科技英语翻译篇章.doc

1. In the 100 elements available to us, about three quarters can be classified as metals. And, about half of these are of at least some industrial or commercial importance. Metals, be they pure or alloy, can be further defined as being ferrous or nonferrous in make up. Ferrous alloys are those in which the base or primary metal is iron, manganese, chromium. All other metallic materials automatically fall into the non-ferrous category(范畴).在人类可获得的一百多种元素中，约四分之三是金属。而这些金属中又大约有一半至少在工业或商业上具有一定的重要性。所有的金属，不管是纯金属还是合金，都能根据成分进一步分成黑色金属或有色金属。黑色金属主要是以铁、锰、铬为主要成分的合金，其余金属材料自然都属于有色金属的范畴。2. Direct reduction offers a number of advantages including low investment expenditure and the use of cheap primary energy instead of coke. Consequently, this technique offers may developing countries the possibility of building up a national steel industry. In fact, direct reduction combined with electric arc furnace must in future be considered among the important steel production techniques alongside the blast furnace and oxygen converter technique.直接还原法具有一些优点，包括低投资成本和使用廉价的原始的能源代替焦炭，所以这种技术为许多发展中国家提供了建设国家钢铁工业的可能性。事实上，与电弧炉结合，直接还原在今后与高炉和吹氧转炉技术一样一定会成为重要的钢铁生产技术。3. In September 2004, the National Cancer Institute announced an initiative to bring new blood to an old and desperate fight. Called the NCI Alliance for Nanotechnology in cancer, the initiative will wager 144.3 million over the next 5 years that nanotechnology will open entirely new and effective strategies for diagnosing and treating cancer. Its a well-funded sign that expectations for nanotech solutions to cancer extend to the highest governmental levels, and it comes at a time when the battle against the disease seems to be at a standstill. Unlike death rates for heart disease and stroke, which have declined drastically, cancer mortality hasnt changed since the 1950s.2004年9月， 美国国家癌症研究所宣布了一项重大举措，给这场古老而顽强的抗癌之战注入了新的活力。这个被称为国家癌症研究所癌症纳米技术联盟的行动将在未来5年投资1.443亿美元促使纳米技术开辟一个全新、有效的诊断及治疗癌症的途径。这是一个资金雄厚的标志，也显示人们对纳米技术治疗癌症的关注程度已经上升到最高层的政府层面。在抗击癌症之战几乎陷入停顿之时，它来的正是时候。与近来死亡率处于下降趋势的心脏病和中风不同，自从20世纪50年代起，癌症的死亡率就一直居高不下。4. THE European Central Bank (ECB) decided a year ago to hold this weeks monetary-policy meeting in Barcelona, but the timing turned out to be perfect. Spain is in the crosshairs of the markets, not least because of budgetary overruns by regional governments such as Catalonias. And the contrasting economic fortunes of beaten-up Spain, where the jobless rate has reached 24%, and resilient Germany, where it is below 6%, exemplify the difficulty of finding the right monetary policy in a currency union of 17 members.欧洲中央银行（ECB）早在一年前就决定了将于本周在巴塞罗那召开货币政策会议，现今看来，会议召开的恰是时候。现在的西班牙正处在市场的风口浪尖，特别是因为加泰罗尼亚等自治区政府的预算超支才导致了西班牙到了这般田地。同德国相比，西班牙经济死气沉沉，失业率飙升至24%；德国经济稳步反弹，失业率则低于6%。如此鲜明的对比恰也印证了，在这个由17名成员组成的货币区内制定出一项正确的货币政策确实不易。5. This study investigates the potential differences between American and Jordanian undergraduate students apology strategies. It attempts to bridge the existing gap in the literature since there are only few studies which discuss Jordanian apology strategies and fewer that compare them to their American counterparts. Not only do the authors tabulate and compare the strategies used by the two groups, as well as the male and female respondents in each group, but they also examine the potential differences in the use of these strategies.本研究调查了美国大学生和约旦大学生道歉策略潜在的不同，鉴于讨论约旦人道歉策略的文献几乎没有，而且将之与美国大学生道歉策略进行对比的文献也为数不多，本研究试图缩小这一差距。作者不仅用表列出了两组研究对象所使用的道歉策略，对组间和组内男女调查对象进行了对比，还考察了这些策略使用上潜在的差异。6. Yetthereareclearlysomeveryrealissuesthatneedtoberesolved.Likeanynewproductenteringthefoodchain,geneticallymodifiedfoodsmustbesubjectedtorigoroustesting.In wealthycountries,thedebateaboutbiotechistemperedbythefactthatwehavearicharray offoodstochoosefrom-andasupplythatfarexceedsourneeds.Indevelopingcountries desperatetofeedfast-growingandunderfedpopulations;theissueissimplerandmuchmoreurgent:Dothebenefits ofbiotechoutweightherisks?但是，显然还有一些非常现实的问题需要解决。就像任何一种要进入食物链的新食品一样，转基因食品必须经过严格的检验。在富裕的国家里，由于有大量丰富的食品可供选择，而且供应远远超过需求，所以关于生物技术的争论相对缓和一些。在迫切想要养活其迅速增长而又吃不饱的人口的发展中国家，问题比较简单，也更加紧迫：生物技术的好处是否大于风险呢?7. Thestatisticsonpopulationgrowthandhungeraredisturbing.Lastyeartheworldspopulationreached6billion.Andby2050,theUNestimates,itwillprobablynear9billion.Almostallthatgrowthwilloccurindevelopingcountries.Atthesametime,theworldsavailablecultivable landperpersonisdeclining.Arablelandhasdeclinedsteadilysince1960andwilldeceaseby halfoverthenext50years,accordingtotheInternationalServicefortheAcquisitionof Agri-BiotechApplications(ISAAA).关于人口增长和饥饿的统计数字读来令人感到不安。去年，世界人口达到了60亿。联合国预测，到2050年，这个数字很可能将接近90亿，而增加的人口几乎都来自发展中国家。与此同时，世界人均耕地正在减少。国际农业生物技术应用服务中心(ISAAA)称，自1960年以来，耕地面积一直持续下降，并将在今后50年减少一半。8. By the beginning of last century a substantial body of evidence had been accumulated in support of the idea that the chemical elements consist of atoms.到上世纪初，已积累了大量的证据来支持这样的观点：化学元素是由原子构成的。The new ship was designed in accordance with the most modern technology and built with particularly advanced techniques. The whole process of design was checked by computer to ensure that the high strength requirements against underwater explosions were met.新的舰船是按照最现代化的技术设计，并采用特别先进的方法建造的。整个设计过程通过计算机的检查，以保证满足防止水下爆炸所需要的高强度要求。9. Over the past sixty years the blast furnace process has made tremendous progress and attained remarkable performances. Nevertheless, the blast furnace is today strongly challenged by some new processes which should respond to the objectives of producing metallic iron directly from ore fines and from non coking coals without polluting the environment. These new processes are mainly direct reduction and smelting reduction.在过去的60多年里，高炉工艺取得了巨大的进步并获得了显著的成就。然而，如今高炉正受到一些新工艺的强烈挑战，这些新工艺应对了（实现了）在不污染环境的条件下从矿粉和非焦煤中直接生产铁的要求（目标）。这些新工艺主要包括直接还原和熔融还原。* Between 1993 and 1997 the researchers questioned 20,000 healthy British men and women about their lifestyles. They also tested every participants blood to measure vitamin Cintake, anindicatorof how much fruit and vegetables people ate.Then they assigned the participants -aged45-79 - a score of between 0 and 4, giving one point for each of the healthy behaviors.After allowing for age and other factors that could affect the likelihood of dying, the researchers determined people with a score of 0 were four times as likely to have died, particularly from cardiovascular disease. The researchers, who tracked deaths among the participants until 2006, also said a person with a health score of 0 had the same risk of dying as someone with a health score of 4 who was 14 years older.The lifestyle change with the biggest benefit was giving up smoking, which led to an 80 percent improvement in health, the study found. This was followed by eating fruits and vegetables.Moderate drinking and keeping active brought the same benefits, Kay-Tee Khaw and colleagues at the University of Cambridge and the Medical Research Council said.Armed with this information, public-health officials should now be in a better position to encourage behavior changes likely to improve the health ofmiddle-aged and older people, the researchers wrote.1993年至1997年间，研究人员对英国2万名身体健康的男性和女性的生活习惯进行了调查，他们还检测了每名研究对象血液中的维生素C含量。维生素C能够衡量人们的水果和蔬菜摄入量。之后，研究人员给每位研究对象打分，分值范围为0分到4分，每一种健康习惯得1分。研究对象的年龄在45岁至79岁之间。在综合考虑年龄及其它可能影响寿命的因素后，研究人员得出结论：得分为0分的研究对象死亡的风险为其他人的四倍，这些人尤其容易死于心血管疾病。此外，健康得分为0分的研究对象的死亡风险与比他们大14岁、健康得分为4分的人相同。研究人员对研究对象死亡情况的调查一直持续到2006年。研究发现，最有益于健康的生活方式的改变是戒烟，戒烟后的健康状况能改善80%。其次是吃水果和蔬菜。剑桥大学及医学研究学会的Kay-Tee Khaw及其同事们称，适度饮酒和锻炼身体带来的益处相同。10. Scientists have discovered how to edit DNA to repair broken genes to cure incurable diseases -and potentially extend human lifespan. Until now, it has not been possible to alter genes in the brain, heart, liver and eyes - the root of many debilitating illnesses. Since the cells in these vital organs tend not to divide, it is difficult to gain access to make changes. However, researchers at the Salk Institute claim to have landed on the holy grail of gene editing, which can delicately and smoothly cut through DNA. So far the technique, called HITI, has been used to successfully restore blindness in lab mice. Lead researcher Professor Juan Carlos Izpisua Belmonte insists that is nothing compared to the changes the technique could have in the decades to come. “We are very excited by the technology we discover