非谓语动词讲解.doc

.非谓语动词非谓语动词: 1动词不定式 2动名词 3分词( 现在分词；过去分词)概述：1.谓语动词：在句子中担任谓语的动词2.非谓语动词：是动词的特殊形式，在句中可以作除谓语外的所有成分。它们不受主语人称和数的限制，在句子中不能充当谓语，但可以充当句子的其他成分，并且有时态和语态的变化。非谓语动词使用条件一个句子当中，已经存在一个主句（谓语动词）,又没有连词的情况下, 还有别的动词出现时。She got off the bus, leaving her handbag on her seat.She got off the bus, but left her handbag on her seat.动词不定式一动词不定式的时态和被动形式动词不定式是非谓语动词的一种，由不定式符号(to)加动词原形构成。不定式的形式有五种：1一般式to do 例如：I like to read English.2进行式to be doing 例如：He seemed to be reading something at that time.3完成式to have done 例如：He seemed to have cleaned the room.4被动式to be done 例如：The work is to be done soon.5完成被动式to have been done例如：The boy is said to have been sent to hospital yesterday.二. 动词不定式的用法I.作主语 (1)不定式做主语时，可以直接放在谓语动词之前。To see is to believe Not to get there in time is your fault.(2)注：常用it做形式主语，将to do放在位于之后，使句子保持平衡。句型1：It + 谓语 + to do It takes us an hour _to_ get there by bus.句型2：Its + n. + to do Its our duty _to_ help the poor.It is a great enjoyment _to_ spend our holiday in the mountains.句型3： It is + adj + for sb to do sth（是形容事物的性质的 ）It is + adj + of sb to do sth（是形容人的品质的 ）It is easy for me to finish this work before ten. It is a great honor for us to be present at your birthday party. It is very kind of you to give me some help.Its impolite of you to speak to the teacher like that.II.作宾语接不定式做宾语I want to know this matter.I dont expect to meet you here(1)常见动词有：like, demand, expect, promise, begin, determine, refuse, offer, fail, manage, learn, seem, intend, forget, want, prepare, pretend, refuse, plan, afford, wish等They wanted _ _( get ) on the bus, didnt they? He said he wished _( be ) a professor.(2)it作形式宾语I find/feel to work with him interesting I find/feel it interesting to work with himSubject+ find/think/feel/make/ consider it+adj/n + to do sth. 1.We thought _ better _ _ start early. 2.Do you consider _ _ better not _ _ go?3. I feel _ _ my duty _ _ change all that. 4.We think _ important _ _ obey the law.5.I know _ impossible _ _ finish so much homework in a day.(3)常跟疑问词+不定式作宾语的动词:tell, advise, show, teach, find out, decide, discuss, learn, explain, know, discover, He taught us how to use the tool. No one could tell me where to get the book.I havent decided whether to go or stay. 下列词接动名词和不定式均可，但意义不同的动词：stop to do 停下来去做 stop doing 停止做forget to do 忘记要做 forget doing 忘记做过remember to do 记得要做 remember doing 记得做过regret to do 遗憾要做 regret doing 后悔做过try to do 企图做，尽力做 try doing 试着做go on to do 继续做（另一件事） go on doing 继续做（同一件事）mean to do 打算做 mean doing 意味做1 In some parts of London, missing a bus means _ _ for another hour.A waiting B to waiting C wait D to be waiting2 Boys, dont forget _ _ the windows before you leave the classroom.A. closingB. closedC. to closingD. to close3 She reached the top of the hill and stopped _ _ on a big rock.A. to have restedB. restingC. to restD. rest4 Remember _ _ the lights when you leave the office.A. to turn offB. turning offC. turn offD. to turning off(4)在cannot but, cannot choose/help but 之后接不带to的不定式I have no choice but _to wait_.（wait）“前有do,后无to”I cant do anything but _go_ (go )out with her.III.作宾语补足语1. Ill get someone _ _ repair the recorder for you. 2. What caused him _ _ change his mind? advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, expect, encourage, force, get, hate, invite , order, wish , want, warn, remind, promise, permit, persuade, request+sb. to do注意：（1）在动词feel （一感），hear, listen to（二听），have, let, make（三让），notice, see, watch, observe, look at（五看）(即：吾看三室两厅一感觉)等后面的补足语中，不定式不带to，但变为被动语态后，必须带to。如：They saw the boy fall off the tree. The boy was seen to fall off the tree.(2)help后面作宾语补足语的不定式可以带to,也可以不带to.I often help him （to）clean the room. I helped him (to) find his things. He is often heard _(sing) the song. Though he often made his deskmate _(cry), today he was made _(cry) by his deskmate.IV作定语 I have something to tell you. (不定式作定语)1)不定式与它所修饰的词有动宾关系 Do you have anything to wash today?2)不定式用来说明所修饰词的内容 I have no chance to go there.3)被修饰词是不定式的逻辑主语 She is always the last to leave the room.4)不定式为不及物动词且和所修饰的名词是动宾关系时，须加介词 1.The house is not big enough for us all_ _.A. to live inB. to be lived in C. to live D. for living in2. Would you please pass me the knife _ _?A. to cut the fruit withB. to cut the fruit C. cutting the fruitD. cutting the fruit with3.I have something important to say. Please find a piece of paper to write on （写上）4.Excuse me，could I use your pen for a moment？I have no pen to write with （写）V.作状语 不定式作状语可以表示目的、原因、结果。I came here to see youWe were very excited to hear the newsHe hurried to the school to find nobody there. 对比To learn English well, he needs a good dictionary.To learn English well, a good dictionary is needed.To get there in time, he told me to get up early.不定式的主动形式表示被动意义I have something important to do. In the accident, the driver was to blame.This question is difficult to answer. The box is not easy to carry. 动名词一. 动名词的基本构成：动词+ing。具有动词和名词的性质。主动语态被动语态一般式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving been doneNo one likes being laughed at.I dont remember having ever been given a chance to do it.二.动名词的用法 Smoking does great harm to peoples health.（作主语） My job is looking after children.（作表语） I have finished reading the novel.（作宾语） We have got a swimming pool in our school.（做定语）注意：下列动词后只能用动名词：admit, advise, suggest, avoid, consider, delay, deny, excuse, finish, imagine, include, keep(on), mind, , practice, miss, resist.e.g.He finished reading the novel in two days.I am considering going there by bicycle.I suggested putting off the meeting till next Wednesday.I am sorry to miss catching the first bus.下列词组后只能用动名词：be/get used to ,cant help/stop, cant stand , give up, feel like, look forward to, get down to, have difficulty/trouble (in),be busy (in),put off,pay attention to, insist on等等。 e.g.He has been used to living I the city after so many years have passed.I dont like going to see the film now.She sat there without _ _ (speak) I look forward to_ _ (see) him again.Are you used to _ _ (live) there alone? When my father heard the news, he couldnt help _ _ (laugh).I dont feel like _ _ (go) to see the film. He was busy _ _ (prepare) his lessons主动表被动（1） 主语+be(well) worth+doing 某事很值得一做（2） 主语+need/want/require + doing 某事需要被做=主语 + need/want/require to be doneThe TV program is well worth watching.The bike needs repairing immediately.=The bike needs to be repaired immediately. The room wants _ _ (clean). The method needs _ _ (improve). This pair of shoes require _ _ (mend). The problem needs_ (work out). The question is well worth _ _ (discuss)动名词的复合结构动名词前可以加一个 物主代词或 名词所有格来表示 这个动名词逻辑上的主语 ，构成动名词的复合结构或动名词短语Nixons visiting China marked a new year between U.S. and China diplomatic relations. Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us.分词1、 分词的构成 现在分词 一般时：表示和谓语动词的动作同时发生。分词 完成时：表示在谓语动词之前发生的动作。 过去分词：表示被动的或已完成的动作。e.g.Hearing the news, we all jumped with joy.Having studied in the university for 4 years, he knows the place very well.Having been criticized by the teacher, Li Gang finally gave up smoking.He always has his hair cut every three weeks.（一） 分词的作用 现在分词表示：主动，动作正在进行。过去分词表示：被动，动作已经完成。1作定语Do you know the boy standing at the gate?Have you read the book written by Lu Xun？2作表语We are excited at the news.The news he told us is exciting.3作宾语补足语I heard him singing a song in the classroom.We found the ground covered with snow.4作状语While lying in bed, he listened to some music.Seen from the hill, the village looks move beautiful.分词作状语时，它的逻辑主语就是句子的主语，否则分词前面必须有自己的主语。现在分词与过去分词在作状语的区别:现在分词表主动进行，过去分词表被动完成1. (Seeing/seen) from the top of the tower, we can see a beautiful factory. (Seeing/seen) from the top of the tower, the factory looks beautiful.2. (Hearing/heard) the bad news, they couldnt help crying.(When they heard the bad news)3. (Giving/Given) more time, we could do it better. (If they had been given more attention)4. I stood by the door, not daring to say a word.Being so angry, he couldnt go to sleep. (Because he was so angry)They came into the classroom, singing and laughing. (and they were singing laughing)To serve the people well, I study hard. (In order to serve the people well)（二）分词的时态现在分词分一般式和完成式，而过去分词则没有时态形式的变化。现在分词的一般式表示动作与谓语动词同时发生，或在谓语动词之前发生。例如：Knowing his uncle would come, he began to make some preparations.现在分词的完成时，表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前,常用作状语。例如：Having finished his homework, he went to bed.（三）现在分词的被动式被动一般式 being done 被动完成式 having been doneThis is one of the new supermarkets being built in our city. Having been told many times, he was able to operate the machine.（四）分词的否定形式分词的否定式，由not+分词构成，例如：Not having heard the news. I wrote to him again.Not knowing how to work out the maths problem, I went to the teacher for help.（五）分词独立主格结构当分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语不同时，带逻辑主语的分词短语成为独立主格结构，在句法功能上起状语作用。例如：Weather permitting, they will go and visit the science museum.The meeting being over, they all left the room.Given more time, we could do it better.The moon appearing, they decided to go on with their journey.She stood there, book in hand.Everybody at home, we sat down to dinner.由There being +主语 这种结构多表示原因。例如：There being a lot of books to read, he often studied till midnight.因为有许多书要读，他经常学习到深夜。with + 复合宾语结构（1） with + 名词 / 代词 + 形容词 Dont speak with your mouth full.（2） with + 名词 / 代词 + 副词 The square looks more beautiful than ever with the lights on.（3） with + 名词 / 代词 + 介词短语 He was asleep with his head on his arms.（4） with + 名词 / 代词 + -ing分词She felt very nervous with so many people looking at her.With the old man leading, the two started toward the mountains.（5） with + 名词 / 代词 + 不定式 With five minutes to go before the last train left, we arrived here.（6） with + 名词 / 代词 + -en分词 With his matter settled, we left the room.非谓语真题练习1【全国卷II】 Tony lent me the money, _ that Id do as much for him.A. hopingB. to hopeC. hopedD. having hoped 2【全国卷II】 The old man sat in front of the television every evening, happy_ anything that happened to be on.A. to watchB. watchingC. watchedD. to have watched 3【安徽】24. I remembered the door before I left the office, but forgot to turn off the lights. A. locking B. to lock C. having locked D. to have locked 4【安徽】30. When for his views about his teaching job, Philip said he found it very interesting and rewarding. A. asking B. asked C. having asked D. to be asked 5【重庆】23. _to work overtime that evening, I missed a wonderful film. A. Having been asked B. To ask C. Having asked D. To be asked6【重庆】28. Were having a meeting in half an hour. The decision _at the meeting will influence the future of our company.A. to be made B. being madeC. made D. having been made 7【全国】28. The party will be held in the garden, weather .A. permitting B. to permit C. permitted D. permit 8【全国】32. Film has a much shorter history, especially when_ such art forms as music and painting.A. having compared to B. comparing toC. compare to D. compared to 9【北京】23. One learns a language by making mistakes and _ them.A. corrects B. correct C. to correct D. correcting 10【北京】27. _ with care, one tin will last for six weeks.A. Use B. Using C. Used D. To use 11【北京】31. _ at the door before you enter my room, please.A. Knock B. Knocking C. Knocked D. To knock 12【福建】28. China recently tightened its waters controls near the Huangyan Island to prevent Chinese fishing boats from _ in the South China Sea. A. attacking B. having attacking C. being attacked D. having been attacked 13【福建】34. Pressed from his parents, and _ that he has wasted too much time, the boy is determined to stop playing video games.A. realizing B. realized C. to realize D. being realized 14【陕西】15. _ in a long queue, we waited for the store to open to buy a New iPad.A. Standing B. To stand C. Stood D. Stand 15【陕西】22. If he takes on this work, he will have no choice but _ an even greater challenge.A. meets B. meeting C. meet D. to meet 16【山东】26. George returned after the war, only _ that his wife had left him.A. to be told B. telling C. being told D. told 17【山东】35. After completing and signing it, please return the form to us in the envelope _.A. providing B. provided C. having provided D. provide 18【湖南】21. Weve had a good start, but next, more work needs _ to achieve the final success.A. being done B. do C. to be done D. to do 19【湖南】23. Time, _ correctly, is money in the bank.A. to use B. used C. using D. use 20【湖南】31. The lecture, _ at 7:00 pm last night, was followed by an observation of the moon with telescopes.A. starting B. being starting C. to start D. to be started 21【天津】11. He got up late and hurried to his office, _ the breakfast untouched.A. left B. to leave C. leaving D. having left 22【江西】33. Having finished her project, she was invited by the school _ to the new students.A. speaking B. having spoken C. to speak D. to have spoken 23【江西】35. John has really got the job because he showed me the official letter _ him it.A. offered B. offering C. to offer D. to be offered 24【辽宁】25. The old couple often take a walk after super in the park with their pet dog _.A. to follow B. following C. followed D. follows 25【辽宁】29. This machine is very easy _. Anybody can learn to use it in a few minutes.A. operating B. to be operating C. operated D. to operate 26【四川】6. Tom took a taxi to the airport, only _ his plane high up in the sky.A. finding B. to find C. being found D. to have found 27【四川】8. I looked up and noticed a snake _ its way up the tree to catch its breakfast.A. to wind B. wind C. winding D. wound 28【四川】12. Before driving into the city, you are required to get your car _.A. washed B. wash C. washing D. to wash 29【浙江】3. No matter how bright a talker you are, there are times when its better _ silent.A. remain B. be remaining C. having remained D. to remain 30【浙江】8. I think Tom, as the head of a big department, should either study regularly or _ his job.A. quits B. to quit C. quitting D. quit 31【浙江】11. “Its such a nice place,” Mother said as she sat at the table _ for customers.A. to be reserved B. having reserved C. reserving D. reserved 32【江苏】31. _ an important decision more on emotion than on reason, you will regret it soon or later.A. Based B. Basing C. Base D. To base 1-5 AABBA 6-10 AADDC 11-15 ACAAD 16-20 ABCBA 21-25 CCBBD26-30 BCADD 31-32 DBLesson 20 Pioneer pilots 飞行员的先驱一、【Text】课文In 1908 Lord Northcliffe offered a prize of 1000 to the first man who would fly across the English Channel. Over a year passed before the first attempt was made. On July 19th, 1909, in the early morning, Hubert Latham took off from the French coast in his plane the Antoinette IV. He had travelled only seven miles across the Channel when his engine failed and he was forced to land on the sea. The Antoinette floated on the water until Latham was picked up by a ship.Two days later, Louis Bleriot arrived near Calais with a plane called No. XI. Bleriot had been making planes since 1905 and this was his latest model. A week before, he had completed a successful overland flight during which he covered twenty-six miles. Latham, however did not give up easily. He, too, arrived near Calais on the same day with a new Antonette. It looks as if there would be an exciting race across the Channel. Both planes were going to take off on July 25th, but Latham failed to get up early enough. After making a short test flight at 4.15 a.m., Bleriot set off half an hour later. His great flight lasted thirty seven minutes. When he landed near Dover, the first person to greet him was a local policeman. Latham made another attempt a week later and got within half a mile of Dover, but he was unlucky again. His engine failed and he landed on the sea for the second time.Lesson 21 Daniel Mendoza 丹尼尔门多萨一、【Text】课文Boxing matches were very popular in England two hundred years ago. In those days, boxers fought with bare fists for Prize money. Because of this, they were known as prizefighters. However, boxing was very crude, for there were no rules and a prizefighter could be seriously injured or even killed during a match. One of the most colourful figures in boxing history was Daniel Mendoza who was born in 1764. The use of gloves was not introduced until 1860 when the Marquis