计算机英语学生用书第二版清华大学课后资料.doc

surround sE5raund vt. 包围，环境computational 7kCmpju(:)5teiFEnEl adj. 计算上的discrete dis5kri:t adj. 不连续的，离散的constrain kEn5strein v. 抑制，约束；束缚decimal 5desimEl adj. 十进的，十进位的judicious dVu(:)5diFEs adj .明智的，明断的equivalent i5kwivElEnt adj. 相等的，相当的intangible in5tAndVEbl adj. 难以明了的,无形的specify 5spesifai v. 指定，载明manipulation mE7nipju5leiFEn n. 处理，操作algorithm n. 算法fractional n. 片断，分数warrant v. 保证，担保concatenate v. 连接，链接spindle n. 轴，杆，心轴simultaneously adv. 同时地dedicated adj. 专用的variable n. 变量，变数(1) coding techniques(2) application software(3) floating point data(4) timesharing(5) storage capacities 1. 编码技术 2. 应用软件 3. 浮点数据 4. 分时，分时技术 5. 存储容量1. By using various coding techniques, groups of bits can be made to represent not only binary numbers but also other discrete symbols. 1.通过应用各种编码技术。一组二进制不但可以表示二进制数据，而且还可以表示其他离散符号，如十进制数字或字母表中的字母。VIII. Translate the following into English.2. System software includes not only the complex programs used by technicians to create application software in the first place but also the organizational programs needed to start up the computer and govern its use of other programs. 2.另一方面，系统软件控制计算机系统，它不仅包括专业人员用于创建应用软件的复杂程序，而且还包括用于启动计算机和提供给其它程序使用的管理程序。VIII. Translate the following into English.3. Data are numbers and other binary-code information that are operated on to achieve required computational results. 3.数据是数字和其他二进制代码信息，这些二进制代码信息是可操作并能满足要求的计算机结果。VIII. Translate the following into English.4. Rather than arithmetically or logically manipulating characters, a computer may concatenate strings of characters, replace some characters with others, or otherwise manipulate character strings. 4.计算机能将若干字符连成串，而不是用算术方法或逻辑方法处理字符，用串代替其它字符或另行处理字符串。VIII. Translate the following into English.5. Software applications like word processing, electronic spreadsheets, database management programs, painting and drawing programs, desktop publishing, and so forth became commercially available, giving more people reasons to use a computer.5.软件应用像文字处理、电子表格、数据库管理程序、画图程序及桌面印刷等等起到一定的商业效力，使更多的人去使用计算机。generic adj. 类的，一般的, 普通的execute :t vt. 执行，实行uppermost adj. 至上的，最主要的specify vt. 指定，详细说明，列入清单transmit vt. 传输，转送similarly adv. 同样地，类似于mechanism n. 机械装置，机制accessible adj. 易接近的，可到达的architecture n. 体系机构operand n. 操作数combinatorial adj. 组合的 supervise v. 监督，管理 generate vt. 产生，发生sequence n. 次序，顺序dictate v. 指令，指示，命令hierarchy n. 层次random adj. 任意的，随机的volatile adj. 挥发性的，可变的secondary adj. 次要的，二级的differentiate v. 区别，区分dynamic adj. 动力的，动态的attach vt. 缚上，系上fabricate vt. 制作，构成fuse :z n. 保险丝，熔丝erasable adj. 可消除的，可抹去的ultraviolet adj. 紫外线的，紫外的prototype n. 原型auxiliary adj. 辅助的 alphanumeric adj. 字母与数字混合编排的kiosk n. 书报亭，报摊infrared adj. 红外线的squirt :t v. 喷出octagonal adj. 八边形的，八角形的synchronization n. 同时(性)；物同步initiate vt. 开始，发动vector n. 数 向量，矢量implement vt. 贯彻，实现predetermined v. 预定，预先确定1. system buses2. virtual memory3. computer architecture4. instruction set5. direct memory access1.系统总线2.虚拟存储器3.计算机体系结构 4.指令集 5.直接存储器存取1. By asserting these internal and external control signals in the proper sequence, the control unit causes the CPU and the rest of the computer to perform the operation needed to correctly process instructions. 1.为了保证内部和外部控制信号的序列正确，控制单元保证CPU和计算机的其他部件提供需要正确执行的指令操作。VIII. Translate the following into English.2. In a computer with virtual memory, less-used parts of programs are shifted from RAM to a hard disk and are moved back only when needed. 2.在使用了虚拟存储器的计算机中，很少使用的程序从RAM被移到硬盘中，仅当需要时才被移回来。VIII. Translate the following into English.3. A technique used to compensate for the mismatch in operating speeds is to employ an extremely fast, small cache between the CPU and main memory whose access time is close to processor logic clock cycle time. 3. 为了弥补操作速度的不匹配，在CPU和主存之间采用非常快的小缓存，它的存取时间接近于处理器的逻辑时钟周期。VIII. Translate the following into English.4. The data transfer rate of peripherals is usually slower than the transfer rate of the CPU, and consequently, a synchronization mechanism may be needed.4.外设的数据传输速率通常比CPU的传输速率慢，因此就需要一个同步装置。VIII. Translate the following into English.5. In some computers the interrupt vector is an address that points to a location in memory where the beginning address of the I/O service routine is stored. 5.在一些计算机中，中断向量是一个地址，它指向存储器中存储I/O服务程序起始地址的单元。parallel 5pArElel adj. 平行的，类似的，并联的sequential si5kwinFEl adj. 连续的；顺次 序的concurrent kEn5kQrEnt adj. 并发的，协作的accomplish E5kCmpliF vt. 完成，达到，实现feasible 5fi:zEbl adj. 可行的，切实可行的distinguish dis5tiNwiF v. 区别，辨别divert di5vE:t v. 转移，转向manipulate mE5nipjuleit vt. 操作，使用(机器等)constitute 5kCnstitju:t vt. 制定，建立，组成theoretical WiE5retik(E)l adj. 理论的classification 7klAsifi5keiFEn n. 分类，分级segment 5semEnt n. 段，节，片断partition pB:5tiFEn n. 分割，划分analogous E5nAlEEs adj. 类似的，相似的elapse i5lAps vi. (时间)过去，消逝demonstrate 5demEnstreit vt. 示范，证明conventional kEn5venFEnl adj. 惯例的，常规的artificial B:ti5fiF(E)l adj. 人造的；人工的sophisticated sE5fistikeitid adj. 精密复杂的utilize ju:5tilaiz vt. 利用matrix 5meitriks n. 矩阵scalar 5skeilE adj. 梯状的，数量的，标量的variable 5vZEriEbl n. 数变数，可变物，变量paradoxical 7pArE5dCksikEl a. 自相矛盾的propagation prRpE5eiF(E)n n. 繁殖，传播eliminate i5limineit vt. 排除，消除invariably in5veEriEb(E)li adv. 不变地，总是correspond kCris5pCnd vi. 符合，通信，相应exclude iks5klu:d vt. 拒绝接纳，排斥compatibility kEm7pAti5biliti n. 兼容性intermingle 7intE(:)5miNl v. 混合hybrid 5haibrid n. 混血儿，混合物1. parallel processing2. pipeline processing3. vector processing4. scalar processor5. backward compatibility1.并行处理 2流水线处理3. 向量处理4. 标量处理器5. 向下兼容1. The purpose of parallel processing is to speed up the computer processing capability and increase its throughput, that is, the amount of processing that can be accomplished during a given interval of time. 1. 并行处理的目的是加快计算机的处理速度并增加其吞吐量，所谓吞吐量是指在规定的时间间隔内所完成的指令。VIII. Translate the following into English.2. It is characteristic of pipelines that several computations can be in process in distinct segments at the same time. 2. 流水线的特征就在于在同一时间里可以在不同的子过程中处理几个不同的运算。VIII. Translate the following into English.3. To achieve the required level of high performance it is necessary to utilize the fastest and most reliable hardware and apply innovative procedures from vector and parallel processing techniques.3. 只有采用最快和最可靠的硬件并应用向量处理和并行处理等新技术才能获得这些高性能的处理能力。VIII. Translate the following into English.4. In general, the greater the number of instructions in an instruction set, the larger the propagation delay is within the CPU. 4. 一般来说，指令集中的指令数量越多，CPU内部的传播延迟时间就越长。VIII. Translate the following into English.5. Although CISC processors are more complex, this complexity does not necessarily increase development costs. 5. 虽然CISC处理器更为复杂，但这并不一定必然会导致开发成本的增加。algorithm 5AlEriTEm n. 算法unambiguous 5QnAm5bijuEs adj. 不含糊的，明确的conform kEn5fC:m vt. 使一致，使遵守scenario si5nB:riEu n. 游戏的关，或某一特定情节culminate 5kQlmineit v. 达到顶点terminology 7tE:mi5nClEdVi n. 术语学primitive 5primitiv adj. 基元机器指令syntax 5sintAks n. 句法；句子结构学semantics si5mAntiks n. 语义学tedious 5ti:diEs adj. 单调乏味的，沉闷的pseudocode 5psju:dEu kEud adj. 伪代码notation nEu5teiFEn n. 符号uniform 5ju:nifC:m adj. 统一的，相同的，一致的distinction dis5tiNkFEn n. 区别，差别underlying 5QndE5laiiN adj. 基础的；基本的violate 5vaiEleit vt. 违犯，干扰，违反intractable in5trAktEbl adj. 难处理的naively neivli adj. 轻信的，缺乏经验或判断力的exhaustive g,zC:stiv adj. 无遗漏的，详尽的recursively ri5kE:sivli n. 递归(式)；递推，循环optimal 5CptimEl adj. 最佳的，最理想的randomize 5rAndEmaiz v. 使随机化dimensional di5menFEnEl adj. 维量的，维的straightforward streit5fC:wEd adj. 简单的，直接了当的consecutive kEn5sekjutiv adj. 连续的，联贯的envision in5viVEn vt. 想象，预想subtract sEb5trAkt vt. (常与from连用)减去；扣除simulate 5simjuleit vt. 模拟，模仿contiguous kEn5tijuEs adj. 邻近的，接近的preceding pri(:)5si:diN adj. 在前的，前述的routine ru:5ti:n n. 常规，程序accommodate E5kCmEdeit vt. 供应，供给retrieve ri5tri:v v. 寻回；取回allocation 7AlEu5keiFEn n. 分配，安置elaborate i5lAbErEt adj. 精心制作的，详细阐述的homogeneous 7hCmEu5dVi:njEs adj. 同类的，相似的iterate 5itEreit vt. 反复说，重申dummy 5dQmi adj. 虚拟的，假的，虚构的vacancy 5veikEnsi n. 空，空白，空缺，空闲extract ik5strAkt vt. 拔出；拉出sentinel 5sentinl n. (表某段信息开始或终了的)标记traverse trE5v:s vt. 通过；经过；横过1. parallel algorithm2. exhaustive search3. dynamic programming4. doubly-linked list5. two-dimensional array1.并行算法2. 穷举搜索3. 动态规划4. 双向链表5. 二维数组1. In short, communication problems arise when the language used for an algorithms representation is not precisely defined or when information is not given in adequate detail. 1. 简单的讲，算法描述所采用的语言不具有精确的定义或者信息不够详细也会使交流产生问题。VIII. Translate the following into English.2. Another common algorithmic structure involves that the need to continue executing a statement or sequence of statements as long as some condition remains true. 2. 另一种常见的算法结构是当条件为“真”时，循环执行一条语句或者语句序列。VIII. Translate the following into English.3. In many algorithms, running time will vary not only for inputs of different sizes, but also for different inputs of the same size. 3. 在众多算法中，影响运行时间的不仅有不同长度的输入，也包括相同长度的不同输入。VIII. Translate the following into English.4. Thus, dynamic programming is a bottom-up technique that usually begins by solving the smallest subproblems, saving these results, and then reusing them to solve larger and larger subproblems until the solution to the original problem is obtained. 4. 因此，动态规划方法是一种自下而上的方法，这种方法通常先解决最小的子问题，并保存其解，之后利用这些解对较大问题的求解，一步一步地进行直至得到原问题的解。VIII. Translate the following into English.5. Although CISC processors are more complex, this complexity does not necessarily increase development costs. 5. 虽然CISC处理器更为复杂，但这并不一定必然会导致开发成本的增加。influence 5influEns vt. 影响，改变module 5mCdju:l n. 模数，模块maintenance 5meintinEns n. 维护，保持abstraction Ab5strAkFEn n. 提取exception ik5sepFEn n. 除外，例外procedural prE5si:dVErEl adj. 程序上的alternative C:l5tE:nEtiv adj. 选择性的，二中择一的emulate 5emjuleit n. 仿效compile kEm5pail vt. 编译，编辑perspective pE5spektiv n. 观点，看法executable 5eksikju:tEbl adj. 可执行的，可实行的illustrate 5ilEstreit vt. 举例说明，图解oriented 5R:rientid adj. 以为方向目的的，面向的encapsulate in5kApsjuleit vt. 装入胶囊，压缩implement 5implimEnt vt. 贯彻，实现inheritance in5herit(E)ns n. 继承restate 5ri:5steit vt. 重新叙述，重申derive di5raiv v. 得来；得到corresponding kRri5spRndiN adj. 相应的，对应的successive sEk5sesiv adj. 继承的，连续的refinement ri5fainmEnt n. 精致，精巧reusability ri:9jU:zE5bilEti n. 可以再度使用性entity 5entiti n. 实体graphical 5rAfikEl adj. 绘成图画似的，绘画的customize kQstEmaiz v. 计定制，用户化embed im5bed vt. 使插入，使嵌入integrate 5intireit vt. 使成整体，使一体化extensible ik5stensib(E)l adj. 可展开的，可扩张的transform trAns5fC:m vt. 转换，改变1. Documentation is needed for everyone who will be involved with the program users, operators, and programmers. 1. 文档是每个涉及程序的人用户、操作员和程序员都需要的。VIII. Translate the following into English.2. Rather, programs written in a high-level language or assembly language are converted to machine language, which is then executed by the computer. 2. 当然，用高级语言或汇编语言编写的程序先被转化为机器语言，然后再让计算机执行。VIII. Translate the following into English.3. The corresponding programs set forth precise procedures, or series of instructions, and the programmer has to follow a proper order of actions to solve a problem. 3. 相应的程序设立了精确的过程，或一系列的代码，程序员必须遵照合理的处理顺序才能解决问题。VIII. Translate the following into English.4. 4GLs may not entirely replace third-generation languages because they are usually focused on specific tasks and hence offer fewer options. 4. 4GLs可能不会完全取代第三代语言，因为它们通常着重于特定的任务，选择余地较小。VIII. Translate the following into English.5. Inheritance is the means by which objects of a class can access member variables and functions contained in a previously defined class, without having to restate those definitions.5. 继承是指一个类的对象可以访问包含在以前定义的类中的成员变量和成员函数，而不必重新定义这些变量和函数。specialty 5speFElti n. 专业entertainment entE5teinmEnt n. 款待，娱乐collaboration kE7lAbE5reiFEn n. 协作choreographer 9kCriCrEfE(r) n. 舞蹈指导encyclopedia en7saiklEu5pi:diE n. 百科全书keystroke 5ki:strEuk n. 计键击，按键scroll skrEul vt. 使成卷形margin 5mB:dVin n. 边；缘predetermine 5pri:di5tE:min v. 预定，预先确定consolidate kEn5sClideit v. 巩固tutorial tju:5tC:riEl adj. 导师的；辅导的prescribe pris5kraib v. 指示，规定booklet 5buklit n. 小册子wysiwyg 5wiziwi 所见即所得alteration 7C:ltE5reiFEn n. 变更，改造thesaurus Wi5sC:rEs n. 分类词汇汇编；词典；字典imitate 5imiteit vt. 模仿，仿效intersection 7intE(:)5sekFEn n. 数交集，交叉点formula 5fC:mjulE n. 公式，规则ongoing 5CnEuiN adj. 正在进行的enormous i5nC:mEs adj. 巨大的，庞大的analytical 7AnE5litikEl adj. 分析的，解析的artwork 5B:twE:k n. 艺术品，美术品vice versa 5vaisi 5v:sE adv. 反之亦然exemplify i5zemplifai vt. 例证，例示bureaucracy bjuE5rCkrEsi n. 官僚，官僚作风accessory Ak5sesEri n. 附件，零件morass mE5rAs n. 沼泽，困境dribbling 5dribliN n. 漏泄unfathomable Qn5fATEmEbl adj. 深奥的，难解的chaotic kei5Ctik adj. 混乱的，无秩序的subset 5sQbset n. 数子集1. Application software is the software designed to help you solve problems specific to business or perform specific business tasks. 1. 应用软件是用来帮助人们解决特定业务领域问题或执行特殊的业务操作的软件。VIII. Translate the following into English.2. Although applications software packages differ in their use of specific commands and functions, most of them have some features in common.2. 虽然应用软件包在各自特定指令和功能的使用不同，但它们大部分有一些共同的特征。VIII. Translate the following into English.3. Many applications software programs allow you to copy an item from one document and then paste it into another document or application, or copy an item and place the copy in another part of the same document. 3. 许多应用软件程序允许用户从一个文档上复制文件，然后粘贴到另外的一份文档或者应用程序中，或在相同的文件另外的部分中复制一个项目或设置副本。VIII. Translate the following into English.4. The user can do all these manipulations on screen, in “wysiwyg” fashion, before printing out hardcopy. 4. 在印出硬拷贝之前，在所见即所得（wysiwyg）的功能下，用户都能在屏幕上操作以上所有处理。VIII. Translate the following into English.5. Its worth noting that word processing programs (and indeed most forms of applications software) come from the manufacturer with default settings.5. 值得一提的是字处理软件（并且大部分的应用软件）都会由厂家提供的基本格式。Endinterrelate 7intE(:)ri5leit v. (使)相互关连provision prE5viVEn n. 供应,预备manipulation mE7nipju5leiFEn n. 处理, 操作crash krAF n. 碰撞, 崩溃unauthorized 5Qn5C:WEraizd a. 未被授权的, 未经认可的anomalous E5nCmElEs adj. 不规则的, 反常的advent 5Advent n. 到来；来临redundancy ri5dQndEnsi n. 冗余inconsistency 9inkEnsistEnsi n. 矛盾duplicate 5dju:plikeit adj. 复制的,两重的isolation 7aisEu5leiFEn n. 隔绝, 孤立, 隔离integrity in5teriti n. 完整constraint kEn5streint n. 约束, 强制atomicity 7AtE5misiti n. 原子数crucial 5kru:F(E)l adj. 极重要的anomaly E5nRmEli n. 不规则，异常，反常respectively ri5spektivli adv. 分别地, 各个地withdrawal wiT5drC:El n. 收回，撤回supervision 7sju:pE5viVEn n. 监督, 管理payroll 5peirEul n. 薪水册distinguishable dis5tiNwiFEbl adj. 可区别的abstraction Ab5strAkFEn n. 提取distinction dis5tiNkFEn n. 区别, 差别teller 5telE(r) n. (银行)出纳员schema 5ski:mE n. 计划，方案intermediate 7intE5mi:djEt adj. 中间的 n. 媒介invoke in5vEuk v. 调用balance 5bAlEns n. 结余, 余额relational ri5leiFEnEl adj. 有联系的, 有关系的extraneous eks5treinjEs adj. 无关系的, 外来的remedy 5remidi vt. 补救, 矫正disallow disE5laJ vt. 不准许，禁止transaction trAn5zAkFEn n.交易, 事务1. Since the files and application programs are created by different programmers over a long period, the various files are likely to have different formats and the programs may be written in several programming languages.1. 由于文件和程序是由不同的程序员创建的，因此不同的文件可能采用不同的格式，不同的程序也可能是采用不同的计算机语言来编写。VIII. Translate the following into English.2. In what follows, we shall see the concepts and algorithms that have been developed for database systems to solve the problems mentioned.2. 接下来看一看数据库系统为了解决上述问题而提出的概念和算法。VIII. Translate the following into English.3. Despite the use of simpler structures at the logical level, some complexity remains, because of the large size of the database.3. 尽管在逻辑层使用了比较简单的结构，但由于数据库的规模巨大，所以仍存在一定程度的复杂性。VIII. Translate the following into English.4. Returning to the customer-record type definition, note that, in declaring the type customer, we have not declared any variables.4. 再回过头来看一下customer记录类型的定义。注意，我们只是定义了customer类型而没有定义任何变量。VIII. Translate the following into English.5. Ensuring the atomicity and durability properties is the responsibility of the database system itselfspecifically, of the transaction-management component.5. 原子性和持久性的保证则是数据库系统自身的任务，更确切一些，是事务管理器的任务。popularity 7pCpju5lAriti n. 普及，流行quantifiable 5kwCntifaiEbl adj. 可以计量的maintenance 5meintinEns n. 维护，保持daunting 5dC:nt iN adj. 使人畏缩的abstraction Ab5strAkFEn n. 提取consistency kEn5sistEnsi n. 始终一贯；前后一致primitive 5primitiv adj. 原始的，简单的functionality 7fQNkEFE5nAliti n. 函数性，泛函性iterative 5itErEtiv adj. 重复的，反复的embed im5bed vt. 使插入，使嵌入explicit iks5plisit adj. 明析的；明确的decomposition 7di:kCmpE5ziFEn n. 分解，腐烂mutually mjU:tFJEli adv. 互相地，互助exclusive iks5klu:siv adj. 排外的，唯一的prescriptive pri5skriptiv adj. 说明性的configuration kEn7fiju5reiFEn n. 构造，配置rigorous 5riErEs adj. 严格的，严厉的causal kC:z(E)l adj. 表示原因的；因果关系的commonality 7kCmE5nAliti n. 共同或普通的性质barrier 5bAriE n. 障碍specificity 7spesi5fisiti n. 特异性，特征quantitative 5kwCntitEtiv adj. 数量的，定量的hetero