高考英语 试题分项版解析Ⅲ专题03 社会生活、说理议论类阅读理解（学生版）.doc

2012年全国及各地高考英语分类精品解析系列简介单项选择题分类解析系列专题01单项选择题分类解析（冠词、名词和主谓一致）专题02单项选择题分类解析（代词）专题03单项选择题分类解析（介词和介词短语）专题04单项选择题分类解析（形容词和副词）专题05单项选择题分类解析（动词和动词短语）专题06单项选择题分类解析（动词的时态和语态）专题07单项选择题分类解析（情态动词和虚拟语气）专题08单项选择题分类解析（非谓语动词）专题09单项选择题分类解析（定语从句）专题10单项选择题分类解析（连词和状语从句）专题11单项选择题分类解析（名词性从句）专题12单项选择题分类解析（特殊句式）专题13单项选择题分类解析（交际用语）完形填空题分类解析系列专题01记叙文完形填空专题02夹叙夹议完形填空阅读理解题分类解析系列专题01人物传记、故事类阅读理解专题02新闻报道、广告类阅读理解专题03社会生活、说理议论类阅读理解专题04科普类阅读理解专题05新题型阅读理解书面表达题分类及选择讲评专题01书面表达题分类及选择讲评（文字提纲式）专题02书面表达题分类及选择讲评（图画式）专题03书面表达题分类及选择讲评（开放式）一、(2012课标卷)dgrown-ups are often surprised by how well they remember something they learned as children but have never practiced ever since. a man who has not had a chance to go swimming for years can still swim as well as ever when he gets back in the water. he can get on a bicycle after many years and still ride away. he can play catch and hit a ball as well as his son. a mother who has not thought about the words for years can teach her daughter the poem that begins twinkle, twinkle, little star or remember the story of cinderella or goldilocks and the three bears. one explanation is the law of overlearning , which can be stated as follows: once we have learned something, additional learning trials(尝试)increase the length of time we will remember it.in childhood we usually continue to practice such skills as swimming, bicycle riding, and playing baseball long after we have learned them. we continue to listen to and remind ourselves of words such as twinkle, twinkle, little star and childhood tales such as cinderella and goldilocks. we not only learn but overlearn.the multiplication tables(乘法口诀表)are an exception to the general rule that we forget rather quickly the things that we learn in school, because they are another of the things we overlearn in childhood.the law of overlearning explains why cramming(突击学习)for an examination, though it may result in a passing grade, is not a satisfactory way to learn a college course. by cramming, a student may learn the subject well enough to get by on the examination, but he is likely soon to forget almost everything he learned. a little overlearning, on the other hand, is really necessary for ones future development.69. according to the author, being able to use multiplication tables is_.a. a result of overlearningb. a special case of crammingc. a skill to deal with math problemsd. a basic step towards advanced studies【答案与解析】70. what is the authors opinion on cramming?a. it leads to failure in college exams.b. its helpful only in a limited way.c. its possible to result in poor memory.d. it increases students learning interest.【答案与解析】二、(2012大纲卷)(a)cold weather can hard on pets, just like it can be hard on people. sometimes owners forget that their cats are just as used to the warm shelter (住所) as they are. some owners will leave their animals outside for a long period of time, thinking that all animals are used to living outdoors. this can put their pets in danger of serious illness. there are things you can do to keep your animal warm and safe.keep your pets inside as much as you can when the weather is bad. if you have to take them out, stay outside with them. when youre cold enough to go inside, they probably are too. i you must leave them outside for a long time, make sure they have a warm, solid shelter against the wind, thick bedding, and plenty of non-frozen water.if left alone outside, dogs and cats can be very smart in their search for warm shelter. they can dig into snow banks or hide somewhere. watch them closely when they are left outdoors, and provide them with shelter of good quality. keep an eye on your pets water. sometimes owners dont realize that a water bowl has frozen and their pet cant get anything to drink. animals that dont have clean and unfrozen water may drink dirty water outside, which may contain something unhealthy for them. (b)you may think that sailing is a difficult sport, but it is really not hard to learn it. you do not need to be strong. but you need to be quick. and you need to understand a few basic rules about the wind.first, you must ask yourself, “where is the wind coming from? is it coming from ahead or behind or from the side?” you must think about this all the time on the boat. the wind direction tells you what to do with the sail.lets start with the wind blowing from the behind. this means the wind and the boat are going in the same direction. then you must always keep the sail outside the boat. it should be at a 90 angle (角度) to the boat. then it will catch the wind best.if the wind is blowing from the side, it is blowing across the boat. in this case, you must keep the sail half way outside the boat. it should be at a 45 angle to the boat. it needs to be out far enough to catch the wind, but it shouldnt flap (摆动). it shouldnt look like on a flagpole. if it is flapping, it is probably out too far, and the boat will slow down.sailing into the wind is not possible. if you try, the sail will flap and the boat will stop. you may want to go in that direction. it is possible, but you cant go in a straight line. you must go first in one direction and then in another. this is called tacking. when you are tacking, you must always keep the sail inside the boat.三、(2012北京卷)dwilderness“in wilderness(荒野) is the preservation of the world.” this is a famous saying from a writer regarded as one of the fathers of environmentalism. the frequency with which it is borrowed mirrors a heated debate on environmental protection: whether to place wilderness at the heart of what is to be preserved. as john sauven of greenpeace uk points out, there is a strong appeal in images of the wild, the untouched; more than anything else, they speak of the nature that many people value most dearly. the urge to leave the subject of such images untouched is strong, and the danger exploitation(开发) brings to such landscapes(景观) is real. some of these wildernesses also perform functions that humans needthe rainforests, for example, store carbon in vast quantities. to mr.sauven, these ”ecosystem services” far outweigh the gains from exploitation.lee lane, a visiting fellow at the hudson institute, takes the opposing view. he acknowledges that wildernesses do provide useful services, such as water conservation. but that is not, he argues, a reason to avoid all human presence, or indeed commercial and industrial exploitation. there are ever more people on the earth, and they reasonably and rightfully want to have better lives, rather than merely struggle for survival. while the ways of using resources have improved, there is still a growing need for raw materials, and some wildernesses contain them in abundance. if they can be tapped without reducing the services those wildernesses provide, the argument goes, there is no further reason not to do so. being untouched is not, in itself, a characteristic worth valuing above all others.i look forwards to seeing these views taken further, and to their being challenged by the other participants. one challenge that suggests itself to me is that both cases need to take on the question of spiritual value a little more directly. and there is a practical question as to whether wildernesses can be exploited without harm.this is a topic that calls for not only free expression of feelings, but also the guidance of reason. what position wilderness should enjoy in the preservation of the world obviously deserves much more serious thinking.69. what is the authors attitude towards this debate? a. objective. b. disapproving. c. skeptical. d. optimistic.【答案与解析】70. which of the following shows the structure of the passage?cp: central pointp: pointsp: sub-point(次要点)c: conclusion【答案与解析】四、(2012天津卷)abicycle safetyoperation always ride your bike in a safe, controlled manner on campus(校园). obey rules and regulations. watch out for walkers and other bicyclists, and always use your lights in dark conditions.theft prevention always securely lock your bicycle to a bicycle rack-even if you are only away for a minute. register your bike with the university department of public safety. its fast, easy, and free. registration permanently records your serial number, which is useful in the possible recovery of the bike stolen.equipmentbrakes make sure that they are in good working order and adjusted properly.helmet a necessity, make sure your helmet meets current safety standards and fit properly.lights always have a front headlight-visible at least 500 feet in front of the bike. a taillight is a good idea.rules of the roadriding on campus as a bicycle rider, you have a responsibility to ride only on streets and posted bicycle paths. riding on sidewalks or other walkways can lead to a fine. the speed limit for bicycles on campus is 15mph, unless otherwise posted. always give the right of ways to walkers. if you are involved in an accident, you are required to offer appropriate aid, call the department of public safety and remain at the scene until the officer lets you go.bicycle parking only park in areas reserved for bikes. trees, handrails, hallways, and sign posts are not for bicycle parking, and parking in such posts can result in a fine.if things go wrongif you break the rules, you will be fined. besides violating rules while riding bicycles on campus, you could be fined for:no bicycle registration-$25bicycle parking banned-$30blocking path with bicycle -$40violation of bicycle equipment requirement -$3537. according to the passage, what bike equipment is a free choice for bicycle riders?a. brakes. b. a helmet. c. a headlight. d.a taillight.【答案与解析】d you are given many opportunities in life to choose to be a victim or creator. when you choose to be a victim, the world is a cold and difficult place. “they” did things to you which caused all of your pain and suffering. “they” are wrong and bad, and life is terrible as long as “they” are around. or you may blame yourself for all your problems, thus internalizing(内化)your victimization. the truth is, your life is likely to stay that way as long as you feel a need to blame yourself or others.those who choose to be creators look at life quite differently. they know there are individuals who might like to control their lives, but they dont let this get in the way. they know they have their weaknesses, yet they dont blame themselves when they fail. whatever happens, they have choice in the matter. they believe their dance with each sacred(神圣的)moment of life is a gift and that storms are a natural part of life which can bring the rain needed for emotional and spiritual growth.victims and creators live in the same physical world and deal with many of the same physical realities, yet their experience of life is worlds apart. victims relish (沉溺)in anger, guilt, and other emotions that cause others-and even themselves-to feel like victims, too. creators consciously choose love, inspiration, and other qualities which inspire not only themselves, but all around them. both victims and creators always have choice to determine the direction of their lives.in reality, all of us play the victim or the creator at various points in our lives. one person, on losing a job or a special relationship, may feel as if it is the end of the world and sink into terrible suffering for months, years, or even a lifetime. another with the same experience may choose to first experience the grief, then accept the loss and soon move on to be a powerful creative force in his life.in every moment and every circumstance, you can choose to have fuller, richer life by setting a clear intention to transform the victim within, and by inviting into your life the powerful creator that you are.51. what does the word “they” in paragraph 1 probably refer to?a. people and things around you. b. opportunities and problems.c. creators and their choices. d. victims and their sufferings.【答案与解析】52. according to paragraph 2, creators _.a. seem willing to experience failures in lifeb. possess the ability to predict future lifec. handle ups and downs of life wiselyd. have potential to create something new【答案与解析】53. what can we learn from paragraph 3?a. creators and victims face quite different things in life.b. creators and victims are masters of their lives.c. victims can influence more people than creators.d. compared with victims, creators are more emotional.【答案与解析】五、(2012重庆卷)cthere is no better way to enjoy scottish traditions than going fishing and tasting a little whisky(威士忌)at a quiet place like the inverlochy castle. when queen victoria visited the in 1873 she wrote in her diary, “i never saw a lovelier spot ,” and she didnt even go fishing.scotland is not easily defined. in certain moments, this quiet land of lakes and grass mountains changes before your very eyes. when evening gently sweeps the hillside into orange, the rivers, teeming with fish, can turn into streams of gold. as you settle down with just a people and a basket on the bank of river orchy, near the inverlochy castle , any frustration will float away as gently as the circling water. its just you and purple , pink ,white flowers, a perfect harmony . if you are a new comer to fishing, learning the basics form a fishing leave you with a lifetimes fun. four many, fishing is more than a sport; it is an artscotland offers interesting place where you can rest after a long days fishing. set wild mountain and hidden behind woodland, the beautiful inverlochy castle hotel below the a perfect place to see the beauty of scotlands mountains . ben nevis is the highest of mountains, and reaching its 1342-metre top is a challenge. but its not just what goes matters; what comes down is unique . more than 900 metres high, on the mountains north an all-important source of pure water. its name comes form the gaelic language “usqueb “water of life”; and it is the single most important ingredient(原料) in scotlands best know whisky.dto take the apple as a forbidden fruit is the most unlikely story the christians（基督教徒）have ever cooked up. for them, the forbidden fruit from eden is evil（邪恶的）.so when columbus brought the tomato back from south america, a land mistakenly considered to be eden, everyone jumped to the obvious conclusion. wrongly taken as the apple of eden, the tomato was shut out of the door of europeans.what made it particularly terrifying was its similarity to the mandrake, a plant that was thought to have come from hell （地狱）.what earned the plant its awful reputation was its roots which looked like a dried-up human body occupied by evil spirits. though the tomato and the mandrake were quite different except that both had bright red or yellow fruit, the general population considered them one and the same, too terrible to touch.cautious europeans long ignored the tomato, and until the early 1700s most of the western people continued to drag their feet. in the 1880s, the daughter of a well-known plant expert wrote that the most interesting part of an afternoon tea at her fathers house had been the “introduction this wonderful new fruit-or is it a vegetable?” as late as the twentieth century some writers still classed tomatoes with mandrakes as an ”evil fruit”.but in the end tomatoes carried the day. the hero of the tomato was an american named robert johnson, and when he was publicly going to eat the tomato in 1820,people journeyed for hundreds of miles to watch him drop dead.” what are you afraid of?” he shouted. ”ill show you fools these things are good to eat!” then he bit into the tomato. some people fainted. but he survived and, according to a local story, set up a tomato-canning factory.68. the tomato was shut out of the door of early europeans mainly because _.a .it made christians evil b. it was the apple of eden c. it came from a forbidden landd. it was religiously unacceptable 【答案与解析】71. what is the main purpose of the passage ?a .to challenge peoples fixed concept of the tomato b .to give an explanation to peoples dislike of the tomato c .to present the change of peoples attitudes to the tomato d .to show the process of freeing the tomato from religious influence 【答案与解析】e in his 1930 essay “economic possibilities for our grandchildren “, john keynes, economist, rewrote that human needs fall into two classes: absolute needs ,which are indeed what other have , and relative needs ,which make us feel superior to our fellows. he thought although relative needs may indeed be insatiable (无止境的) this is not true of absolute keynes was surely correct that only a small part of total spending id decided by the super- iority he was greatly mistaken, however, in seeing this derive as the only source of demands decisions to spend are also driven by ideas of quality which can influence the den almost all goods, including even basic goods like food. when a couple goes out for an dinner, for example, the thought of feeling superior to others probably never comes to them. the goal is to share a special meal that stands out from other meals.there are no obvious limits to the escalation of demand for quality. for example, porsche famous car producer, has a model which was considered perhaps the best sport car on the mark priced at over $120,000,it handles perfectly well and has great speed acceleration. but in 200 the producer introduced some changes which made the model slightly better in handling acceleration. people who really care about cars f