2005年春季大学英语四级考试辅导讲义

第一章 听力理解第一节 听力方法论一、听力理解的基本原理英语听力的提高不是一朝一夕的事，需要一定时间的熟练。但是它不是一座不可逾越的大山。要征服它，首先要知道一个基本的道理，就是俄国心理学家巴甫洛夫提出的“条件反射原理” 。我们都了解耳朵和大脑的工作原理，耳朵是听觉器官，它获得声音信号，并把这些信号传给大脑，大脑进行处理后，我们才能理解一个单词、一句话、一段文章。只有在反复进行某种训练，使得这条通路畅通，我们才能较快地理解所听到的英语单词、句子、篇章。而一次一次有目的、有规律的练习就是在不断提高和加强我们的听力理解能力。为什么很多人感到自己的听力很差，问题出在哪里呢？我们先打个比方，当你听到汉语“电脑”这两个字的发音时，你的大脑中应该立刻呈现出一个实物的电脑，不管是 17 寸的纯平，还是 15 寸的液晶显示器。但是，对于不认识或不熟悉“laptop”的人来说，当听到这个单词的发音时，他们首先是将听到的这个单词的音信号在大脑中转变成拼写出来的字母图片，然后再理解它的意思。就像下面两张图表明的不同理解渠道：图 1“laptop”一词的理解过程 图 2“电脑”一词的理解过程显然，图 1 理解的时间要比图 2 的长，而在考试中或实际交谈中没有更多的时间给你去一个一个单词的理解，因此造成了我们听力理解的障碍。对于英语为非母语的人来说，提高听力理解能力，就是要由图 1 的状态转变到图 2 的状态。换言之，要在了解基本的英语语音规律的基础上，不断缩短对英语单词、句子、篇章理解的路径，从而提高听力水平。二、英语听力考试运用的基本规律那么英语听力中都有哪些规律呢？概括起来，有五条：语音规律、语调规律、句法规律、逻辑规律、测试规律。下面我们通过一些实例来看看这些规律是怎样在听力考试中运用的。（一）语音规律包括辨音、音变现象（如音的连读、弱读、简化、同化、失去爆破） 、重音等。例如，连读是口语中经常出现的音变现象。例 1：1999 年 6 月第 10 题A) She can tell Joan when she sees her at noon.B) She should tell Joans brother about the reception.C) She must call on Joan after the reception.D) She may see Joans brother at lunch.发音图像实物实物发音原文：W: I ought to call Joan, and tell her about the reception this evening. M: Why bother? You will see her at lunch. Q: What does the man mean?分析：答案 A)。参照原文，我们不难看出，Why bother?是个口语习语，表示“何必如此呢？”而选项种 B)和 C)中都含有 brother 一词，显然是用来干扰理解 bother 一词，因为它们的发音接近。例 2：2000 年 12 月第 1 题A) Get some change from Jane. B) Look for a pay phone.C) Use the womans phone.D) Pay for the phone call.原文：M: Hi, Jane, do you have some change? I have to make a call on the pay phone.W: Pay phone? Why not use my mobile phone? Here you are.Q: What would the man most probably do?分析：答案选 C)。对话中 woman 的语调值得注意，她先用升调 Pay phone?表示不同意 man 去打花钱的公用电话；接着用降调 Why not use my mobile phone?肯定的语气，即愿意把自己的手机借给对方用。（二）语调规律注意和分析单词在句中的重读规律有助于识别单词、词组并区分实词、虚词；而注意说话者的语气并分析语句的升、平、降调则有助于了解说话人的情感、态度，从而正确判断说话人之间的关系，推断说话人的意图和目的。英语中的陈述句、特殊疑问句、祈使句、感叹句多用降调。升调常表示疑问、怀疑、不解、或不确定，不但常用在一般疑问句中，也用在陈述句、特殊疑问句、婉转祈使句或反意疑问句中。例 1：2000 年 1 月第 8 题A) She didnt like the books the man bought.B) There wasnt a large selection at the bookstore.C) The man bought a lot of books.D) She wanted to see what the man bought. 原文：M: I bought a few books at the new bookstore. Would you like to have a look at them? W: A few? It looks like you bought out the bookstore.Q: What does the woman mean? 分析：答案选 C)。对话中 woman 说的 A few? 用的是升调。正如前面所述，升调常表示疑问、怀疑、不解、或不确定，因此在这里，这一语调实际上表达了 woman 对 man 所说内容的否定，即买的不仅仅是几本书，而是很多很多。例 2：2001 年 6 月第 8 题A) The man needs help.B) The man is complaining.C) The man likes his job.D) The man is talking with his boss.原文：W: When will you be through with your work, John? M: Who knows? My boss usually finds something for me to do at the last minute. Q: What do we learn from the conversation? 分析：答案选 B)。当我们注意说话者的语气并分析语句的升、平、降调，我们就可以了解说话人的情感、态度，从而推断说话人的意图和目的。对话中 man 的语调 Who knows?为升调，表达了他的不满意。而后面的进一步说明则是前面不满意的理由。（三）句法规律主要包括：听力材料中有些词，尤其是虚词（如连词、介词等）往往不易一下听出来，必须运用句法知识加以弥补；英语中有些特殊的句型句式、习惯用法。例 1：2000 年 6 月第 9 题A) The weather is mild compared to the past years.B) They are having the coldest winter ever.C) The weather will soon get warmer.D) The weather may get even colder.原文：W: Oh, its so cold. We havent had such a severe winter for so long, have we? M: Yes, the forecast says its going to get worse before it warms up. Q: What do we learn from the conversation?分析：答案选 D)。这个对话中， man 在表达时使用了关系连词 before，并且为弱读，不容易听出来，此时需要我们用语法知识进行弥补，从而判断天气的走势时 get worse，而不是 warm up。例 2：2000 年 12 月第 9 题A) Her car can stand any crash.B) Her car is kept in good condition.C) Her car is not as good as his.D) Her car is maintained as well as his.原文：W: The man at the garage thinks that I take good care of my car.M: So do I. I dont see any scratches on the outside and the inside is clean, too.Q: What does the man think of the womans car? 分析：答案选 B)。本对话的理解关键在于 So do I. 很多同学在听第一遍的时候把它理解为“我（即男士）的车也保养得很好” 。其实，so do I 表示对 the man at the garage 看法的赞同，也就是说，他和修车厂的人都认为她的车保养得很好。（四）逻辑规律一段话或一个段落往往表达一个相对独立的观点或叙述一个相对完整的事件。其中表示逻辑关系的关联词语、表达说话者意图的关键词、用于承上启下的关键句等，对于把握整个对话或段落的中心思想起着至关重要的作用，必须予以充分注意。例 1：2000 年 1 月第 12 题A) Inside the car.B) At the foot of the hill.C) In the garage.D) In the supermarket.原文：Passage OnePaul, a salesman from London, was driving past a sports car parked outside a supermarket, when he saw it start to roll slowly down the hill. Inside the car were two young girls on the passenger seat but no driver. Paul stopped quickly, jumped in front of the sports car and tried to stop it, pushing against the front of the car. Another man who was standing nearby got into the car and put on the handbrake, saving the girls from injury. It was at this point that Paul noticed his own car rolling slowly down the hill and going too fast for him to stop it. It crashed into a bus at the bottom of the hill and was so badly damaged that it had to be pulled away to a garage. As if this was not bad enough, Paul now found he had no one to blame. He was so busy chasing his car that he didnt get the name of the driver of the sports car, who just came out of the supermarket and drove away without realizing what had happened. 12. Where was the driver of the sports car when the accident happened? 分析：答案选 D)。此题的来源在文章的第一句话中：Paul, a salesman from London, was driving past a sports car parked outside a supermarket, when he saw it start to roll slowly down the hill.。尽管其间并未直接描述 sports car 的主人在超市中，但修饰 a sports car 的后置过去分词短语 parked outside a supermarket 表明了逻辑上的一种成立关系，即跑车的主人在超市内。例 2：2000 年 12 月第 15 题A) They are unfriendly to Gypsies.B) They admire the musical talent of Gypsies.C) They are envious of Gypsies.D) They try to put up with Gypsies.原文：Passage TwoAround the year 1000 A.D., some people from Northwest India began to travel westwards. Nobody knows why. After leaving their homes they did not settle down again but spent their lives moving from one place to another. Their later generations are called the Romany people or Gypsies. There are Gypsies all over the world. And many of them are still traveling with no fixed homes. There are about 8 million of them, including 3 million in Eastern Europe.Gypsies sometimes have a hard time in the countries where they travel, because they are different. People may be afraid of them, look down on them or think that they are criminals. The Nazis treated Gypsies cruelly, like the Jews. And nobody knows how many of them died in Hitlers death camps.Gypsies have their own language, Romany. They like music and dancing and they often work in fairs and traveling shows.Traveling is very important to them and many Gypsies are unhappy if they have to stay in one place. Because of this, it is difficult for Gypsy children to go to school. And Gypsies are often unable to read and write. In some places, the education authorities try to arrange special traveling schools for Gypsy children so that they can get the same education as other children.15.What is the attitude of some people towards Gypsies?分析：答案选 A)。四个选项中分别有表示态度的词：unfriendly、admire、envious、put up with。本文第二段描述的是人们对待吉普赛人的态度。由关键词 have a hard time 可知 unfriendly 为正确答案，符合文章大意。（五）测试规律从提问的角度来看，以前的听力测试，具体细节题居多；而近年的听力测试，则越来越倾向于“大问题”，即综合推断题，如：“What does the man (woman) mean (imply suggest)?” “What can be concluded (inferred) from this conversation?”等。这类问题不但测试信息捕捉能力，而且测试综合推理判断能力和语言感应能力。但无论问题怎样问，四个选项总是具有以下两个主要特征：一、四个选项都多少与话题有关，由此我们可以判断对话的大体内容；二、四个选项的形式具有特点，有的选项两两相对，有的具有最小辨别点，有的交叉替换、张冠李戴，有的意群一样、用词深浅不同。例 1：2000 年 6 月第 3 题A) The woman has trouble getting along with the professor.B) The woman regrets having taken up much of the professors time.C) The woman knows the professor has been busy.D) The woman knows the professor has run into trouble.原文：M: Prof. Kennedy has been very busy this semester. As far as I know, he works until midnight every day. W: I wouldnt have troubled him so much if I had known he was so busy. Q: What do we learn from the conversation? 分析：答案选 B)。从提问的角度来看，本题要求考生能够在理解的基础上，迅速从四个选项中选出符合题意的答案，难度较大。但是如果我们先来分析四个选项，可以看出它们都围绕着 the woman 和 the professor展开，A) 表示 the woman 很难和 the professor 相处；B)表示 the woman 后悔占用了 the professor 很多时间；C)表示 the woman 知道 the professor 很忙；D)表示 the woman 知道 the professor 有麻烦了。似乎各不相干，但参照原文，我们知道选项 A)和 D)在误导对 trouble 的理解；选项 C)的含义与用虚拟语气 if I had known he was so busy 描述的情况相反。例 2：2002 年 12 月第 6 题A) The assignment looks easy but actually its quite difficult.B) The assignment is too difficult for them to complete on time. C) They cannot finish the assignment until Thursday. D) They have plenty of time to work on the assignment. 原文：M: Wow, thats a big assignment we got for the English class.W: Well, its not as bad as it looks. It isnt due until Thursday morning.Q: What does the woman mean? 分析：答案选 D)。本题的选项具有明显的特征，A) 和 B)的主语都是 the assignment，表述的是作业的难易程度；C)和 D)表述的是 they(他们)对此作业的完成情况。四个选项两两成对，形成两个意群。根据原文 man 讲的是作业的难易问题，woman 谈得是作业的完成问题，问题问得是 woman 的意思，我们可以判断出 D)为正确答案。三、联想法解听力理解题基于对四级试题出题规律的分析，我们提出“联想法”来应对听力题。所谓“联想”，即利用四个选项多少与话题相关的特点，来猜测判断对话内容；下面以题为例，来解释使用“联想法”。例 1. A) Riding a horse. B) Shooting a movie.C) Playing a game. D) Taking a photo.联想法的第一步是找出四个选项的特点：此题中四个选项均为现在分词形式，表示正在发生的动作，分别是：骑马、拍电影、玩游戏、照相。联想法的第二步是找出四个选项的相关性，即所谓“联想”：四个动作看来毫不相干，但都与对话相联系，其中 B)、D) 都与 “摄像、摄影”有关，有共同点。联想法的第三步是排除无关选项：此题 A)、B)、D) 为非常具体的内容，而选项 C)较笼统，是正确率最低的选项。联想法的第四步是根据原文检验答案：W: Raise your hat a little bit and hold the saddle and smile a little. You look wonderful posing like that. Shall I press the shutter?M: Wait a minute. Let me put on a cowboy hat.Q: What are the speakers doing?从对话中的关键词 posing(摆姿势)、press the shutter(按快门)，不难判断对话人在照相，故答案选 D)。例 2. A) Shell type the letter for the man.B) Shell teach the man to operate the computer.C) She doesnt think his sister is a good typist.D) She thinks the man should buy a computer.联想法的第一步是找出四个选项的特点：1.此对话是关于“She” 的; 2.重复出现“computer”; 3.A)和 B)是“She”要发出的动作，而 C)和 D)是“She”的观点态度。联想法的第二步是找出四个选项的相关性，即所谓“联想”：涉及人物有 She, man, his sister; 再分别从四个选项中选出相关联的词 type, letter, operate, computer, 联想出男士(man) 要用电脑打一封信，女士对此做出的反应。联想法的第三步是排除无关选项：D)项可选性最低，因为前三项已经暗示有了一台电脑。联想法的第四步是根据原文检验答案：M: Im still waiting for my sister to come back and type the application letter for me. W: Why bother her? Ill show you how to use the computer. Its quite easy.Q: What does the woman mean?从对话中可以捕捉到 I (指 man), type letter, I (指 woman)show how to use the computer，可以判断出，男士想等他的妹妹为他打一封信，女士要教男士打字。故答案选 B)。例 3. A) John can share the magazine with her.B) She wants to borrow Johns card.C) Shell let John use the journal first.D) John should find another copy for himself.联想法的第一步是找出四个选项的特点：A)和 D)是关于 John 的，B)和 C)是关于 She 的。联想法的第二步是找出四个选项的相关性，即所谓“联想”：John 和 She 通过以下事物联系起来，即magazine, journal, card, another copy。相关的动词有 share, borrow, use first, find。从这些词可以联想出 John或 She 要用 card 借 magazine 或 journal。联想法的第三步是排除无关选项： A)和 D)是矛盾的，可以排除其中一个。联想法的第四步是根据原文检验答案：M: Hey, where did you find the journal? I need it, too.W: Right here on the shelf. Dont worry, John. Ill take it out on my card for both of us. Q: What does the woman mean?从对话中 Woman 的回答中可捕捉到“Ill take it out on my card for both of us”，可以判断 She 用自己的 card为两人一起借了 journal。故答案选 A)。例 4. A) She promised to help the man.B) She came a long way to meet the man.C) She took the man to where he wanted to go.D) She suggested a way out of the difficulty for the man.联想法的第一步是找出四个选项的特点：1)都是关于 She 的；2) 选项 A)、D)是关于 She 帮助 the man；B)、C)是关于到什么地方的。联想法的第二步是找出四个选项的相关性，即所谓“联想”：将选项 A)、D)与 B)、C)联系起来，就是 She帮助 the man 到某个地方。联想法的第三步是排除无关选项：选项 B)与其他三个选项矛盾，体现不出 She 帮助 the man。联想法的第四步是根据原文检验答案：M: Thank you for your helpful assistance. Otherwise, Id surely have missed it. The place is so out of the way.W: It was a pleasure meeting you. Good-bye.Q: Why does the man thank the woman? 对话中，man 用了虚拟语气 Otherwise, Id surely have missed it.表明 She 把 man 带到他要去的地方。故答案选 C)。例 5. A) The train seldom arrives on time.B) The schedule has been misprinted. C) The speakers arrived at the station late.D) The company has trouble printing a schedule.联想法的第一步是找出四个选项的特点：四个选项都跟火车站的时刻有关。联想法的第二步是找出四个选项的相关性，即所谓“联想”：从常识来看，火车站的时刻表是常设的，而且一般是不会有误的，故选项 B)和 D)与常理不符；未坐上火车的原因要么是火车晚点（这倒是我们经常能遇到的情况） ，要么是对话人到火车站晚了（此情况较少） 。联想法的第三步是排除无关选项：根据联想最有可能的正确选项是 A)，排除掉 B)、C)、D) 。联想法的第四步是根据原文检验答案：W: We are informed that the 11:30 train is late again.M: Why did the railway company even bother to print a schedule?Q: What do we learn from the conversation?根据对话，不难判断出 late again 预示着选项 A)火车经常晚点。故答案是 A)。例 6. A) To find a better science journal in the library.B) Not to miss any chance to collect useful information.C) To buy the latest issue of the magazine.D) Not to subscribe to the journal.联想法的第一步是找出四个选项的特点：选项 A)、C)为肯定式， B)、D) 为否定式。联想法的第二步是找出四个选项的相关性，即所谓“联想”：选项 A)、B)、D)都提到了“杂志”，C)“收集信息”也与“杂志” 有关，可以联想出对话人需要 “杂志”获得“信息”。A) 和 C)为对立选项，A)和 D)为近似描述。联想法的第三步是排除无关选项：选项 A)与 C)对立，要么排除掉 A)、D)，要么排除掉 C)。联想法的第四步是根据原文检验答案：先看原文如下，M: Maybe I ought to subscribe to the Engineering Quarterly. It contains a lot of useful information.W: Why not read it in the library and save the money?Q: What is the womans advice to the man?根据原文 Why not read it in the library and save the money?可知正确选项是 D)。例 7.17. A) Whether it can be detected and checked.B) Whether it will lead to widespread food shortage.C) Whether global warming will speed up in the future.D) Whether it will affect their own lives.18. A) Many species have moved further north.B) Many new species have come into existence.C) Many species have developed a habit of migration.D) Many species have become less sensitive to climate.19. A) Storms and floods. C) Less space for their growth.B) Disease and fire. D) Rapid increase of the animal population.20. A) They will gradually die out.B) They will be able to survive in the preserves.C) They will have to migrate to find new homes.D) They will face extinction without artificial reproduction.联想法的第一步是找出选项的特点：17 题突出了 it 是否会 ；18 题描述 many species 的情况；19 题是一些外界因素；20 题用“将来时”表述 they 的命运。联想法的第二步是找出选项的相关性，即所谓“联想”：通观四道题，我们会联想到一些外界环境因素影响某些动植物，对它们的生存产生威胁。17 题中的 it 应该指这种外界环境，此处应为不好的环境，可以具体推测为某种污染等。另外选项 C)中的 global warming 不是无中生有，一定与原文内容有关，可以假定 it指的就是 global warming；20 题中的 they 应该就是 18 题中的 many species。联想法的第三步是排除无关选项：17 题中的 B)food shortage 应与本文话题无关，排除掉；18 题中的 B)与我们强调的物种在灭绝意思相反，而 D)选项的描述也不符合情理，物种对环境是敏感的，所以才会灭亡。故可以排除这两个选项；19 题中 D)的描述与本文观点相反，可以排除掉； 20 题中 D)表述过于绝对，没有人工繁殖，they 就会灭亡，可以排除该选项。联想法的第四步是根据原文检验答案：If the earth gets hotter in the new century, what will happen to animals and the plants which animals depend on for survival? The question offers another way of looking at the “Greenhouse Effect”. People have talked about the general problem of “Global Warming” for some time. But they were usually worried about things like whether to buy a home on the coast. Biologists and other scientists turn their attention to plants and animals at an important meeting that took place last October. They have reviewed evidence that plants and animals are sensitive to climate. Since the Ice Age ended ten thousand years ago and warmer temperatures returned to the northern latitudes, many species have migrated north. If the predictions about the Greenhouse are correct, temperatures will rise by the same amount in the next one hundred years as they did in the past ten thousand. Will animals and plants be able to adapt that quickly to change in the environment? Many wont. Certain species will probably become very rare. Experts say plants under climate stress will be very open to disease and fire. Forest fires may become more common. That, in turn, may harm animals that depend on the trees for food and for shelter. Any preserves we set up to protect endangered species may become useless as the species are forced to migrate along with their natural homes. Change is a part of life, but rapid change, says scientist George Woodwell, is the enemy of life. Question 17: What is the concern of ordinary people about the Greenhouse Effect?Question 18: What has happened since the end of the Ice Age?Question 19: What will be a possible threat to plants in the future?Question 20: According to the passage, what will probably happen to the endangered species?根据 passage 的内容，可以判断 17 至 20 题的选项分别应该是：D、A、B、C联想法的特点就是利用出题时要求选项要与原文有关的规律，有目的将选项中的信息提取出来，结合在一起，从而判断对话或短文的中心。反过来，再利用判断出来的中心排除那些与中心意义相反或相左的选项。很多同学在运用此方法时会感到联想不出来，这是因为首先你没有过这样的经验，因此联想起来无处下手，其次你不能有效的挑选出那些关键词、信息，并对它们进行有机的联系。只要平时做练习时，有意识的去阅读选项、选择重点词、信息点并建立它们的关系，经过一段时间，你就能过有效的利用此方法。第二节 实践出真知一、大纲的解读大学英语四级考试中听力理解部分的目的是测试学生获取口头信息的能力。测试内容包括理解和速度两方面。首先，我们谈谈 1999 年的大纲。根据 1999 年大学英语教学大纲（修订本） 的要求，学生要“能听懂英语讲课，并能听懂题材熟悉、句子结构比较简单、基本上没有生词、语速为每分钟 130 至150 词的简短会话、谈话和讲座，并掌握其中心大意，抓住要点和有关细节，领会讲话者的观点和态度” 。这一部分共有 20 个题，考试时间为 20 分钟。内容包括两节：A 节（Section A）是十组对话，每组对话后有一问句；B 节（Section B）可能采用的题型有三种：短文（三篇）或听写填空（一篇）或复合式听写（一篇） 。听力理解部分每个问句后有约 13 秒钟的间隙，在此期间要求考生从试卷所给的每组四个选项中选出一个最佳答案。录音的语速为每分钟 130 至 150 个词。选材的原则是：（1）对话部分为日常生活中的一般对话，句子结构和内容不太复杂；（2） 短文材料为题材熟悉、情节不太复杂的故事、讲话、叙述、对话等；听写所用的短文与听力理解部分的篇章在题材、体裁和难度上大体相同。（3）所用词语不超过大纲四级词汇表规定的范围。我国教育部在 2005 年初颁布了新的大学英语课程教学要求 ，对今后大学生的英语学习提出了新的标准。新颁布的大学英语课程教学要求将大学英语教学分为三个层次，即一般要求、较高要求和更高要求。其中，一般要求是对高校非英语专业的本科生毕业时所必须达到的要求；较高要求和更高要求，则是为那些英语基础较好、学有余力的学生设置的。 其中，英语学习的“一般要求”是：对听力的要求是，能听懂英语授课、能听懂日常英语谈话和一般性题材讲座；对口语的要求是，能在学习过程中用英语交流，并能就某一主题进行讨论。推荐词汇量：掌握单词 4500 个、词组 700 个。英语学习的“较高要求”是：能基本听懂英语国家人士的谈话和讲座，能够和英语国家的人士进行比较流利的会话。推荐词汇量，掌握单词 5500 个、词组 1200 个。英语学习的“更高要求”是：能基本听懂英语国家的广播电视节目，能听懂所学专业的讲座；能就一般或专业性话题进行较为流利、准确的对话或讨论。推荐词汇量：掌握单词 6500 个、词组 1700 个。根据这一新的要求，大学英语四级听力考试的试卷内容和形式也将作改革。从 2006 年 1 月开始在全国 180 所试点高校的学生中进行试点，2007 年 1 月的考试中所有考生全面展开新题型的考察。听力分数比例由原来的 20% 提高到 35%。题型包括：测试内容 测试题型 比例短对话 多项选择听力对话长对话 多项选择短文理解 多项选择听力短文短文听写 复合式听写35%对于广大考生来说，真正的新题型就是一个，即长对话。我们在下一节中将会安排一些讲解及练习。二、不同题型的分析（一）对话部分对话部分由 10 个对话组成，对话之后有一个问题。问题皆由先讲话的人提出。从历年考题的情况看，该部分主要有以下类型的题型：时间与数字，地点与方向，职业与身份，观点、态度与反应题型，原因与结果题型，行为与计划题型，提供与请求题型、比较与选择题型、逻辑推理题型等。1时间与数字题型时间、数字和计算是听力测试中常见的题型。历年试题中虽然涉及的数字或数目并不多，但考生的答对率却不高。究其原因，一是对数的表达方法不够熟悉，二是对技巧的运用不够熟练。时间题的四个选项一般都是表达时刻的数字，或是星期、年、月等词，偶尔会有介词后跟数字。数字题的选项则有可能为纯粹的数字或带有货币符号的数字。 一般来说，正确答案不会是直接听到的数字，而往往是在意思上与这相同或相近，或换了一种表达方式，或要求对听到的数字进行简单的四则运算。做这类题时，听清这些数字和它们之间的关系是解题的关键。这些关系往往有一些形容词、副词、介词、动词表示出来，例如，表示加减关系的有more、 less、late 、early、fast、slow 、before、after、postpone、delay、increase、borrow、lend、loan 等；表示乘除关系的有 times、twice 、couple、50 percent、a pair of、half、quarter、1/3、2/5 等。例 1：2001 年 6 月第 7 题A)515. B)510. C)430. D)500.原文：M: I