大学英语段落翻译技巧(1).doc

大学英语段落翻译技巧(1)2013年7月，全国大学英语四六级考试委员会对大学英语四六级考试的试卷结构和测试题型做了局部调整，调整后的四六级翻译项目从原来的单句翻译变成了现在的段落翻译2013年12月，这一新的题型首次应用在四六级考试中。评分方式也由原来的语法点给分变成现在的总体评分（Global Scoring），也就是阅卷员根据翻译的总体印象，即文章的总体表达给出分数档。具体标准见下表： 档次 评分标准 13-15分 译文准确表达了原文的意思。用词贴切，行文流畅，基本上无语言错误，仅有个别小错。 10-12分 译文基本上表达了原文的意思。文字通顺、连贯，无重大语言错误。 7-9分 译文勉强表达了原文的意思。用词欠准确，语言错误相当多，其中有些是严重语言错误。 4-6分 译文仅表达了一小部分原文的意思。用词不准确，有相当多的严重语言错误。 1-3分 译文支离破碎。除个别词语或句子，绝大部分文字没有表达原文意思。 0分 未作答，或只有几个孤立的词，或译文与原文毫不相关。 表一 四六级评分标准-考委会版（用于总体评分） 由于是第一次考查这样的题型，阅卷组也进行了细致的分析，深入的讨论和谨慎的评判。因此，在确定分数档之后，阅卷员需要通过对考生翻译中的语法、用词以及拼写错误进行量化，然后扣分，最终决定考生的翻译分数。而语法的量化考核也有一定的标准，具体见下表：档次 评分标准 13-15分 有2处不明显的小错（冠词、单复数、时态、介词、用词不贴切等） 15分 有5处不明显的小错（冠词、单复数、时态、介词、用词不贴切等） 14分 有7处不明显的小错（冠词、单复数、时态、介词、用词不贴切等） 13分 10-12分 有一个严重错句 12分 有3处明显语言错误 11分 有4处明显语言错误 10分 7-9分 5个句子正确或基本正确 9分 4个句子正确或基本正确 8分 3个句子正确或基本正确 7分 4-6分 内容基本表达，有两个句子正确 6分 一个句子正确 5分 没有一个正确句子，但有三个句子有小错 4分 1-3分 内容基本表达，但所有句子都有错误和严重错误。严重错误少 3分 严重错误多 2分 严重错误极多 1分表二 四六级翻译评分标准-阅卷版（用于量化语法错误） 这两步之后，一份翻译的整体分数就确定了。总的来说，改革后的大学英语四六级翻译项目采取总体评分为主，量化考核为辅的评分方式：阅卷员首先通读整篇译文，根据总体评分的原则，确定其所属档位；其次详细阅读译文，寻找译文中的扣分点，在统计扣分点之后，根据量化考核的原则，确定译文最终的分数。以下将以2013年12月四级考试翻译中的中餐篇为例，给出各个分数档的参考译文以及阅卷员评语。翻译原文许多人喜欢中餐。在中国，烹饪不仅被视为一种技能，而且也被视为一种艺术。精心准备的中餐既可口又好看。烹饪技艺和配料在中国各地的差别很大。但好的烹饪都有一个共同点，总是要考虑到颜色、味道、口感和营养（nutrition）。由于食物对健康至关重要，好的厨师总是努力在谷物、肉类和蔬菜之间取得平衡，所以中餐既美味又健康。14分参考译文Many people enjoy Chinese food. In China, cooking is not only viewed as a skill but also regarded as a form of art. A carefully-prepared Chinese dinner can be both tasty and good looking. While cooking skills and ingredients differ largely from place to place in China, fine cooking always has something in common, that is the consideration of color, flavor, taste and nutrition. Since food is vital to the health, a fine cook is always trying to achieve a balance between cereals, meat and vegetables. Therefore, the Chinese food is both delicious and healthy. （红色字体为有错误部分）评语：1. 本译文用词贴切，行文流畅，注意到了句式的变化以及衔接词的使用。属于13-15分分数档的高分翻译。2. 出现了5处语法、用词的错误，所以最终确定为14分翻译。11分参考译文Many people like Chinese food. In china, cooking is regarded not only as a kind of skill but also as a kind of art. Chinese food, which is prepared carefully, is both delicious and good looking. Cooking skills and ingredients differ greatly from place to place in China. However, good cooking shares one thing in common: color, taste, feel and nutrition are always under consideration. Since food is of vital importance to health, good cooks are always trying to be balanced with grain, meat, and vegetables. As a result, Chinese food is delicious and healthy. （红色字体为有错误部分）评语：1. 本译文表达了绝大部分原文的意思，文字通顺连贯，用到了复杂句式，显示出了较强的语言功底。属于10-12分分数档的翻译。2. 有一个严重错句，且出现了3出明显的语言错误，所以最终定为11分翻译。8分参考译文Many people love Chinese food. In China, cooking is not only regarded a kind of skill, but also art. Well-prepared Chinese dishes taste good besides good look. There is a big different in cooking skills and ingredients between different parts of China. But one thing which is common in good dishes is that they all consider about the color, the tasting and the nutrition. As food is so important to health, good cookers always try to make a balance between corn, meat and vegetables. As a result, Chinese dishes are delicious and healthy. （划线句为正确句）评语：1. 译文基本表达原文意思，但用词欠缺，语言错误相当多，且其中很多属于重大语言错误，所以归为7-9分档。2. 划线句为正确句，总共4句，参照表2可知，本译文最终分数为8分。5分参考译文Many people like Chinese food. Cooking is not only a skill but also it is a kind of art. It is delicious and beautiful that Chinese meals carefully prepared. It is differently in cooking and material beside in Chinese. But, good meals have a common point which color, teast and nutrition are though about. Then a good cooker is always trying their best to balance it from meat vegetables and so on. Therefore, Chinese meals are delicious and heathy. （划线句为正确句）评语：1. 译文仅表达一部分原文意思。存在用词不准确，语言错误多等问题。所以定位为4-6分档译文。2. 参照表2，本译文中划线句为正确句，仅一句，所以最终定为5分译文。2分参考译文Many people like China food. In China, not only a technolege make food, and also an artist. Good food is eated fine and seems fine. How make food and make the food need what is defferent in defferent place in China. But make good food just only think the foods colour teste, feel make people and nutrition. Food is importand for health, so good people that make food is use more power for better on meat and vagitable, so Chinese food is taste good and more health.评语：本译文将原文内容基本表达，但是没有一个正确的句子，全部都存在严重语法错误。结合表一中的总体评分标准以及表二的语言错误量化标准，本译文为2分译文。0分未作答或者只有几个孤立的词，或与原文毫不相关的摘抄为0分。在此处需要特别指出的是，学生通过关键词中餐，好吃等创作的作文，也不给分。3. 汉译英翻译题样题及答案Part IV Translation (30 minutes) Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2. 剪纸（paper cutting）是中国最为流行的传统民间艺术形式之一。中国剪纸有一千五百多年的历史，在明朝和清朝时期（the Ming and Qing Dynasties）特别流行。人们常用剪纸美化居家环境。特别是在春节和婚庆期间，剪纸被用来装饰门窗和房间，以增加喜庆的气氛。剪纸最常用的颜色是红色，象征健康和兴旺。中国剪纸在世界各地很受欢迎，经常被用作馈赠外国友人的礼物。注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。Key: Paper cutting is one of Chinas most popular traditional folk arts. Chinese paper cutting has a history of more than 1,500 years. It was widespread particularly during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. People often beautify their homes with paper cuttings. During the Spring Festival and wedding celebrations, in particular, paper cuttings are used to decorate doors, windows and rooms in order to enhance the joyous atmosphere. The color most frequently used in paper cutting is red, which symbolizes health and prosperity. Chinese paper cutting is very popular around the world and it is often given as a present to foreign friends. 4.四级考试短文翻译技巧的新策略翻译题把原单句汉译英调整为段落汉译英。翻译内容涉及中国的历史、文化、经济、社会发展等。翻译题的长度为140160个汉字。据此，我们提出四级考试短文翻译技巧的新策略如下：4.1句子结构变形翻译技巧策略汉语是话题优先型的语言，英语是主语优先型的语言。作为话题优先型的语言，汉语中话题跟主语不一致并且话题比主语得到更高语法化。作为主语优先型的语言，英语主谓结构是高度语法化的句法结构。在话题位置上插入成分的过程称为话题化(topicalization)。汉语中的话题并非移位生成，研究主语优先型语言的语序类型，固然应该看S.V.O三者的排列，但研究话题优先型语言和主语话题并重型语言的语序类型，必须考虑另一个成分即话题T。要确定话题优先语言及主语话题并重型语言的语序应该看T、S、V、O四者的排列顺序。普通话的顺序是TSVO占优势。因此我们可以说，汉语作为话题优先型语言，有四个基本成分：T、S、V、O，其中T（话题）是高度语法化的，而S（主语）语法化程度不高。总之，在话题优先型语言中话题结构毋须靠移位形成。而主语优先型语言的基本结构中缺乏T，只有靠移位方能得到T。如：中国文化指产生发展于中国地域内的一种富有鲜明的民族特色的文化体系。我们这里讲的主要是精神文化和行为文化，以及这些精神文化和行为文化的某些物化的文化形式。The Chinese culture can be defined as a cultural system rich in distinct national style which took shape within the terrain of China. The culture includes the spiritual culture and behavioral culture as well as their materialized presentations. 4.2 避免“同义反复”翻译技巧策略从构词与搭配特点看，汉语词汇的“双音词化”，表达中的“四字格”形式，决定了汉语词语搭配中“同义反复”现象的频繁出现。研究表明，无论在构词搭配，成语搭配或者惯用搭配中，汉语的“同义反复”现象都要比英语的更加明显，更加普遍。英语词语搭配通常避免“同义反复”；而汉语词语搭配却往往使用“同义反复”。 由于汉语骈偶结构形式的需要，汉语骈偶结构中“同义反复”现象非常普遍。因此在汉译英时，英语译文往往需要避免“同义反复”。不了解这个原则，译文都会出现表达繁复、语义重复的现象。如：中国文化是一个历史的范畴，它经历了5000年的发展才形成了今天的面貌，底蕴厚重，博大精深。The Chinese culture belongs to the historical category, having undergone 5000-year development before it turns into todays splendid sight, both extensive and profound.4.3名词代词化翻译技巧策略汉语喜用名词，英语喜用代词。根据这一特点，汉译英时，每每遇到名词重复出现时，要设法避免重复这一名词。如：我们这里讲的主要是精神文化和行为文化，以及这些精神文化和行为文化的某些物化的文化形式。The culture includes the spiritual culture and behavioral culture as well as their materialized presentations.这里的“这些精神文化和行为文化的”不能重复译为“of the spiritual culture and behavioral culture”。一个代词“their”代替“of the spiritual culture and behavioral culture”。多精彩。4.4拆句和合并翻译技巧策略这是两种相对应的翻译方法。拆句法是把一个长而复杂的句子拆译成若干个较短、较简单的句子，通常用于英译汉；合并法是把若干个短句合并成一个长句，一般用于汉译英。汉语强调意合(形散意聚)，结构较松散，因此简单句较多；英语强调形合，结构较严密，因此长句较多。所以汉译英时要根据需要注意利用连词、分词、介词、不定式、定语从句、独立结构等把汉语短句连成长句；而英译汉时又常常要在原句的关系代词、关系副词、主谓连接处、并列或转折连接处、后续成分与主体的连接处，以及意群结束处将长句切断，译成汉语分句。这样就可以基本保留英语语序，顺译全句，顺应现代汉语长短句相替、单复句相间的句法修辞原则。如：同时它又是一个民族的范畴，在长期的相对独立的发展以及中外文化的冲撞交流中，以我为主，中国文化形成了自己的特色，卓然立于世界民族文化之林，成为东方民族文化的主要代表。Meanwhile it can be relegated to the national category. After a long process of relatively independent development followed by the collision and exchange afterwards between China and foreign countries, the Chinese culture assumed unique characteristics, became an outstanding member in the brilliant global family of national cultures, and grew to be a main representative of Oriental national cultures. 6 结语以上我们在汉英句法结构对比的基础上，结合汉英翻译理论和方法，对做好大学英语四级考试汉译英试题提出了一些解决策略。研究表明: 汉译英重在表达, 汉译英表达上的问题不仅会影响译文“语言通顺、流畅”，而且还会直接影响译文的“忠实性”。而汉译英表达的关键在于汉英句法结构对比与翻译的理论和技巧的运用。 总之，我们认为要做好大学英语四级考试汉译英，需要加强学生汉英句法结构对比的意识，以提高学生汉英句法结构在形式和内容方面的转换能力，提高学生的语言表达能力，为实现译文的“忠实性”提供必要的条件。段落翻译部分考题译文参考：【翻译原文】很多人喜欢中餐，在中国，烹饪不仅被视为一种技能，而且也被视为一种艺术。精心准备的中餐既可口又好看。烹饪技术和配料在中国各地差别很大。但好的烹饪都有一个共同点，总是要考虑到颜色、味道、口感和营养(nutrition)。由于食物对健康至关重要，好的厨师总是努力在谷物，肉类和蔬菜之间取得平衡。所以中餐美味又健康。【参考译文】Many people like Chinese food. In China, cooking is not only regarded as a skill but also an art. The well/carefully-prepared Chinese food is tasty and good-looking. The way of cooking and ingredients selection vary greatly across China. However, good cooking has one thing in common, that is, to always concern colors, smell, tastes and nutrition. As food is vital for mans health, good cooks are always making efforts to maintain balance between grains meats and vegetables. Thus, Chinese food is delicious and healthy.【参考译文】Many people like Chinese food. In China, cooking is not only regarded as a skill but also an art form. The well/carefully-prepared Chinese food is tasty and displayed beautifully. The way of cooking and selection of ingredients vary greatly across China. However, good cooking has one thing in common, that is, to always consider colors, smell, tastes and nutrition. As food is vital for our health, good cooks always make an effort to maintain balance between grains meats and vegetables. Thus, Chinese food is both delicious and healthy.【参考译文】Most people like Chinese food. In China, cooking is considered as not only a skill but also an art. The well-prepared Chinese food is both delicious and good-looking. Although cooking methods and food ingredient vary wildly indifferent places of China, it is common for good cuisine to take color, flavor, taste and nutrition into account. Since food is crucial to health, a good chef is insistently trying to seek balance between cereal, meat and vegetable, and accordingly Chinese food is delicious as well as healthy。2013年12月四级考试真题翻译汇总试卷一：中餐许多人喜欢中餐，在中国，烹饪不仅被视为一种技能，而且也被视为一种艺术。精心准备的中餐既可口又好看，烹饪技艺和配料在中国各地差别很大。但好的烹饪都有一个共同点，总是要考虑到颜色、味道、口感和营养。由于食物对健康至关重要，好的厨师总是努力在谷物、肉类和蔬菜之间取得平衡，所以中餐既味美又健康。Most people like Chinese food. In China, cooking is considered as not only a skill but also an art. The well-prepared Chinese food is both delicious and good-looking. Although cooking methods and food ingredient vary wildly in different places of China, it is common for good cuisine to take color, flavor, taste and nutrition into account. Since food is crucial to health, a good chef is insistently trying to seek balance between cereal, meat and vegetable, and accordingly Chinese food is delicious as well as healthy.试卷二：信息技术信息技术，正在飞速发展，中国公民也越来越重视信息技术，有些学校甚至将信息技术作为必修课程，对这一现象大家持不同观点。一部分人认为这是没有必要的，学生就应该学习传统的课程。另一部分人认为这是应该的，中国就应该与时俱进。不管怎样，信息技术引起广大人民的重视是一件好事。With full speed development of the information technology, Chinese citizens pay more and more attention to it. Some schools even take the information technology as a required course. For this phenomenon, different people have different opinions. Some people argue that it is not necessary to do this since the traditional courses are supposed to be learned. While some others hold the opposite view, they believe that China should keep pace with the times. No matter how, it is a good thing that information technology has drawn attention of the people.试卷三：茶文化你要茶还是咖啡？是用餐人常被问到的问题，许多西方人会选咖啡，而中国人则会选茶。相传，中国的一位帝王于五千年前发现了茶，并用来治病，在明清期间，茶馆遍布全国，饮茶在六世纪传到日本，但直到18世纪才传到欧美。如今，茶是世界上最流行的饮料之一，茶是中国的瑰宝。也是中国传统和文化的重要组成部分。 As for the dinning people, “Tea or Coffee?” is a question frequently asked. Coffee is usually the Westerns first choice, while tea is the preferment of Chinese. Tradition has it that tea is found by one Chinese Emperor, who lived 5000 years ago. At that time, tea is used to heal sickness. During Ming-Qing dynasties, teahouses are across the country. Tea-drinking spread into Japanese as early as in the 6th century, yet it did not spread into Europe and America until the 18th century. Nowadays, tea is one of the most popular beverages all over the world. Tea is the treasure of China and the important component of Chinese tradition and culture.试卷四：中国结 中国结最初是由手工艺人发明的，经过数百年不断的改进，已经成为一种优雅多彩的艺术和工艺。在古代，人们用它来记录事件，但现在主要是用于装饰的目的。“结”在中文里意味着爱情，婚姻和团聚,中国结常常作为礼物交换或作为饰品祈求好运和辟邪。这种形式的手工艺代代相传，现在已经在中国和世界各地越来越受欢迎。The Chinese knot was originally invented by the craftsmen. After hundreds of years of continuous improvement, has become a kind of elegant and colorful art and craft. In ancient times, people use it to record the event, but now used mainly for decorative purposes. The knot means love, marriage and reunion in Chinese. It is also used with jewelry as a gift to exchange or pray for good luck and ward off evil spirits. This form of handicraft has become increasingly popular in China and around the world from generation to generation2013年12月六级考试真题翻译汇总翻译一：中国人自古以来就在中秋时节庆祝丰收，这与北美地区庆祝感恩节的习俗十分相似，过中秋节的习俗与唐代早期在中国各地开始流行，中秋节在农历八月十五，是人们拜月的节日，这天夜晚皓月当空，人们合家团聚，共赏明月。2006年，中秋节被列为中国的文化遗产，2008年又被定为公共假日，月饼被视为中秋节不可 或缺的美食，人们将月饼作为礼物馈赠亲友或在家庭聚会上享用。传统的月饼上带有“寿”(longevity)、“福”或“和”等字样。 Since ancient times, the Chinese people usually celebrate harvest in the Mid-Autumn, which is similar to the custom of celebrating Thanksgiving in the North America. The Mid-Autumn has become popular all over China in the Early Tang Dynasty. The Mid-Autumn Festival, celebrated on the 15th day of the 8th month of the lunar calendar, is a day for worshiping the moon. At that day, family members get together and enjoy the bright moon in the sky at night. In 2006, the Mid-Autumn was listed as a China cultural heritage, and in 2008 designated as a public holiday. The moon cake, an indispensable food of the Festival, is often used as a gift for relatives and friends or enjoyed in the family party. Traditional moon cakes are imprinted with Chinese characters with such meanings as “longevity”, “happiness” or “harmony”.翻译二：丝绸之路：闻名于世的丝绸之路是一系列连接东西方的路线。丝绸之路是古代中国的丝绸贸易。丝绸之路上的贸易在中国、南亚、欧洲和发挥这重要作用。正是通过丝绸之路，中国的造纸、火药、指南针、印刷术传遍各地。同样，中国的丝绸、茶叶和瓷器也传遍各地，欧洲也是通过丝绸之路出口各种商品和植物，满足中国市场的需要。The world-renowned Silk Road is a series of routes connecting the East and the West. It extended more than 6,000 kilometers. The Silk Road was named after ancient Chinas silk trade which played an important role in the civilization development of China, South Asia, Europe and the Middle East. It was through the Silk Road that papermaking, gunpowder, compass and printing of the four great inventions of ancient China were introduced around the world. Similarly, Chinese silk, tea and porcelain spread all over the world. Europe also exported various goods and plants through the Silk Road to meet the needs of the Chinese market.翻译三：中国园林是经过三千多年演化而成的独具一格的园林景观。它既包括为皇室成员享乐而建造的大型花园，也包括学者、商人和卸任的政府官员为摆脱嘈杂的外部世界而建造的私家花园。这些花园构成了一种意在表达人与自然之间应有的调和关系的微缩景观。典型的中国园林周围有围墙，园内有池塘、假山、树木、花草一级各种各样由弯曲的小路和走廊衔接的建筑。散步在花园中，人们可以看到一系列精心设计的景观犹如山水画卷一般展示在面前。 Chinese gardens came into being after three thousand years of evolution and feature unique landscape. It contains both large garden intended for the royal family enjoyment and private gardens built for academics, businessmen and former government officials to get rid of the noise of the outside world. These gardens constituted a type of mini-landscape with the intention to express the harmonious relationship between human and nature. A typical Chinese garden is surrounded by a fence, with ponds, rockeries, trees, flowers and plants, and various buildings connected by winding paths and corridors inside. Strolling in the garden, people can see a series of carefully designed landscape just like landscape picture shown.模拟练习（一）：第一篇：农历八月十五日是中国的传统节日 中秋节。传说月亮在这一天最大最圆。中秋节的传说是非常丰富的，嫦娥（ Chang Er ）奔月是最为人所熟知的故事。虽然各地风俗不同，但是赏月是最流行的活动。每当中秋月亮升起，人们会将月饼、石榴（pomegranate ）、枣子等瓜果供于桌案上，全家人围桌而坐，边吃边谈，共赏明月。 参考译文：The Mid-Autumn Festival is one of the Chinese traditional festivals held on the 15th day of the 8th lunar month. Its said that the moon is at its brightest and roundest on that day. There are many legends about this festival, among which Chang Er flying to the moon is the most well-known. Although customs differ in different districts, enjoying the beautiful moon is the most popular activity. On that day when the moon rises, all the family members will sit around the table to talk and enjoy the glorious full moon as well as the fruits and desserts such as moon cakes, pomegranates and dates.第二篇：中国是一个幅员辽阔，资源丰富，历史悠久的多民族国家，每个民族都有其独特丰富的菜肴。地域菜系在地理环境，气候，文化传统，民族风俗和其它因素的影响下经过悠久历史的发展而形成的。最有影响力，最具代表性的是鲁，川，闽，苏，浙，湘，徽菜系，这八种被人们称为“八大菜系。”中国的“八大菜系”是以多种多样的烹饪方法区分的，各有其长处。参考译文：China i