2012职称英语讲座(免费).doc

2009年职称英语考前讲座例题词汇选项例题1. Gas does accumulate in the mines around here. A. increase B. spread C. collect D. grow2. The little boy was so fascinated by the mighty river that he would spend hoursA. very strong B. very long C. very great D. very fast审题的重要性标题1. Outside-the-classroom Learning Makes a Big Difference标题2. Declining Interest in Developing Foreign Language Skills标题3. Kidney disease and heart disease spur each other阅读理解例题 Eat to LiveA meager diet may give you health and long life, but its not much funand it might not even be necessary. We may be able to hang on to most of that youthful vigor even if we dont start to diet until old age.Stephen Spindler and his colleagues from the University of California at Riverside have found that some of an elderly mouses liver genes can be made to behave as they did when the mouse was young simply by limiting its food for four weeks. The genetic rejuvenation wont reverse other damage caused by time for the mouse, but could help its liver metabolize drugs or get rid of toxins.Spindlers team fed three mice a normal diet for their whole lives, and fed another three on half-rations. Three more mice were switched from the normal diet to half-feed for a month when they were 34 months oldequivalent to about 70 human years.The researchers checked the activity of 11,000 genes from the mouse livers, and found that 46 changed with age in the normally fed mice. The changes were associated with things like inflammation and free radical productionprobably bad news for mouse health. In the mice that had dieted all their lives, 27 of those 46 genes continued to behave like young genes. But the most surprising finding was that the mice that only started dieting in old age also benefited from 70 per cent of these gene changes.“This is the first indication that thee effects kick in pretty quickly,” says Huber Warner from the National Institute on Aging near Washington, D. C.No one yet knows if calorie works in people as it does in mice, bus Spindler is hopeful. “Theres attracting and tempting evidence out there that it will work,” he says.If it does work in people, there might be good reasons for rejuvenating the liver. As we get older, out bodies are les efficient at metabolizing drugs, for example. A brief period of time of dieting, says Spindler, could be enough to make sure a drug is effective.But Spindler isnt sure the trade-off is worth it. “The mice get less disease, they live longer but theyre hungry,” he says. “Even seeing what a diet does, its still hard to go to a restaurant and say: I can only eat half of that.”Spindler hopes we soon wont need to diet at all. His company, Life Span Genetics in California, is looking for drugs that have the effects of calorie restriction.1. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true?A. Eating less than usual might make us live longer.B. If we go on a diet when old, we may keep healthy.C. Dieting might not be needed.D. We have to begin dieting from childhood.2. Why does the author mention an elderly mouse in paragraph 2?A. To describe the influence of old age on mice.B. To illustrate the effect of meager food on mice.C. To tell us how mices liver genes behave.D. To inform us of the process of metabolizing drugs.3. What can be inferred about completely normally fed mice mentioned in the passage?A. They will not experience free radical production.B. They will experience more genetic rejuvenation in their lifetime.C. They have more old liver genes to behave like young genes.D. They are more likely to suffer from inflammation.4.According to the author, which of the following most interested the researchers?A. The mice that started dieting in old age.B. 27 of those 46 old genes that continued to behave like young genes.C. Calorie restriction that works in people. D. Dieting that makes sure a drug is effective.5.According to the last two paragraphs, Spindler believes thatA. calorie restriction is very important to young peopleB. seeing the effect of a diet, people will eat less than normal.C. dieting is not a go0d method to give us health and a long life.D. drugs do not have the effects of calorie restriction.概括大意完成句子例题一 Washoe Learned American Sign Language1An animal that influenced scientific thought has died. A chimpanzee named Washoe and born in Africa died of natural causes late last month at the age of 42 at a research center in the American state of Washington. Wash0e had become known in the scientific community1 and around the world for her ability to use American Sign Language2. She was said to be the first non-human to learn a human language. Her skills also led to debate3 about primates and their ability to understand language.2Research scientists Allen and Beatrix Gardner began teaching Washoe sign language in 1966. In 1969, the Gardners7 described Washoes progress in a scientific report. The people who experimented with Washoe said she grew to understand4 about 250 words. For example, Washoe made signs to communicate when it was time to eat. She could request foods like apples and bananas. She also asked questions like, Who is coming to play? Once5 the news about Washoe spread, many language scientists began studies of their own6 into this new and exciting area of research. The whole direction of primate research changed.3However, critics argued Washoe only learned to repeat sign language movements from watching her teachers. They said she had never developed true language skills. Even now, thereare some researchers who suggest that primates learn sign language only by memory, and perform the signs only for prizes. Yet Washoes keepers disagree. Roger Fouts is a former student of the Gardners7. He took Washoe to a research center in Ellensburg, Washington. There, Washoe taught sign language to three younger chimpanzees, which are still alive.4Scientists like private researcher Jane Goodall believes Washoe provided new information about the mental workings of chimpanzees8. Today, there are not as many scientists studying language skills with chimps. Part of the reason is that this kind of research takes a very long time.5Debate continues about chimps understanding of human communication. Yet, one thing is sure - Washoe changed popular ideas about the possibilities of animal intelligence.1. Paragraph 12. Paragraph 23. Paragraph 34. Paragraph 4A Reason Why Not Many Scientists Carry out ThisResearch NowadaysB Report about Washoes Progress in Learning Sign LanguageC General Information about WashoeD The Gardeners Contributions RecognizedE Debate on Chimps IntelligenceF Washoes Love for Three Young Chimps5. Washoe could make signs to communicate6. Some scientists doubted7. Washoe taught three younger chimps sign language8. The experimenters thought Washoe was intelligentA if the Gardeners argument was soundB because she was cleverer than other chimpsC when she wanted to eatD while she was at a research center in EllensburgE because she could use sign language to ask for fruitsF while Washoe was learning sign language概括大意完成句子例题二 Even Intelligent People Can FailAImportance of Learning from FailureBQuality Shared by Most InnovatorsCEdisons InnovationDEdisons Comment on FailureEContributions Made by InnovatorsFMiseries Endured by Innovators27People often didnt realize how close they were to success when.28Before Henry Ford eventually developed the Model T car,.29Walt Disney was once so poor that.30The media demand that.Ahe developed 3,000 theoriesBhe couldnt afford to buy a pair of shoesChe found himself an unsuccessful manDthey quittedEan innovation should work immediatelyFfailure is the mother of success概括大意完成句子例题三 Ginseng Shows Benefit in Cancer Treatment第1-4题选项A The Motivation of Flaxseed StudyB The Study on Ginseng Displays Its Good PromiseC The Doctors Responsibility Led Them to Carry Out These Two StudiesD Ginseng Is As Good to Cancer Patients As Flax seedE The Methods and Results of the Study on Flax- seedF A different opinion on the use of flaxseed 5-8题5. Doctors in the US wanted to know_.6. Both studies on flaxseed and ginseng show_.7. It is the unique nutrient profile of flaxseed_.8. In the ginseng trial the researchers tested the potency of ginseng_.第5-8题选项A that led the researchers in Dukes School of Nursing to study itB by giving different doses of the herb to patients with different cancersC whether the foods and supplements patients took every day were good or notD though both flaxseed and ginseng are all healthy alternative medicinesE that either of them is beneficial to cancer patientsF because we still have to see if flaxseed can prevent prostate cancer补全短文例题一 American DreamsANobody is poor in the USBThe top 0.01 per cent of households has seen its tax bite fall by a full 25 percentage points since 1980.CFor upper class families they have risen 41 per cent.DNow it is 9.8 times.EAs it does so,the possibility to cross that gap gets smaller and smaller.FAll one has to do is to work hard and climb the ladder towards the top.But the American Dream offers a way out to everyone.（46）The gap between the rich and the poor has widened and widened.（47）Twenty-five years ago the top fifth of Americans had an average income 6.7 times that of the bottom fifth.（48）Inequalities have grown worse in different regions. In California, incomes for lower class families have fallen by 4 per cent since 1969.（49）Yet the tax burden on Americas rich is falling, not growing.（50）补全短文例题二How Did She Conquer the Americans? ABut it also looks at the celebritys presence on the Internet and in the media.BIn 1991, she did a lot of work for the National Child Protection ActCShe was not a very successful woman.DShe began broadcasting while still at high school.EIt placed Winfrey at the top of its annual ranking of the 100 people last weekFThe couple had been tight-lipped about their break-up.African-American talk show queen Oprah Winfrey is the worlds most powerful celebrity, according to Forbes magazine.（46）The annual Forbes list gives most weight to annual earnings.（47）Only a few years ago, Cruise and his ex-wife Nicole Kidman appeared separately on the same show telling the news of their divorce.（48）Winfrey was born to a poor family in Mississippi in 1954.（49）Winfreys work has extended to social change. （50）阅读判断例题Dangers await babies with altitude 高海拔的婴儿有危险 Women who live in the worlds highest communities tend to give birth to underweight babies, a new study suggests. These babies may grow into adults with a high risk of heart disease and strokes. Research has hinted that newborns in mountain communities are lighter than average. But it wasnt clear whether this is due to reduced oxygen levels at high altitude or because their mothers are under-nourished many people who live at high altitudes are relatively poor compared with those living lower down. To find out more, Dino Giussani and his team at Cambridge University studied the records of 400 births in Bolivia during 1976 and 1998. The babies were born in both rich and poor areas of two cities: La Paz and Santa Cruz. L Paz is the highest city in the world, at 3.65 kilometers above sea level, while Santa Cruz is much lower, at 0.44 kilometers. Sure enough, Giussani found that the average birthweight of babies in La Paz was significantly lower than in Santa Cruz. This was true in both high and low-income families. Even babies born to poor families in Santa Cruz were heavier on average than babies born to wealthy families in lofty La Paz. We were very surprised by this result, says Giussani. The results suggest that babies born at high altitude are deprived of oxygen before birth. This may trigger the release or suppression of hormones that regulate growth of the unborn child, says Giussani. His team also found that high-altitude babies tended to have relatively larger heads compared with their bodies. This is probably because a fetus starved of oxygen will send oxygenated blood to the brain in preference to rest of the body. Giussani wants to find out if such babies have a higher risk of disease in later life. People born in La Paz might be prone to heart trouble in adulthood, for example. Low birthweight is a risk factor for coronary heart disease. And newborns with a high ratio of head size to body weight are often predisposed to high blood pressure and strokes in later life.1).According to the passage, one of the reasons why newborns in mountain communities are underweight is that their mothers are underweight.-W2).Giussanis team members are all British researchers and professors from Cambridge University.-N3).Giussani did not expect to find that the weight of a baby had little to do with the financial conditions of the family he was born into.-R4).The weight of a newborn has to do with the supply of oxygen even when he was still in his mothers womb.-R5).High-altitude bodies have heads that are larger than their bodies.-W6).High altitude babies have longer but thinner limbs than average-N7).Giussani has arrived at the conclusion that babies in high-altitude regions are more likely to have heart trouble when they grow up.-W完形填空例题Crashed Cars to Text Message for HelpThere is no good place to have a car crashbut some places are worse than others. In a foreign country, for instance, _1_ to explain via cellphone that you are upside down in a ditch when you cannot speak the local language can fatally delay the arrival of the emergency services. But an answer may be at hand. Researchers funded by the European Commission are beginning tests of a system called E-merge that_2_ senses when a car has crashed and sends a text message3 telling emergency services in the local language that the accident has taken place.The system was _3_ by ERTICO, a transport research organization based in Brussels, Belgium5. Cars are fitted with a cell phone-sized device attached _4_the underside of the dashboard which is activated by the same sensor that triggers the airbag in a crash. The device_5_a cell phone circuit, a GPS positioning unit, and a microphone and loudspeaker.It registers the severity of the crash by _6_ the deceleration data from the airbags sensor. Using GPS information, it works out which country the car is in, and from this it determines _7_ which language to compose an alert message detailing precise location of the accident.The device then automatically makes a call to the local emergency services _8_. If the cars occupants are conscious, they can communicate with the operator_9_ the speaker and microphone.E-merge also transmits the vehicles make, color and license number, and its heading when it crashed, which in turn indicates on which side of a multi-lane highway it ended up.This _10_ the emergency services find the vehicle as soon as they arrive on the scene. “We can waste a large _11_ time searching for an incident,” says Jim Hammond, a(an)_12_ in vehicle technology at the Association of Chief Police Officers in the UK. Tests will begin soon with police car fleets in the UK. Trials have already started in Germany, Sweden, Spain, the Netherlands and Italy.In-car systems that summon the emergency services after a crash have _13_ been fitted in some premium cars. ERTICO says that _14_ EU states are willing to fund the necessary infrastructure, E-merge could be working by 2008. A study by French car maker Renault concluded that the system could save up to 6000 of the 40,000 lives lost each year on Europes roads, and prevent a similar number of serious injuries.The Renault study estimates that fitting E-merge to every car in Europe would eventually save around 150 billion per _15_ in terms of reduced costs to health services and insurance companies, and fewer lost working days.1. A) try B) tried C) trying D) having tried2. A) automatically B) accidentally C) tremendously D) usually3. A) changed B) located C) developed D) copied4. A) by B) up C) about D) to5. A) forms B) is consisted of C) composes of D) includes6. A) read B) reading C) reads D) being read7. A) on B) in C) of D) at8. A) car maker B) policeman C) doctor D) operator9. A) via B) near C) by D) beside10. A