（信号与信息处理专业论文）无线传感网络中路由协议的研究.pdf

? ? - i ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ad hoc ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? abstract - ii abstract the wireless sensor network can be defined as an autonomous, ad hoc system consisting of a collective of networked sensor nodes designed to intercommunication via wireless communication. these nodes coordinate to perform a common task. they apperceive, collect and compute the information of the objects, then transmit the aggregated data to the observer. the wireless sensor network has many advantages, such as rapid network formation, therefore it is widely used in military, national defense, environment monitoring, industry and agriculture, etc. compared to the traditional ad hoc network, the energy of the sensor nodes in wireless sensor network is very limited, so the primary aim of designing for routing protocols in wireless sensor network is to improve the energy efficiency of sensor nodes and to prolong lifetime of the whole network. in this paper, it introduces the principle and structure of the wireless sensor network at the beginning, then discusses the routing protocols in detail, such as data-centric protocols, hierarchical protocols and location-based protocols, etc. after that it gives out a modified algorithm based on the directed diffusion protocol, and makes a comparison between the two algorithms at last. the result shows that the modified algorithm saves energy of the whole network. keywords: wireless sensor network, routing protocol, directed diffusion, energy efficient ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?_ ?_ ?_ ?_ ?_ ? ? ? 1 1 ? ? 1.1 ? ? ?(wireless sensor networks?wsn)? ? 21 ? ? 1999 ? ? ? 2003 ? 2 ? ? ? ? ? ? ?ieee spectrum? 2004 ? ? ?massachusetts institute of technology?mit? ?1 2? ? ? ? ? ?3? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 2 2 1.2 ? 1.2.1 ? ? 90 ? 2000 ? ? ? ? ? ? ?810? ? ? spin ?11? directed diffusion ?12? leach ?13? ? ? ? ? 1.2.2 ? ? ? ?14? flooding ?gossiping ?spin ?directed diffusion ? leach ? teen ? ? gear ?15 ? gaf ?16? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 3 3 1.3 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 4 4 ? ? 2.1 ? 2.1.1 ? ?sensor node? ?base station? ?terminal? 2-1 ? ? ? internet ? ? ? 2-1 ? 2.1.2 ? ? ? ? ? ? 2-2 ? ?/?ac/dc? ? ? ? internet/ ? ?(?) ? ? ? ? ? 5 5 ? ? 2-2 ? 2.1.3 ? ? ? ? ? 2-3 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? a d c ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 6 6 ? 2-3 ? 2.1.4 ? ? ad hoc ?18? ad hoc ? ? ?1? ? ? ? ad hoc ? ? ?2? ? ? ad hoc ? ? ?3? ? ? ?4? ? ? 2.2 ? ? ? ?1? ? ? ? ? 7 7 ? ? ?9.11? ? ? ?2? ? ? ? ?4? (3) ? ? ? ? ? ?5? (4)? ? smart-its? ?6? (5)? ? ? ?7? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 8 8 2.3 ? ? ? ? ? ? ad hoc ? ? ? ? ip ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?1? ? ? ? ? ? ? ip ? ? ? ? ? ?spin ? ? ?directed diffusion? ? directed diffusion ? ? ? ? 9 9 ?2? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?leach ? ?3? ? ? ? ? ? ? ip ? ? ? ad hoc ? ? 2.4 ? ? ? ? ? ? 10 10 ? ? ? ? 3.1 ? 3.1.1 ? ?flooding? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 3-1 ? ? ? ? 3-2 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 11 11 ? 3-1 ? ? 3-2 ? 3.1.2 ? ?gossiping?20? ? ? ? ? 3-3 ? ? a b c x z y x,y y,z ? ? ? 12 12 ? 3-3 gossiping ? 3.1.3 spin ? ?(sensor protocols for information via negotiation? spin)? ?spin ? ? spin ? flooding ? ? ?spin ? ? ?spin ?meta-data? spin ? ? ? ? spin ? ? ? meta-data ? ? spin ? meta-data ? x ? meta-data ? x,?x ? x ? spin ? ? meta-data ? spin ? ?1? adv ? spin ? x x x x s a b d ? ? ? 13 13 ?meta-data?adv? ? ?2? req ? spin ? ? req ? ?3? data ?data ? meta-data ? spin ?adv-req-data? ? 3-4 ? spin ? ? 3-4 spin ? ? ?spin ? ?spin ? adv ? adv ? adv ? ? req ? adv ? ? req ? spin ? data ? req ?spin ? ?data ? data ? 3-5 ? spin ? (1)? a ? b ? (2)? b ? a ? ? ? ? 14 14 (3)? b ? (4)? b ? adv ? (5)? b ? b ? (6)? b ? ? 3-5 spin ? spin ? ? ? ? spin ? ? spin ? ? adv ? ? ? req ? ? req ? data ? ? ? ? ? adv ? ? ? ? spin ? 3.1.4 ? ?directed diffusion? ? ?(interest)? ? ? ? ? ? 15 15 ?gradient? ? ? ? ? directed diffusion ? ?type? ? (interval)?(duration)?(rect)? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 3- 6 ? directed diffusion ? ?a? ?b? ?c? ? 3-6 directed diffusion ? ? ? ? 16 16 directed diffusion ? spin ?directed diffusion ? ? spin ? ? directed diffusion ? ? ?directed diffusion ? ? ? directed diffusion ? ?directed diffusion ? ?directed diffusion ? ? ? directed diffusion ? ? directed diffusion ? ? ? directed diffusion ? 3.2 ? 3.2.1 leach ? ?low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy, leach? ? leach ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?leach ? ? leach ? ? ? ? 0-1 ? ? ? ? 17 17 ? t(n)? t(n)? ng 1 mod(1/)( ) 0 p p rpt n = ? (3-1) ? p ?r ?g ? 1/p ? ? ? leach ? ? ? ? ( ) 1- mod(1/) i total pe t n p rpe = (3-2) ? ei?etotal? ? ?csma?mac ? ?adv? ?adv ? id ? ? ? ? ? csma mac ? ?joint-req? ? id? ? leach ? ? tdma ? ? ? ? ? tdma ? ?leach ? 3-7 ? ? ? ? 18 18 ? 3-7 leach ? leach ? ? ?leach ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 3.2.2 pegasis ? ? ?power-efficient gathering in sensor information systems, pegasis? leach ?pegasis ? leach ? ? ? ? ? ? 19 19 ? pegasis ? ? ? pegasis ? ? pegasis ?(token)? ? ? ? ? ? ? 3-8 ? c3 ? c1 ? c2?c2 ? c1 ? ? c3? c3 ? c5? c5 ? ? c4?c4 ? c5 ? ? c3? c3 ? ? 3-8 pegasis ? pegasis ? leach ? ? ? pegasis ? ? ? pegasis ? ? leach ? 2 ? pegasis ? pegasis ? ? ? ? ?pegasis ? ? ? ? ? ? 20 20 3.2.3 teen ? apteen ? ?threshold sensitive energy efficient sensor network protocol, teen? ?teen ? ? 3-9 ? ? 3-9 teen ? teen ? leach ? ? tdma ? ? ? ? 0? ? ? ? ? ? teen ? ? tdma? ? teen ? ?adaptive threshold sensitive energy efficient sensor network protocol, apteen? teen ? ? ? ? 21 21 teen ? ? teen ? a