跨文化交际 language and culture.ppt

Languageandinterculturalcommunication Languageandculture What slanguage cultureandwordmeaning Languageandthought Languageandsociety Outline What slanguage Languageisanorganizedsystemusingsignsthatcarryintentionalmeaningfromonepersontoanother P 63 Whenwetalkaboutlanguages weareusuallytalkingaboutorganizedsystemsratherthancommonknowledge Andweoftenfollowtherules I S like V you O Isbodylanguagealanguage notaformallanguage Humanmindisunabletocommunicatedirectlywithotherssothatweusesignstorepresenteverythingwehopetocommunicate spokensigns writtensigns Signsbythemselvesaremeaninglessuntiltheyrepresentaspecificobject actionoridea languageareintentionalcommunicationsystemsratherthanunintentionalones Withoutintention communicationisnotlanguage eg bodysmells notalanguage therearetwofactors senderandaudience Thesenderisusuallyreferredtoasthepersonproducingthemessagewhileaudienceusuallyreceivethemessage HTML HypertextMarkupLanguage wouldnotbeconsideredalanguage CharacteristicsofLanguage LanguageissymbolicRecountexperience representabstractideaLanguageisrule governedLanguageissubjectiveLanguageisdynamicandhasitsownlifecycle同志 小姐 CharacteristicsofLanguage Languageisarbitrary kangarooLanguageisconventional Pleasechoosethecorrectmeaningof终身大事a 工作b 事业c 婚姻d 生死 Structureofhumanlanguage VerbalinterculturalcommunicationRelationshipbetweenlanguageandculture Verbalinterculturalcommunicationhappenswhenpeoplefromdifferentculturalbackgroundscommunicatewitheachotherbyusinglanguage Masteringallthoserulesoflanguage suchasphonology 语音体系 morphology 词态学 syntax 句法学 andsemantics 语义学 isstillnotenoughforeffectivecommunication forlanguageandculturecannotbeseparated Theyareintertwined缠结 shapingeachother VerbalInterculturalCommunication Languageandculture relationshipbetweenlanguageandculture Languageisflesh andcultureisblood Withoutculture languagewouldbedead withoutlanguage culturewouldhavenoshape Communicationistheswimmingmotion languageistheswimmingskill andCultureiswater Withoutlanguage communicationwouldremaintoaverylimiteddegree inveryshallowwater Withoutculture therewouldbenocommunicationatall RelationshipbetweenLanguageandCulture Languageispartofculture Languageisthecarrierandcontainerofculture Languageisinfluencedandshapedbyculture Languagealsoexertsitsinfluenceonculture Languageandculturearecloselyrelated Languageandthought Ourlanguagehelpsmouldourwayofthinkinganddifferentlanguagesmayprobablyexpressouruniquewaysofunderstandingtheworld Twopointsinhistheory 1 Languagemaydetermineourthinkingpatterns 2 similaritybetweenlanguagesisrelative thegreatertheirstructuraldifferentiationis themorediversetheirconceptualizationoftheworldwillbe TheSapir WhorfHypothesis 萨丕尔 沃尔夫假说 Linguisticdeterminism 语言决定论 语言决定思维Linguisticrelativity 语言相对论 思维相对于语言 思维模式随着语言的不同而不同 Example1 1 Ifmylanguagehasonlyoneterm brother in law thatisappliedtomysister shusband myhusband sbrother andmyhusband ssisters husbands Iamledbymylanguagetoperceivealloftheserelativesinasimilarway Vocabulary throughwhatitgroupstogetherunderonelabelandwhatitdifferentiateswithdifferentlabels isonewayinwhichlanguageshapesourperceptionoftheworld Example2 HaveyoureadtheChineseclassictheRedChamberDream HowdidLinDaiyunandJiaBaoyurelatetoGrandmaJia Didtheoldladylovebothofthem Didshetreatthemasiftheywereequallyimportanttoher Ifdifferently why Canyoufindtheequivalentsfor孙and外孙 印欧语言 严式语言 严式思维轨迹 构造分析 逻辑演绎 智性精神汉语 宽式语言 宽式思维轨迹 整体领悟 类比联想 悟性精神 MoreabouttheSapir WhorfhypothesisThestrongversion 强式说 EmphasizesthedecisiveroleoflanguageastheshaperofourthinkingpatternsTheweakversion 弱式说 Suggestthatthereisacorrelationbetweenlanguage culture andthought thecross culturaldifferencesproducedinourwaysofthinkingarerelative ratherthancategorical Cultureandwordmeaning CultureandWordMeaning Worddifferencesareobviousinvariouslanguages Therelationbetweenwordanditsmeaningisarbitrary任意的 Forexample weliveinahouseinEnglish wealsoliveinacasainSpanishandwestillliveinabaninThai 2 CorrespondingChinesewordscannotalwaysexplaintheEnglishwords a Wordswithdifferentassociatedmeanings Languagereflectstheenvironmentwelivein history custom valuesandsoon whicharediverseindifferentcultures Sowordsthatrefertothesameobjectmayhavedifferentassociated 联想的 meanings Theculturally loadedwordsandexpressionsaregoodexamplesshowingtheculturalinfluenceonthemeaningsofwords VerbalInterculturalCommunication EnglishPhoenix 凤凰 ChinesePhoenix 凤凰 VerbalInterculturalCommunication ChineseDragon 龙 EnglishDragon 龙 VerbalInterculturalCommunication b Wordswithoutcounterpartinanotherlanguage Languagereflectsculture andculturaldiversityleadstothelackofvocabularyequivalence conceptequivalenceandexperienceequivalence Therefore therearealotofwordsthatwefailtofindthecounterpartsinanotherlanguage Forexample theEnglishword hippies motel wecannotfindexactcounterpartinChinese AmericanHippiesinthe1960s AmericanMotel Wordmeanings Dialectindifferentculture Differenttownhasdifferentdialect If2personscomingfromdifferentplacesdonotlearnPutonghua theywillconfusedbyseparatedialect Dialects RegionaldialectsDialectdiversitydevelopswhenpeopleareseparatedgeographicallyChinesedialects BritishdialectsSocialdialectsSocialboundariesandclassdifferencesBlackEnglishVernacular corruptedEnglish GenderlectsStandardandnon standarddialectStereotypeandlanguageattitude Heworkin Hebeworkin Hebesteadyworkin seofain tasageneralnegativeindicator Ididn tgonowhere Word finaldevoicingof b d and Word initially is d Socialdialects WilliamLabov 拉波夫 afamoussociolinguistHeconductedasurveyintheCityofNewYorkinthemiddleof1960s Theobjectiveofhissurveywastoexaminetherelationshipbetweenspeakers socialstatusandtheirphonologicalVARIATIONS TheSocialStratificationofEnglishinNewYorkCity 1966 纽约英语的社会阶层性 Labovexplicitlydelineatedthepatternsofstratificationbyclassandstyleandsuccessfullyintroducedclassasanindispensablesociolinguisticvariable 调查纽约市内不同阶层的人说英语时使用元音后的 r 音的情况 保留还是脱落 元音后 r 音的保留被认为是社会中上层人士说话的标志 genderlect Decidewhichofthefollowingispossiblyspokenbyafemale 1 Iwassonaive 2 Mygoodness there sthevice chancelor 3 Shutup 4 Youhavedoneit haven tyou 5 Won tyoupleasegetmethatglass 6 I llbedamned there safriendofmine 7 Oh dear thecupisbroken featuresforwomanlanguage 1 Womenusemore fancy colortermssuchasmauve palepurple andbeige palebrown 2 Womenuselesspowerfulcursewords 3 Womenusemoretagquestions 4 Womenpreferusinghedge e g sortof Iguess andintensifiers e g so very really absolutely 5 Women slinguisticbehaviorismoreindirectand hence morepolitethanmen s Standardandnon standarddialect Standardandnon standarddialect astandardizeddialect supportedbyinstitutions likegovernment schools publishedgrammars dictionaries andtextbooksTrueorFalse Onemoreprestigious acceptedlanguagedialect anylanguagethataredifferentfromthestandarddialectiscorrupted brokenvariety LanguageattitudeinEnglish theBrummieaccent leastintelligentaccent Itevenscoredlowerthanbeingsilent anexampleofthestereotypeattachedtotheBrummieaccent socialsnobbery negativemediastereotyping thepoorpublicimageoftheCityofBirmingham andthenorth southgeographicalandlinguisticdivide Languagecontact Situationinwhichgroupsofspeakersofdifferentlanguagescomeintocontactwithoneanother e g geographyconquesttrade Languagecontact LanguagecontactoccurswhentwoormorelanguagesorvarietiesinteractinthesamespeechcommunityLanguagecontactistheuseofmorethanonelanguageinthesameplaceatthesametime LanguageContact Outcomes Whathappenswhencultureswithdifferentlanguagescomeintocontact A Widespreadbilingualism usuallywithcode switching B Selectionofalinguafranca Anylanguageusedtoenablecommunicationbetweengroupsofpeopledifferingwithnativelanguages naturalorconstructedlanguages Twopossiblestrategies 1 Employanalreadyexistinglanguagea natural e g Swahili English b artificial e g Esperanto 2 Formnewlanguage Pidgin LinguaFranca oftencapitalized Alinguafrancaisalanguageorwayofcommunicatingwhichisusedbetweenpeoplewhodonotspeakoneanother snativelanguage Eg EnglishisrapidlybecomingthelinguafrancaofAsiaLatinforEuropeanscholarsinthe18thcentury ArabicforMid Asians Frenchfordiplomacy PutonghuafortheminorethnicsinChina Englishforallthepeopleintheworld Pidgin Areducedlanguagethatresultsfromextendedcontactbetweengroupsofpeoplewithnolanguageincommon itevolveswhentheyneedsomemeansofverbalcommunication perhapsfortrade butnogrouplearnsthenativelanguageofanyothergroupforsocialreasonsthatmayincludelackoftrustorofclosecontact Pidgin featuresLimitedfunctionsofuseAdjunctlanguage noonespeaksonlyapidgin LinguisticallysimplifiedDeveloptheirownrulesandnormsofusage ExamplesWestAfricanPidginEnglishChinookJargon NativeAmerican British FrenchtradersinthePacificNorthwest 19thc SolomonIslandPidgin SolomonIslands nostrictwordorder singlesetofpronounsxnocomplexsentencesxnodeterminersxnogrammaticalgenderxnoinflectionalmorphology plurals noun 3rdpersonpronoun ExamplesofPidginvocabulary talk talktalktalk chatter looklook stare crycry crycontinuallysan sunsansan sand ExamplesofPidginvocabulary InCameroonPidginf to at in forandfromGifdibukf Demdeif ch s Dudiswanf me abeg Givethebooktome Theyareinthechurch Dothisforme please Superstrate EnglishSubstrate OceaniclanguagesWhatdoes immean Minoluk impikipikibulongiuInotsee HIM pigbelongyou Ididn tseeyourpig Minolukpikipikibulongiu Example SolomonIslandsPidgin SolomonsPidginintransitivetransitiveluk look luk im seesomethingsut shoot sut im shootsomething Kwaio Oceaniclanguage aga look aga si seesomething fana shoot fana si shootsomething Example continued Pidgin Habgatleningkumdaun Havegotrainingcomedown Thereisraincomingdown Tumolomainokankum Tomorrowmynocancome TomorrowIcan tcome Mainohabkachibasket Mynohavecatchbasket Ididn tbringabasket 外国主人回家 看见玻璃窗打碎了 便问仆人缘故 仆人很流利地用 洋泾浜 回答 inside 里面 吱吱吱 outside 外面 喵喵喵 glass 玻璃 克郎当 洋主人一听就乐了 原来是猫抓老鼠闯的祸 洋行老板让中国司机到大光明电影院买电影票 司机空手而归 指手划脚地告诉老板 Manmountainmansea todaynosee tomorrowsee tomorrowsee samesee 老板也听懂了 人山人海 今天看不成了 明天看吧 明天看 还是那个影片 44