高考综合复习：高考书面表达应试指导.doc

高考总复习：书面表达应试指导审稿：白雪雁 责编：陈玉莲考试要求：根据2011年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试大纲的说明对书面表达部分的要求，考生应能：（1）准确使用语法和词汇；（2）使用一定的句型、词汇，清楚、连贯地表达自己的意思。知识总结：好词好句使文章准确生动近年来，高考英语书面表达的评分标准发生了根本性变化。一篇内容完整，表达正确，但语言平淡的书面表达过去可能会获取高分，而按新的评分标准最多只能得及格分。对照新要求，我们在书面表达训练中，只有摒弃“只求达，不求雅”的传统观念，大胆运用复杂句式，大量使用不同句子结构，努力确保行文连贯流畅，才能最终取得理想成绩。这里重点探讨怎样用不同的方式表达相同的意义，怎样通过对句子的变化，使文章显得更加丰富多彩。变化句子的方式很多，通常可从以下几个角度人手。词语表达方式的变化：在表达“不应该收门票”时，不少考生写了“A park should not want/receive/accept entrance fee.”三个谓语动词属于较低级的词汇，用在此意义尚可，但干涩无味，也不十分准确。换一种说法“A public park should be free of charge.”能贴切地表达整体意义，又显得句子地道、优美。再如“公园是休闲的地方”，很多同学都写成“A park is a place in which people can rest and be free. ”“be free”固然不恰当，整句也很生硬，有逐字翻译的感觉。如变通一下，“People need a place where they can rest and enjoy themselves.”信息量增多，词数减少，并且用了need a place，enjoy themselves，给人以妥帖、地道的美感，也给阅卷者留下交际水平高写作能力强的印象，得分档次随之升高。示例：1come up with替换think of Jack is very clever. He often comes up with (thinks of) new ideas.2can not but / can not help but替换have to do I could not but (had to) go home.3more often than not替换usually More often than not (Usually), the meaning of many words can be easily guessed.4lest替换so that /in order that I wrote down his telephone number so that I would not forget it. I wrote down his telephone number lest I (should) forget it.5long for sth. /long to do sth. 替换want to do sth./wish for I want to see you very much. I am long to see you.句型的变化：同样，可以用“较复杂的句型”来代替千篇一律的基本句型，使句子结构多样化，意义表达更准确。优美的文章之所以流畅，是它不单调，有变化，有动感。高考书面表达也是如此。有的考生从头到尾都是简单句，有的在人称上，在每句的词数上都基本相同。尽管内容要点都很全，也无语法、词汇错误，但整体语言贫乏，得不到高分。高中阶段常用的“较高级句型”主要有：一、It句型： It will be + some time + before It wont be long before humans visit the Mars. It is + adj./n. + for sb to do sth. It is very important for us to learn computer well, because it has changed our life so much. It is + 被强调部分 + that 1) It is what Yang Liwei has done that encourages us a lot. 2) Those who like reading extensively say it is through reading that we get our knowledge.二、more than any other 表示最高级Among the optional courses, spoken English and computer study are more popular than any one else.三、从句名词从句 It would mean a great deal to me to listen to the tape and learn what is covered in the talk. My hometown is no longer what it used to be.（非限制性）定语从句It was quite an experience for us both, which Ill never forget for the rest of my life. 四、分词结构Hearing this, a few people began to run after him. Born in American, Thomas Edison was a great scientist and inventor. Walking towards the cinema, he met a foreigner.五、with结构A terrible accident happened yesterday, with nine people killed and almost eighty injured.He was carrying a bedroll and a large bag on his shoulder, with a large suitcase in his left hand. With his help, weve learned how to analyze and settle problems.六、倒装句The library is to the east of the teaching building. East of the teaching building is the library.Although we are tired, we are happy.Tired as we are, we are happy.Only in this way can he grow to be a useful man.七、被动语态 Opinions are divided on the question. All classes are taught by teachers with rich experience in teaching foreign students. New factories, houses and roads have been built.如何做到行文连贯上下文的连贯性对于写出好的作文来说是非常重要的。上下文的连贯主要体现在语段本身有一个清晰的、合乎逻辑的、紧密的安排；同时也体现在句子与句子、段落与段落之间的自然、完美的衔接。行文连贯使得文章整体结构严密、紧凑、浑然一体，增强文章的说服力和感染力。谋篇布局1. 注意篇章结构，合理布局 开始部分（Opening paragraph ）-说出文中的要点、核心问题。 正文部分 (Body paragraphs) - 围绕主题开展叙述、讨论。 结尾部分 （Concluding paragraph）-对全文的总结和概括。要做到全文中心突出、段落之间必须是有机地联系，内容完整、连贯。前后呼应，除去与主题无关的内容。2. 确定主题句主题句是对全文的概括，是文章的主旨。它能在文章中起到“画龙点睛”的作用。通常主题句出现在一篇文章的开头，而后，全文对主题句所提出的内容进行解释，扩展。写主题句应注意以下几点：（1）归纳出你要写的文章的几个要点；（2）提炼出一句具有概括性的话；（3）主题句应具有可读性，能抓住、吸引读者。表达内容重点突出，重点突出是文章有逻辑性、行文 连贯的前提。提炼主题后，文章就有了贯穿的主线，当文章各部分都努力突出表达这一点时，就 凝聚出一种力量。而且，英文写作推崇的就是开门见山，直截了当。重点要清楚：例文：Many people die of traffic accidents every yearCareless drivers are to blame for most traffic accidentsThey bring endless pain to many families修改：Traffic accidents not only get a great many people injured or killed, but also result in property lossBreaking traffic law and regulations is cited as major factors causing the increasing number of traffic accidents，such as speeding and driving after drinking alcohol分析：对比两段文字，不难发现，原文对于车祸给家庭带来了哪些危害，以及司机是由于怎样的原因才导致了车祸的发生都没有介绍，所以读起来感觉不知道作者要写什么。而提炼主题后，文章的思路、脉络很清楚。结构要紧凑：有的考生，用短小的单句较多，显得较松散。有的考生写的句子虽然长，但有效信息量不大，显得呆板、拖沓。要使短文联贯就必须学会紧缩句子，用排比、递进、平衡等等手法，或用并列句、复合句，在一句中表达较多的内容。例如，高考题表格右栏的三行文字，三个要点仅用一句话就能表达得淋漓尽致：On the other hand，40% think that fees should be charged because they need money to pay gardeners and other workers，and to buy plants and young trees. 例文：I once had a dream that one day I could travel around ChinaAt that time I was only a little girlNow I am an adultI can turn it into realityI will begin my trip from our capital，Beijing修改：I have dreamt of traveling around China since I was a little girlToday my dream will come true! I am planning to start my trip from our capital city-Beijing分析：第一句就说明重点是my dream，而原文的处理上，没有顺着dream这条线走，转到了我的年龄变化，行文不够紧凑。改后，主线十分清晰、突出。逻辑顺序要排列正确段落内部的句子应根据语意，按照一定的逻辑关系凝聚在一起。从而使段落条理清晰，衔接自然流畅。只有这样，读者才能跟上作者的思路，有效地获取文中信息。以时间先后或者以地点方位的顺序，先左后右，先上后下，先近后远等顺序展开描述，给人以自然连贯之感。这种方法常见于对事件的叙述，以及分步骤的说明文中。例文：Yesterday was one of those awful days for meIn the morningI didnt hear my alarm clock and arrived late for workThen I forgot to attend an important meeting with my bossAt lunch timeI left my purse on a bus and lost all the money that was in itWhen I got home after workI couldnt find my keyAs a result，I had to break a window to get into my apartment and cut my hand分析：这段文字的第一句点明了主题，接下来用相关的过渡词按照时间顺序串连起来，一段说明Yesterday was an awful day的条理清晰、自然流畅的语段就形成了。以认识规律为序，由表及里、由浅入深，由感性认识到理性认识：或以主次轻重的逻辑性为序，排列事实或者论据。让读者有个很清晰的主次关系的区分，从而使文章脉络自然连贯。例如：写一篇介绍白山宾馆的文章(07年全国卷)想一想，“宾馆设施、价格和位置”应该按照怎样的顺序排列能够在逻辑上连贯一致呢?The hotel has an ideal location，Only 500 meters to the entrance of the mountainIt has 20 single rooms and 15 double roomsall、with hot showersThe price is very reasonable：100 yuan per day for a single room and l50 per day for a double roomIt provides different kinds of services including three meals a day in the dining hall with choices between Chinese food and Western food，coffee and tea in the caf and a swimming pool open all day free of charge分析：从表及里、由浅入深来看显然应该是应该按照“位置，价格、设施”的逻辑顺序来排列。句式和过渡词要灵活使用过渡词是句子之间的“粘合剂”，在联系上下文方面起着重要作用。若使用得熟练和巧妙，能使整篇文章上下衔接自然、层次清晰。另外，使用恰当的句式结构能突出文章的节奏。2002年高考书面表达中，不少考生一开始便写“60% of the students are against the idea of entrance fees.”显得很唐突。如果加上“Opinions are divided on the question.”或“Students are heatedly discussing the question.”与上文就比较联贯，过渡自然。提到相反意见时，加上“On the other hand”就很恰当。常见的过渡词语还有：as a result，at last，at present，in a word，in the meantime，in general，I think，等等。 看看下面这段话：There are many different forms of exercises to meet different tastesFor example，those who enjoy competitive sports may take up ball gamesFor another example，if people prefer to exercise alone，they can have a run or take a walk in the morning or in the eveningBesides，people can go swimming in the summer and go skating in the winterIn short，no matter what their interests are，people can always find more than one sports that are suitable for them分析：for example，for another example，besides，in short 这些过渡词把句子从语义上连接起来，形成一个有机的整体，读起来犹如行云流水，自然酣畅。所以别忘了平时潜心研究好文章是如何使用过渡词的，以便提高自己的体会不同的句式结构的节奏感。例文：Everybody knows there are four seasons in a yearThey are spring，summer, autumn，and winterAnd every season is not the sameBut have you ever thought that one person is just like one kind of season in your life? In this way, there are four kinds of persons in our livesDo you know who they are? Let me tell you修改：Each year, the seasons follow the same path：spring，summer，autumn and winterIn the same way，ea