英语 从句 整合.doc

（一）主语从句主语从句定义在复合句中充当主语成分的句子叫做主语从句。 第一部分常规主语从句，即句子在复合句中充当一个主语 主语从句的时态：不受主句的时态影响和限制。 （1）That he finished writing the composition in such a short time surprised us all. （2）Whether we will go for an outing tomorrow remains unknown. （3）Who will be our monitor hasnt been decided yet. （4）Whom we must study for is a question of great importance. （5）What caused the accident remains unknown. （6）Whatever you did is right. （7）Who the watch belongs to was lost is unknown. （8）What we need is time. （9）What we need are good doctors. 小结: （1）引导主语从句连词有that,whether,who,what,whatever等 （2）连词位于句首不能省略 （3）主语从句大多数情况下视为第三人称单数，但也有例外，如例（9） 第二部分为了防止句子头重脚轻，通常把形式主语it放在句首位置，真正主语搁置于句末 （1）It is certain that he will win the match. （2）It is true that he has made a very important discovery in chemistry. （3）It is very likely that they will hold a meeting. （4）It is strange that he should do that. （5）It is important that we all should attend the meeting. （6）It is strange that the man should have stuck to his silly ideas. （7）It is a pity that we wont be able to go to the south to spend our summer vacation. （8）It is still a mystery what caused the accident. （9）It is said that he has gone to shanghai.(=He is said to have gone to shanghai) （10）It is known to all that the gun powder was first invented by the Chinese. （11）It is suggested that the work should be done with great care. （12）It happened that the two cheats were there. (=The two cheats happened to be there) 小结: （1）为避免头重脚轻，常以形式主语it引导从句。 It+形式主语谓语+从句。 （2）由于主语从句一般被认为是单数形式，形式主语的谓语动词、be动词+表语 均为单数第三人称形式或过去式. 主语从句的用法主语从句与宾语从句两者的用法和在句中的作用是不同的，下面从它们的各自用法来介绍。 一主语从句 主语从句 定义：在句子中担当主语的是一个从句，这个从句就叫做主语从句。 主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。 1. It 作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较 主语从句常用it作形式主语，一般常用句型为：It is+名词/形容词/过去分词+主语从句例如： It is still a question whether she will come or not. It is strange that you should like him. It is still unknown which team will win the match. 另外，还有一些比较多见的结构： It turned out that; It has been proved that; It happened/occurred that; It is well-known that等等 而强调句则不同，它的结构是：It+be+被强调部分+that+从句 强调主语：It is the times that produce their heroes.时势造英雄 强调宾语：It is English that Prof.Lin teaches us. 强调状语：It was in shanghai that I saw the film. 判断是否是强调句有一个方法，就是将that以后的“句子的其余部分”拿出来单独看，看有没有缺成分，缺的是什么成分，再把谓语动词后面that前面的那部分，带到你认为缺成分的地方，如果放进去是一句完整的句子了，那就说明是强调句。 2. 用it 作形式主语的结构 (1) It is +名词+that从句 It is a fact that 事实是 It is an honor that 非常荣幸 It is common knowledge that 是常识 (2) it is +形容词+that从句 It is natural that 很自然 It is strange that 奇怪的是 (3) it +不及物动词+that从句 It seems that 似乎 It happened that 碰巧 (4) it is+过去分词+that从句 It is reported that 据报道 It has been proved that 已证实 3. 主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况 (1) if 引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。 (2) It is said , (reported) 结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如： It is said that President Jingo will visit our school next week. (3) It happens, It occurs 结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如： It occurred to him that he failed in the examination. (4) It doesnt matter how/whether 结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如： It doesnt matter whether he is wrong or not. (5) 含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可提前。例如： Is it likely that it will rain in the evening? 4. What 与that 在引导主语从句时的区别 What 引导主语从句时在从句中充当句子成分，如主语宾语表语，而that 则不然。例如： What you said yesterday is right. 二：宾语从句用以区分主语从句的几个特征： 1、引导词：whatwhichwhosewhenwhetherifwhere 2语序：宾语从句必须是用陈述语句。 如：I think that you must work harder. 宾语从句的引导词、连接词的区别、否定转移等现象。 (1)表达时间的几个句型：一般用when或者是what time： What time will the train leave? 由于时刻都是固定的，也可以用一般现在时代替一般将来时： What time does the train leave? (2)时间的表达方式：8：19(nineteen past eight),7:57(three to eight)，在时间的中间也可以加上分的单词(minutes) (3)had better +动词原型。意思是提要求，建议。但是上下级不能用这种方式，因为语气太重： You had better give up smoking . (4)sb leave sth +地点 I left my book in my classroom yesterday. (5)may I have your name(addressage)?一般询问对方的年龄、名字等，不要习惯以前的问法，这样很不礼貌，而是要采访上面的问法。以前的习惯是：how old are you? whats your name? (6)修饰名词的代词次序：限-描-大-形-年-颜-籍-物-类+名词： this is a bridge. This is a beautiful bridge 补充：从句的语序永远是陈述句。 （二）表语从句表语从句表语从句定义：在一个复合句中，从句作的是主语的表语成分。 AThe problem is puzzling. 这个问题令人困惑。 主语+连系动词+形容词作表语 The problem is when we can get a pay rise. 问题是什么时候我们可以得到加薪。 主语+连系动词+句子作表语（表语从句） B连接表语从句的连接词有：that, what, who, when, where, which, why, whether, how, whoever，whomever，whichever ，whatever等。还有如because, as if, as though等。 He has become a teacher. 他已经成为一名教师。 He has become what he wanted to be ten years ago. 他已经成为了他10年前想成为的。 His suggestion is good. 他的建议是好的。 His suggestion is that we should stay calm. 他的建议是，我们应该保持冷静。 The question is confusing. 这个问题令人困惑。 The question is when he can arrive at the hotel. 问题是，他什么时候可以到达酒店。 注意1A表语从句一定要用陈述语序。 False: The question is when can he arrive at the hotel. Right: The question is when he can arrive at the hotel. B引导名词性从句时if/whether（是否）用法辨析： if不能引导表语从句，只能用whether 来引导。 引导宾语从句时if/whether可以互换，但介词后面的宾语从句只能用whether来引导。 位于句首的主语从句只能用whether来引导，同位语从句也只能用whether来引导。 False: The question is if the enemy is marching towards us. Right: The question is whether the enemy is marching towards us. C不像宾语从句，在有表语从句的复合句中，主句时态和从句时态可以不一致。 Right: The question is who will travel with me to Beijing tomorrow. Right: The question is why he cried yesterday. Dthat在表语从句中不可以省掉。表语从句只能置于主句之后，而主句的动词只能是连系动词。 名词性从句在be等系动词后作表语时被称为表语从句。 例如：The problem is how we can get the things we need.问题是我们怎样能弄到我们需要的东西。（how 在表语从句中充当方式状语） The scissors are not what I need. 这把剪刀不是我所需要的。（what 在表语从句中充当宾语) What I told him was that I would find him a good play. 我告诉他的是我会给他找个好剧本。（what在主语从句中作直接宾语， that作为表语从句的引导词在该表语从句中不充当句子成分，但不能省略） That is what I want to tell you.那就是我想要对你讲的。（what在表语从句中充当直接宾语) That is why she failed to pass the exam. 那就是她考试不及格的原因。（why 在表语从句中充当原因状语） 注意2“That is why.”是常用句型， 意为“这就是的原因/因此”， 其中why引导的名词性从句在句中作表语， 该句型通常用于针对前面已经说明过的原因进行总结， 又如：That is why you see this old woman before you know,Jeanne. 珍妮， 这就是现在这个老太婆出现在你面前的原因。（前文提到Jeanne对老妇人显得苍老憔悴深感诧异， 说话人对她讲述了其中的原因之后，用这一句来进行概括）。/ That is why I came. 这就是我来的原因。 下面是两个与“That is why.”形式相似的结构， 它们与“That is why.”结构之间的关系要能够辨析清楚： (1）“That is why.”与“That is the reason why.”同义， 只不过从语法结构上讲， “That is the reason why.”中why引导的是个定语从句， 将其中的the reason去掉则与“That is why.”结构一样， 例如： That is (the reason) why I cannot agree. 这就是我不能同意的理由。 (2）“That is because.”句型中从属连词because引导的名词性从句在此作表语， 这也是个常用句型， 意为“这就是为什么/因为”。“That is because.”与“That is why.”之间的不同在于“That is because.”指原因或理由， “That is why.”则指由于各种原因所造成的后果， 例如： He did not see the film last night. That is because he had to help his little sister with her homework.昨天晚上他没有去看电影， 那是因为他得帮助他的妹妹做作业。（第一句话说明结果， 第二句话说明原因） He had seen the film before. That is why he did not see it last night.他以前曾看过那部电影， 因此他昨天晚上没有去看。（第一句话说明原因， 第二句话说明结果） 案例分析考题1The traditional view is _ we sleep because our brain is “programmed” to make us do so. (2007上海) A. when B. why C. whether D. that 答案 D 解析 下划线处之后是包含一个原因状语从句的表语从句， 如果看不出它是充当整个句子结构的表语从句将难以把握整个句子的意思。因此， 应选择可引导名词性从句且不充当任何成分的that。 考题2You are saying that everyone should be equal,and this is _ I disagree. (2004) A. why B. where C. what D. how 答案 B 解析 下划线处的引导词引导系动词is后的表语从句并在该表语从句中充当地点状语（“disagree”属于不及物动词， “I disagree”本身是完整的主谓结构）， 下划线应填入引导词where， 表语从句“where I disagree”的意思是“我不同意之处、 我不同意的地方”。 考题3 I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week. Is that _ you had a few days off? (1999) A. why B. when C. what D. where 答案 A 解析 下划线处的引导词引导与系动词is连用的表语从句并在该表语从句中充当原因状语， 下划线应填入表示“因此”（指因某种原因所造成的结果）的引导词why。 考题4_ she couldnt understand was _ fewer and fewer students showed interest in her lessons. (2000上海） A. What; why B. That; what C. What; because D. Why; that 答案 A 解析 第一个下划线处的引导词引导主语从句并在该主语从句中充当宾语， 特指她所不理解的事情， 应填入关系代词型的引导词what； 第二个下划线处表示“因此”（指因某种原因所造成的后果， 由why引导对应的名词性从句）而不是“为什么”（指原因、 理由， 由because引导对应的名词性从句）， 应填入引导词why。 考题5_ made the school proud was _ more than 90% of the students had been admitted to key universities. (2003上海春） A. What; because B. What; that C. That; what D. That; because 答案 B 解析 第一个下划线处的引导词引导主语从句并在该主语从句中充当主语， 特指令校方骄傲的事情， 应选用关系代词型的引导词what； 第二个下划线处引导表语从句表示原因、 理由， 应由that引导对应的名词性从句。 考题6 Are you still thinking about yesterdays game? Oh,thats _. (2003北京春） A. what makes me feel excited B. whatever I feel excited about C. how I feel about it D. when I feel excited 答案 A 解析 A选项的意思是“令我感觉激动的事物”； B选项的意思是“我觉得激动的任何事物”； C选项的意思是“我对它感觉的方式”； D选项的意思是“令我感觉激动的时间”。四个选项中A最适合跟代表“game”的主语that对应， 充当表语从句。 表语从句与宾语从句的关系宾语从句和表语从句都属于名词性从句。其作用跟名词在句中的作用相同。故充当宾语的句子叫宾语从句，充当表语的句子叫表语从句。 表语从句在句子中起表语作用的从句叫做表语从句，位于主句系动词的后面。表语从句的引导词和主语从句的引导词相同。也是名词性从句的一种。 如：What the police want to know is when you entered red the room警察想知道的是你什么时候进的房间。 The trouble is that we are short of funds困难是我们缺乏资金。 This is what we should do这是我们应当做的。 Thats why I want you to work there那就是我要你在那儿工作的原因。 His first question was whether Mr. Smith had arrived yet他的第一个问题是史密斯先生到了没有。 注意：从句中的疑问句用正常语序，即陈述语序。 as if,as though,because也可用来引导表语从句。 She seems as if she had done a great thing她看起来好像做了一件大事。 It is because you eat too much是因为你吃得太多了。 （三）宾语从句宾语从句用法及其例句一、宾语从句用法宾语从句的连接词： (一)、从属连词 连接宾语从句的从属连词主要有that,if,whether。 that引导表示陈述句的宾语从句， if和whether，whether.or not引导表示“是否”的一般疑问句的宾语从句。 He told me (that ）he would go to college the next year. 他告诉我他明年上大学。 I dont know if there will be a bus any more. 我不知道是否还会有公交车。 Nobody knew whether he could pass the exam. 没有人知道他是否会通过考试。 （二）关联代词 连接代词主要有who,whom,whose,what,whoever,whomever,whosever,whatever,whichever等。 连接代词一般指疑问，但what,whatever除了指疑问外，也可以指陈述。 Do you know who has won Red Alert game？ 你知道是谁赢得了红色警戒的游戏么？ The book will show you what the best CEO should know. 这本书会告诉你最好的执行总裁该了解什么。 Have you determined whichever you should buy,a Motorola or Nokia cell phone？ 你决定好是买诺基亚还是摩托罗拉的电话了吗？ （三）关联副词 连接副词主要有when,where,why,how,whenever,wherever,however等. He didnt tell me when we should meet again. 他没有告诉我什么时候我们能再见面. Could you please tell me how you use the new panel 你能告诉我怎么用这个新的操作盘吗 None of us knows where these new parts can be bought. 没有人知道这些的新的零件能在哪里买到. 二、动词的宾语从句大多数及物动词都可以带宾语从句 We all expect （that ）they will win,for members of their team are stronger. 我们都预料他们会赢，因为他们的队员更强壮. He told us （that） they would help us through the whole work. 他告诉我们在整个工作中，他们都会帮忙的. 部分“动词+副词”结构也可以带宾语从句 I have found out （that） all the tickets for the concert have been sold out. 我发现这场音乐会的所有票都卖光了. Can you work out （that）how much we will spend during the trip 你能计算出这次旅行我们将花费多少钱吗 动词短语也可以带宾语从句 常见的这些词有： make sure确保 make up ones mind下决心 keep in mind牢记 Make sure that there are no mistakes in your papers before you turn them in. 当你在上交试卷前确保没有任何错误. 可运用形式宾语it代替的宾语从句 动词find,feel,consider,make,believe,think等后面有宾语补足语的时候，则需要用it做形式宾语而将that宾语从句后置. I think it necessary that we take plenty of hot water every day . 我认为我们每天多喝开水是有必要的. I feel it a pity that I havent been to the get-together. 我没去聚会，感觉非常遗憾. I have made it a rule that I keep diaries. 我每天写日记成了习惯. We all find it important that we (should) make a quick decision about this matter. 我们都认为对这件事马上做出决定很重要. 有些动词带宾语从句时需要在宾语与从句前加it（双宾语） 这类动词主要有：hate,take,owe,have,see to.award,lend.hand, mail,offer,pass,pay,post,read,return,show,teach,tell I hate it when they say with their mouths full of food. 我讨厌他们满嘴食物时说话. He will have it that our plan is really practical. 他会认为我们的计划确实可行. We take it that you will agree with us. 我们认为你会同意我们的. When you start the engine,you must see to it that car is in neutral. 开启发动机时，一定要使汽车的离合器处于空挡位置. 若宾语从句是wh-类，则不可用it代替 We all consider what you said to be unbelievable. 我们都认为你所说的是不可信的. We discovered what we had learned to be valuable. 我们发现我们所学到的东西都是有价值的. 三、介词的宾语从句用whether之类的介词宾语从句： We are talking about whether we admit students into our club. 我们正在讨论是否让学生加入我们的俱乐部. The new book is about how Shenzhou six manned spaceship was sent up into space. 这本新书是关于神州6号载人航天飞船是如何升入太空的. 用that,if引导的介词宾语从句 有时候except,but,besides三个介词后可见到that引导的宾语从句 I know nothing about my new neighbor except that he used to work with a company. 对于我的新邻居我只知道他曾在一家公司上班，其他一无所知. 四、形容词的宾语从句有些形容词具有动词的含义，所以也可以带一个宾语从句，例如； 1. I am sorry I am late. 2. I am glad that you can join us. 3. Are you sure his answer is right? 常用来引导宾语从句的形容词有： sure,certain,glad,please,happy,sorry,afraid,satisfied,surprised I am sure I will pass the exam. 我确信我会通过考试. I am sorry that I have troubled you so long. 很抱歉我这么长时间在打扰你. He is glad that Li Ming went to see him when he was ill. 他很高兴在他生病的时候李明能去看望他. 五、if与whether if和whether在作“是否”解时，引导宾语从句常放在动词know,ask,care,wonder,find out等之后，介词后一般不用if 少数动词，如：leave,put,discuss,doubt后的宾语从句常用whether. whether后可以加or not,但是if不可以. 在不定式前只能用whether. （如：I cant decide whether to stay. 我不能决定是否留下。） 一般“no matt”后表“是否”用whether而不用if 六、不省略引导词that当that作learn,suggest,explain,agree,wonder,prove,mean,state,feel,hold等动词的宾语时； 当宾语从句较长时； 当主语状语置于主句尾，宾语从句之前时； 当主语谓语动词(包括非谓语动词)与宾语从句之间有插入语时； 当一个动词带有两个或两个以上宾语从句时，此时第一个that可以省略，第二个that不可以省略； 当宾语从句中的主语是this,that或this,that做主语的定语时； 当宾语从句是双宾语中的直接宾语时； 当宾语从句的主语是非谓语动词或主语从句时； 当主语中的谓语动词是固定词组时； 当宾语从句有it做其先行词时； 在直接引语中，转述分句把宾语从句隔开时. 当that在从句中充当主语时 七、否定转移 宾语从句的反意疑问句主句的谓语动词是think,believe,imagine,suppose,consider,expect,fancy,guess等，并且主句的主语是第一人称而且为一般现在时，从句的否定词一般要转移到主句上来，其反义疑问句一般与宾语从句一致. I dont think he will come to my party.而不能说成I think he wont come to my party. 我认为他不会来我的舞会. I dont believe that man is killed by Jim,is he 我认为那个人不是Jim所杀的，是不是 如果宾语从句中有某个含有否定意义的形容词或副词，其反义疑问句要用肯定形式.通常我们称为否定前疑。 We find that he never listens to the teacher carefully,does he 我们发现他从来不仔细听老师讲课，是不是 八、时态和语序当主句为现在时或将来时,宾语从句的时态一般不受主句的时态所影响. 当主句为过去时 从句用一般过去时或过去进行时表示与主句谓语动词动作同时发生 I only knew he was studying in a western country,but I didnt know what country he was in. 我只知道他当时在西方的一个国家读书，可不知道是哪个国家. He asked me if I was reading the story The Old Man and the Sea when he was in. 他问我他进来的时候我是否正在读老人与海. 从句过去完成时表示该动作发生在主句谓语动作之前 He told me that he had told Mary about the meeting already. 他告诉我他已经把有关会议的事情告诉了Mary. 从句谓语用过去将来时表示该动作发生在主句谓语动作之后 The reporter asked if the government would take necessary measures to put down the to-do. 记者问政府是否会采取必要的措施镇压骚乱. 如果从句是一个客观真理，那么从句的时态不根据主句的时态而变化 The teacher said that the moon goes around the earth yesterday. 老师昨天说月亮围着地球转. 当宾语从句的引导词是who,which,what,when,where,how,why等表疑问时，不能按正常语序安排，经常将这类引导词置于句首 Who do you think the public might choose as their favorite singer this year 你认为今年公众会选谁为他们最喜欢的歌手. 6.无论任何时候都为陈述语序. 宾语从句（版本二）学习宾语从句要抓住三要素：连接词、语序和时态。 1.引导词1从句为陈述句，常选择引导词that或将that省略，直接与主句相连。2从句为一般疑问句，常选择引导词if或whether。在 whether or not 结构中不能用 if 替换。3从句为特殊疑问句，常选择what,when,where,which,who,how等的疑问代、副词作引导词。注意：当who为主语时，句式为：who+谓语+其他4.从句的引导词有很多，如：say, think, wish , hope, see, believe, agree, expect, hear , feel等等 2.判断时态情况1主句是一般现在时，从句为各种时态情况。 2主句是一般过去时，从句为各种相应过去时态注意：从句描绘客观事实，用一般现在时。 3关系代词：that，who，whom,whose,which eg:1 The teacher told the children that the sun_ round. A. was B. is C. were D. are 2 I believe that our team_ the basketball match. A. win B. wonC. will winD. wins 3 I dont know_ to visit the old man. A. whether B. if C. that D. who 4The soldiers soon reached( )was once an old temple()the villagers used as a school. A.which;where B.what;whichC.where;which D.what;where 答：选B，动词reach后接宾语从句，从句缺少宾语，where不可，which引导宾语从句时表疑问含义“哪一个”而此句中并非疑问含义，不知道哪一座庙宇，而是用what从句表陈述含义，意“过去的一座旧庙宇”；temple后为对其修饰的定语从句，用关系代词which代替，并在从句中作动词used的宾语，use sth. as“把用作 宾语从句用作宾语。如： Do you know where he lives 定语从句相当于一个形容词，用于修饰前面的名词。如： The student who answered the question was John. 回答问题的学生是John. This is the man whom he is looking for. Do you know the girl who is in red? 3.宾语从句的用法1that引导宾语从句无意义，不充当句子成分常省略。但下列情况除外： 1介词宾语从句的that不省略 2 and连接的几个从句，第二个从句以后的从句的that不省略。 He told me that he had two sons and that they both had gone to college. 3在动词+it+宾语补足语+宾语从句结构中，that不省略。 I heard it said that he had gone abroad We found it impossible that he could finish it in such a short time 2.Whether,if 引导宾语从句：两词可互换，但是下列情形除外： 1whether从句中有or not 2whether从句做介词宾语 Everything depends on whether you agree with us 3许多带复合宾语的句子，宾语从句经常移到句子后部，而用it做形式宾语。结构常是： 主语+动词+it+形容词/名词等宾语补足语+宾语从句 We think it wrong that he told a lie to everyone 4宾语从句的语序要用陈述句语序 False: He is wondering when can he finish this difficult job. Right: He is wondering when he can finish this difficult job. B 有时候可以用it 作形式宾语，而把真正的宾语从句放在后面。 Bad: I thought that he could finish this job in just two hours impossible. Good: I thought it impossible that he could finish this job in just two hours. Bad: He left whether we should continue this project to my judgment. Good: He left it to my judgment whether we should continue this project. C 带有宾语从句的复合句的否定形式一般是否定主句。 Bad: I think he doesnt like the English teacher. Good: I dont think he likes the English teacher. D 主句一般过去时态，从句也要用过去时态；具体细节请看第一部分。 False: He wanted to know why he is crying in the corner. Right: He wanted to know why he wa