直接引语与间接引语变化的一般规律.doc

1. 直接引语与间接引语变化的一般规律 在直接引语中在间接引语中指示代词thisthesethatthose时间状语nowtodayyesterdaylast weektomorrownext yearTwo days agoThenthat day the day beforethe week beforethe next daythe next yeartwo days before地点状语herethere动词时态一般现在时现左进行时现在完成时一般过去时过去完成时一般将来时一般过去时过去进行时过去完成时过去完成时（不变）过去将来时动词变化can/maymustcomebringcould/mighthad togotake 间接引语中时间与地点转换参考：例如:I will see you here tomorrow, she said. She said that she would see me there the next day.最常用的显示如下:TODAY THAT DAY I saw him today, she said. She said that she had seen him that day. YESTERDAY THE DAY BEFORE I saw him yesterday, she said. She said that she had seen him the day before. THE DAY BEFORE YESTERDAY TWO DAYS BEFORE I met her the day before yesterday, he said. He said that he had met her two days before. TOMORROW THE NEXT/FOLLOWING DAY Ill see you tomorrow, he said He said that he would see me the next day. THE DAY AFTER TOMORROW IN TWO DAYS TIME/ TWO DAYS LATER Well come the day after tomorrow, they said. They said that they would come in two days time/ two days later. NEXT WEEK/MONTH/YEAR THE FOLLOWING WEEK/MONTH/YEAR I have an appointment next week, she said. She said that she had an appointment the following week. LAST WEEK/MONTH/YEAR THE PREVIOUS/WEEK/MONTH/YEAR I was on holiday last week, he told us. He told us that he had been on holiday the previous week. AGO BEFORE I saw her a week ago, he said. He said he had seen her a week before. THIS (FOR TIME) THAT Im getting a new car this week, she said. She said she was getting a new car that week. THIS/THAT (形容词) THE Do you like this shirt? he asked He asked if I liked the shirt. HERE THERE He said, I live here. He told me he lived there. 别的变化: 通常来说, 第一人称代词转为第三人称单数或复数（除非讲话者在引用自己的话）:I/me/my/mine, you/your/yours him/his/her/herswe/us/our/ours, you/your/yours they/their/theirs:He said: I like your new car. He told her that he liked her new car.I said: Im going to my friends house. I said that I was going to my friends house.通常来说，转换成间接引语时，要比直接引语时间上提前一个时态:She said, I am tired. She said that she was tired.变化如下:一般现在时 一般过去时 I always drink coffee, she said She said that she always drank coffee. 现在进行时 过去进行时 I am reading a book, he explained. He explained that he was reading a book 一般过去时 过去完成时 Bill arrived on Saturday, he said. He said that Bill had arrived on Saturday 现在完成时 过去完成时 I have been to Spain, he told me. He told me that he had been to Spain 过去完成时 过去完成时 I had just turned out the light, he explained. He explained that he had just turned out the light. 现在完成进行时 过去完成进行时 They complained, We have been waiting for hours. They complained that they had been waiting for hours. 过去进行时 过去完成进行时 We were living in Paris, they told me. They told me that they had been living in Paris. 一般将来时 过去将来时I will be in Geneva on Monday, he said He said that he would be in Geneva on Monday. 将来进行时 过去将来进行时 She said, Ill be using the car next Friday. She said that she would be using the car next Friday. 2. 直接引语与间接引语变化中的三要素我们要很好地掌握直接引语变间接引语这一语法项目，关键要掌握下列“三要素”。要素一：陈述句的间接引语连接词用that，在口语中可省略。引述动词用said, told, 等。例如： 1) He said: “Ive left my book in my room.” He told me that he had left his book in his room. 2) She said: “He will be busy.” She said that he would be busy.要素二： 疑问句的间接引语。一般疑问句后连接词用if或whether，而引述选择疑问句时只能用whether，引述动词用asked，没有间接引语的可以加一个间接宾语me, him等，例如： She said to Tom, “Can you help me?” She asked Tom if /whether he could help her. 1) She asked, “Is this book yours or his?” She asked me whether that book was mine or his. 2) 特殊疑问句用原句中的疑问词作连接词，改为陈述语序。例如： The teacher asked, “how did you repair it?” The teacher asked me how I had repaired it.要素三：祈使句的间接引语采用“动词+宾语+不定式”结构。 told 即 asked sb. (not) to do sth. ordered warned注意：引语中的呼语可改成宾语。引语中的please 去掉，动词改为 ask 1) The teacher said to the students, “Dont waste your time.” The teacher told the students not to waste their time. 2) The mother said, “Tom, get up early, please.” The mother asked Tom to get up early.3. 直接引语与间接引语变化中需要注意的“五不变”在直接引语变间接引语时，还要注意以下五种不变的特殊情况。1 直接引语如果是客观真理，谚（习）语，变间接引语时时态不变。例如： The teacher said, “The earth goes round the sun.” The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun. My father said, “Practice makes perfect.” My father said practice makes perfect.2. 直接引语中被引述的部分是反复出现的，习惯性的动作或说话时情况仍然存在的，变间接引语时，时态保持不变，例如： The boy said to us, “ I usually get up at six every day.” The boy told us he usually gets up at six every day. He said, “We are still students. He said they are still students.3 直接引语如果有明确的表示过去的时间状语，时态不变。例如： He said to me, “I was born in 1978.” He told me that he was born in 1978. The engineer said, “I was at college in 1967.” The engineer said he was at college in 1967.4直接引语中凡有When， since，while 引导的从句，在变为间接引语时，只改变主句时态，从句的时态不变。例如： He said, “I have studied English since I was a boy.” He said he had studied English since he was a boy. She said, “I read the book while I was waiting for a bus. She said she had read the book while she was waiting for a bus. Mr. Green said to them, “Joe told me all about his story when he asked for a job.” Mr. Green told them Joe had told him all about his story when he asked for a job.5如果直接引语中引述部分含有insist, suggest, demand等引导的虚拟宾语从句，变间接引语时，引语中的主从句时态都不变。例如： He said, “We insisted that she start immediately. He said they (had) insisted that she start immediately. She said, “He demanded that the girl leave at once.” She said he demanded that the girl leave at once.另外，如果说话人转述自己的话，人称则可不变. 例如： I said to him, “I have finished it.”I told him I had finished it.如果就在当地转述, here不必变为there，come不必改为go，如果就在当天转述，则today, yesterday, tomorrow等状语也不必变化。例如： She said to us, Ill come here tomorrow.” She told us she would come here tomorrow.1.3 名词复数的不规则变化1）一些特殊变化 单数复数woman women man men child children tooth teeth foot feet person people leaf leaves half halves knife knives wife wives life lives loaf loaves potato potatoes cactus cacti focus foci fungus fungi nucleus nuclei syllabus syllabi/syllabuses analysis analyses diagnosis diagnoses oasis oases thesis theses crisis crises phenomenon phenomena criterion criteria datum data 注意：由一个词加 man 或 woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是 -men 和-women，如an Englishman，two Englishmen。但German不是合成词，故复数形式为Germans；Bowman是姓，其复数是the Bowmans。2） 2）单复同形，如deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese 等。但除人民币的元、角、分外，美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如：a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters。单数复数sheep sheep fish fish species species aircraft aircraft 3）集体名词，以单数形式出现，但实为复数。例如： peoplepolicecattle 等本身就是复数，不能说 a people，a police，a cattle，但可以说a person，a policeman，a head of cattle, the English，the British，the French，the Chinese，the Japanese，the Swiss 等名词，表示国民总称时，作复数用 如The Chinese are industries and brave.中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。4）以s结尾，仍为单数的名词，如：a. maths，politics，physics等学科名词，一般是不可数