Films and photos on history,No, films are only for entertainment. Rose and Jack did not exist. The story of the Titanic is true, but we need a human interest story to make it attractive to viewers.,Yes, important for a historical filmto be factually accurate, especially when the events are not so long ago and involve human life and death we owe it to victims to tell stories truthfully,Back,4. Does it matter if a historical film is not factually accurate?,Historical fact and historian,1. What is a historical fact? (a) Anything that happened in the past. (b) Something significant that happened in the past.2. What does a historian do? (a) Establish accurately what happened in the past. (b) Decide which facts are important and interpret their significance.,click,click,Work in pairs. Choose the best answer to the questions.,Historical fact and historian,1. What is a historical fact? (a) Anything that happened in the past. (b) Something significant that happened in the past.,Back,Comment (a) is true in a sense, but most facts like that are of nointerest or can be easily forgotten. To really become part of history the fact must be worth recalling.,Historical fact and historian,2. What does a historian do? (a) Establish accurately what happened in the past. (b) Decide which facts are important and interpret their significance.,Back,Comment Historians need true facts, which are not much use until they are interpreted and used. So (a) has some truth, but ( b) far more.,What is History and E. H. Carr,What is History by the British historian Edward Hallett Carr (18921982) is based on a series of lectures he gave in the University of Cambridge in 1961.Topics history, facts, the bias of historians, science, morality, individuals and society, and moral judgments in history.,The passage is an extract from the book What is History.,Work in pairs and find the key points in What is History.,Other figures and events,The United Kingdom,A. E. Houseman & Kitson Clark,C. P. Scott (1846-1932),the Ford lectures,Italy,Luigi Pirandello (1867-1936),Julius Caesar & the Rubicon,The United States,Talcott Parsons (1902-1979),Stalybridge Wakes in 1850,A. E. Housman & Kitson Clark,A. E. Housman (18591936): an English poet and scholar,Dr Kitson Clark (George Sidney Roberts Kitson Clark) (19001975) an English historianthe public lectures on The Making of Victorian England for the Ford lectures at Oxford in 1959,C. P. Scott (1846-1932),a British journalist, publisher and Liberal MPHis motto “Comment is free, but facts are sacred” Accuracy is most important in reporting the news.,Work in pairs and explain Scotts motto.,The Ford Lectures,a series of six public lectures given annually in English on British history by a distinguished historian at Oxford Universityalso known as “Fords Lectures in British History”,Ford Lectures, 1959,Work in pairs and discuss the poster.,Stalybridge Wakes in 1850,Work in pairs to know about the source. It appeared in the memoirs of Lord George Sanger who saw the keeper of a gingerbread stall kicked to death by miners wearing steel-tipped clogs at Stalybridge Wakes.Wakes: traditionally religious festivals which in the 19th century became fairs for workers in the mill towns of northern England,Luigi Pirandello (1867-1936),an Italian dramatistThe quote “A fact is like a sack” is by the Father in Six Characters in Search of an Author (1922).,Work in pairs and explain Pirandellos quote.,Julius Caesar and the Rubicon,the Rubicon: a small 29-km-long river in northern ItalyJulius Caesars decision to cross it in 49BC: an act of treason, and marked a point of no return, as Roman Law prohibited any general from crossing the Rubicon with army,Crossing the Rubicon: a way of saying that someone has taken a decision and cannot go back.,Mouth of the Rubicon today,Work in pairs and explain symbolic meaning of the river.,Talcott Parsons (1902-1979),an American sociologist who served on the faculty of Harvard University from 1927 to 1973on science: “a selective system of cognitive orientations to reality”,Work in pairs and explain Parsons notion.,Text organisation,Text exploration,Active reading 2: Navigation,Statements,Text evaluation,Q & A,Interpreting,Text organisation,the common-sense view,historical facts=basic facts,two observations,What is a historical fact?,Observation 1,Observation 2,click,click,Identify the textual pattern.,Text organisation,Observation 1,Housman,To a historian, accuracy= a necessary condition an essential function,rely on theauxiliary sciences,but,not required to have special skills,basic facts,raw materialsof the historian,not,history itself,Back,Text organisation,Observation 2,basic facts are chosen based on an a priori decision of the historian,C. P. Scott,but,The facts speaks only when the historian calls on them.,which fact togive the floor,in what order or the context,Pirandello,Parsons,More,Text organisation,Observation 2,More,Example 1: the Battle of Hastings,Example 2: Caesars crossingof the Rubicon,historians regard it as amajor event,historians decide it is afact of history,A fallacy: historical facts exist objectively and independently of the interpretation of the historians,basic facts are chosen based on an a priori decision of the historian,Text organisation,Example 3: a fact at Stalybridge Wakes in 1850 became a fact of history,my opinion: not a fact of history,1959,one eyewitness in little known memoirs,Dr Kitson Clark cited it in his Ford lectures,but,proposed for membership of the select club of historical facts,seconders &sponsors,well-establishedhistorical facts,in 20 or 30 yearstime,The element of interpretation enters into every fact of history.,Back,Q & A,Work in pairs and answer the questions. 1. What is the relationship between archaeology and history? 2. Why does the writer say it is not true that “facts speak for themselves”? 3. How and why are historians selective? 4. What is the difference between a fact about the past and a fact of history?,click,click,click,Q & A,1. What is the relationship between archaeology and history?Archaeology an auxiliary science of history supplies facts which can then be interpreted by historiansExample pottery is dug up and dated so we know a certain group lived there at a certain time. This may or may not affect our view of the past.,Back,Q & A,2. Why does the writer say it is not true that “facts speak for themselves”?Among an infinite number of facts about the past, they only matter if we pay attention to them and see them as significant.3. How and why are historians selective?Historians present us with facts which they think give us an understanding about the past, and choose ones which support their ideas.,Back,Q & A,4. What is the difference between a fact about the past and a fact of history?,Back,A fact about the past,a fact of history,anything which ever happened,a fact which historians debate the meaning of and regard as significant for understanding the tale of humanity,Statements,1. Historians only need to record facts accurately.2. Historians need to know how to determine the origins of historical facts.3. Historians select the facts they need to support their interpretation.4. Historians decided that Caesars crossing of the Rubicon was a significant historical event.5. People continue to believe in the existence of facts without a historians interpretation, even though such a belief is ridiculous.6. The event at Stalybridge Wakes in 1850 is a well-established historical fact.,Work in pairs and check the true statements.,Interpreting,Questions often used to focus the readers attention on the subject of the argument.What is a historical fact? similes often used to make simple and sometimes humorous comparisons.A fact is like a sack.architect for using well-seasoned timber. strong images used to make the point clearly.it will relapse into the limbo of unhistorical facts.,Understanding text organisation,More,Interpreting,Work in pairs. Look at the sentences from the passage and answer the questions. 1. What is a historical fact? 2. According to the common-sense view 3. it is not with facts primarily concerned. 4. To praise a historian using well-seasoned timber 5. The facts speak only when and in what order or context. 6. a fact is like a sack youve put something in it. 7. The fact that you arrived in this building crossed the Rubicon.,click,click,click,click,click,click,click,Interpreting,1. What is a historical fact?Why does the writer ask this question? Does he expect the reader to answer it?,Back,Rodins Thinker,Doesnt expect,Think and follow my pattern.,Interpreting,2. According to the common-sense view Who holds “the common-sense” view? Does the writer agree with it?,Back,hold,But the writer regards it as nave.,Interpreting,3. it is not with facts like these that the historian is primarily concerned. What sort of facts is the writer referring to? The writer refers to straightforward matters of things which happened in the past.,Back,Interpreting,4. To praise a historian for his accuracy is like praising an architect for using well-seasoned timber Is the writer talking to students of history or architecture? The writer is talking to students of historians the architects are only part of an analogy.,Back,Interpreting,5. The facts speak only when the historian calls on them: It is he who decides to which facts to give the floor, and in what order or context.“Togive someone the floor” means to allow them to speak at a meeting. How does the historian “call on” the facts? Whose role is more important, the historian or the facts?The historian chooses which facts to refer to/recount in his book. Without his use of them they are silent. Thus the historian is more important than the facts.,Back,Interpreting,6. a fact is like a sack it wont stand up till youve put something in it. What image does this give you? What does a fact need to be useful?The sack is lying formless on the ground. It is filled with, for example, rice and now has a shape and stands up. In a similar sense, a fact lies neglected and formless until a historianfills it with meaning by using it in an argument.,Back,Interpreting,7. The fact that you arrived in this building half an hour ago on foot, or on a bicycle, or in a car, is just as much a fact about the past as the fact that Caesar crossed the Rubicon.Why does the writer use this example?,to make his point clearer A matter of very minor interest even to oneself is said to have the same status as one of the great pivotal events of world history. It shows that being a fact is not in itself very important. Someone has to choose the facts we recall and that is the historians job.,Back,Text evaluation,Work in pairs and discuss the questions. 1. How important do you think historical accuracy is in works of art (film, books, plays, paintings etc)? 2. Which do you find more memorable: attending a history lesson or watching a film about a historical event? 3. Do you know any historical events that are interpreted differently by different people, and why? 4. Does knowledge of history affect how you feel about the present and future? 5. What current events do you think will become important historical events?,click,click,click,click,click,Text evaluation,1. How important do you think historical accuracy is in works of art (film, books, plays, paintings etc)? A painting of an important moment in history needs to create a mood and make the importance clear. The true details are not important may even be unsuitable. If Napoleon had a cold at a great battle, the painter wont show him sneezing unless he is trying to mock the man.As a great general, Napoleon must be shown planning and leading.,More,Text evaluation,Back,1. How important do you think historical accuracy is in works of art (film, books, plays, paintings etc)? I can see that describing any event means we interpret it, but I think an artist as much as a historian has a duty to keep to facts.,Text evaluation,Back,2. Which do you find more memorable: attending a history lesson or watching a film about a historical event?Definitely, watching a film about a historical event is more memorable. Even if you have learnt something in a history class and believe it, if you see a film which shows events differently, it will be hard to remember the true version.,Text evaluation,3. Do you know any historical events that are interpreted differently by different people, and why?A Western capitalist historian might think China in the nineteenth century was out-of-date and unreasonably blocking trade. In the interests of economic growth Chinese ports had to be opened up and the taking of Hong Kong was part of progress.,More,Text evaluation,Back,3. Do you know any historical events that are interpreted differently by different people, and why?A Chinese historian is likely to talk about the horrors of opium addiction and the immorality of greedy merchants who in modern terms were simply international drug dealers. Reasons nationalism + victims like to remember + evil-doers forget,Text evaluation,4. Does knowledge of history affect how you feel about the present and future?Yes. most people in China proud of much of our early history and achievementsshocked at what happened during the last days of the Qing DynastyLesson from history We need to be strong because the weak usually suffer.,Back,Lin Zexus campaign to suppress opium in Humen,Text evaluation,5. What current events do you think will become important historical events? The election of an African-American President, discoveries in genetics, Chinas space programme etc.,Back,volcano eruption in Iceland,Active reading 2: Destination,Talking point,Summarising,Summarising,Work in pairs and summarise the text by filling the blanks.,More,The common-sense view of a historical fact lies in certain basic facts, which calls for two observations. First, the historian is not primarily concerned with facts. So to praise a historian for his _ is like praising an architect for using well-seasoned timber or properly mixed concrete in his building. This means that accuracy to a historian is a necessary condition but not his essential _.,accuracy,function,Active reading 2 :Destination,Summarising,More,In addition, a historian can rely on the auxiliary sciences of history archaeology,_, numismatics, and chronology, etc. In this sense, so-called basic facts are just _ rather than history itself. Second, it is the historians who decide facts of history. Though there are such sayings as “Comment is free, _” and “Facts speak for themselves”, they are untrue.,epigraphy,raw materials,but facts are sacred,Active reading 2 :Destination,Summarising,More,It is the historian who decides to which facts to _, and in what order or context. So history can be put simply as Professor Talcott Parsons called science “a _ of cognitive orientations to reality”, that is, the historian is necessarily _. How a mere fact about the past is transformed into a fact of history can be shown in a case.,give the floor,selective system,selective,Active reading 2 :Destination,Summarising,What happened at Stalybridge Wakes in 1850 was mentioned by Dr Kitson Clark in his _ in Oxford. If there were a _ and sponsors, it may appear in first in footnotes, then in the text, of articles and books about 19th-century England, and that in 20 or 30 years time it may be a _ historical fact. Its status as a historical fact will turn on _. This element of interpretation enters into every fact of history.,Ford lectures,seconder,well-established,a question of int