外文翻译--微透镜阵列注塑成型技术 英文版

The technology of Microlens array injection molding Abstract Injection molding could be used as a mass production technology for microlens arrays. It is of importance, and thus of our concern in the present study, to understand the injection molding processing condition effects on the replicability of microlens array profile. Extensive experiments were performed by varyingprocessing conditions such as flow rate, packing pressure and packing time for three different polymeric materials (PS, PMMA and PC). The nickel mold insert of microlens arrays was made by electroplating a microstructure master fabricated by a modified LIGA process. Effects of processing conditions on the replicability were investigated with the help of the surface profile measurements. Experimental results showed that a packing pressure and a flow rate significantly affects a final surface profile of the injection molded product. Atomic force microscope measurement indicated that the averaged surface roughness value of injection molded microlens arrays is smaller than that of mold insert and is comparable with that of fine optical components in practical use. 1 Introduction Microoptical products such as microlenses or microlens arrays have been used widely in various fields of microoptics, optical data storages, bio-medical applications, display devices and so on. Microlenses and microlens arrays are essential elements not only for the practical applications but also for the fundamental studies in the microoptics. There have been several fabrication methods for microlenses or microlens arryas such as a modified LIGA process 1, photoresist reflow process 2, UV laser illumination 3, etc. And the replication techniques, such as injection molding, compression molding 4 and hot embossing 5, are getting more important for a mass production of microoptical products due to the cost-effectiveness. As long as the injection molding can replicate subtle microstructures well, it is surely the most cost-effective method in the mass production stage due to its excellent reproducibility and productivity. In this regard, it is of utmost importance to check the injection moldability and to determine the molding processing condition window for proper injection molding of microstructures. In this study, we investigated the effects of processing conditions on the replication of microlens arrays by the injection molding. The microlens arrays were fabricated by a modified LIGA process, which was previously reported in 6, 7. Injection molding experiments were performed with an electroplated nickel mold insert so as to investigate the effects of some processing conditions. The surface profiles of molded microlens arrays were measured, and were used to analyze effects of processing conditions. Finally, a surface roughness of microlens arrays was measured by an atomic force microscope (AFM). 2 Mold insert fabrication Microlens arrays having several different diameters were fabricated on a PMMA sheet by a modified LIGA process 6. This modified LIGA process is composed of an X-ray irradiation on the PMMA sheet and a subsequent thermal treatment. The X-ray irradiation causes the decrease of molecular weight of PMMA, which in turn decreases the glass transition temperature and consequently causes a net volume increase during the thermal cycle resulting in a swollen microlens 7. The shapes of microlenses fabricated by the modified LIGA process can be predicted by a method suggested in 7. The microlens arrays used in the experiments were composed of 500m -(a 2 2 array), 300m -(2 2) and 200m (5 5) diameter arrays, and their heights were 20.81, 17.21 and 8.06 m, respectively. Using the microlens arrays fabricated by the modified LIGA process as a master, a metallic mold insert was fabricated by a nickel electroplating for the injection molding. Typical materials used in a microfabrication process, such as silicon, photoresists or polymeric materials, cannot be directly used as the mold or the mold insert due to their weak strength or thermal properties. It is desirable to use metallic materials which have appropriate mechanical and thermal properties to endure both a high pressure and a large temperature variation during the replication process. Therefore, a metallic mold insert is being used rather than the PMMA master on silicon wafer for mass production with such replication techniques. Otherwise special techniques should be adopted as a replication method, e.g. a low pressure injection molding 8. The size of final electroplated mold insert was 30 30 3 mm. The electroplated nickel mold insert having microlens arrays is shown in Fig. 1. Fig.1.Moldinsert fabricated by a nickel electroplating (a) Real view of the mold insert (b) SEM image of 200 m diameter microlens array (c) SEM image of 300 mdiameter microlens array 3 Injection molding experiments A conventional injection molding machine (Allrounders 220 M, Arburg) was used in the experiments. A mold base for the injection molding was designed to fix the electroplated nickel mold insert firmly with the help of a frametype bolster plate (Fig. 2). Shape of aperture of the bolster plate (in this study, a rectangular one) defines the outer geometry of the molded part on which the profiles of microlens arrays are to be transcribed. The mold base itself has delivery systems such as sprue, runner and gate which lead the molten polymer to the cavity formed by the bolster plate, the mold insert and amoving mold surface. The mold base was designed such that mold insert replacement is simple and easy. Of course, one may introduce an appropriate bolster plate with a specific aperture shape. Fig. 2. Mold base and mold insert used in the injection molding experiment The injection molding experiments were carried out with three general polymeric materials PS (615APR, Dow Chemical), PMMA (IF870, LG MMA) and PC (Lexan 141R, GE Plastics). These materials are quite commonly used for optical applications. They have different refractive indices (1.600, 1.490 and 1.586 for PS, PMMA and PC, respectively), giving rise to different optical properties in final products, e.g. different foci with the same geometry. The injectionmolding experiments were performed for seven processing conditions by changing flow rate, packing pressure and packing time for each polymeric material. Furthermore, same experiments were repeated three times for checking the reproducibility. It may be mentioned that the mold temperature effect was not considered in this study since the temperature effect is relatively less important for these microlens arrays due to their large radius of curvature than other microstructures of high aspect ratio. For high aspect ratio microstructures, we are currently investigating the temperature effect more closely and plan to report separately in the future. Therefore, flow rate, packing pressure and packing time were varied to investigate their effects more thoroughly with the mold temperature unchanged in this study. Table 1 shows the detailed processing conditions for three polymeric materials. Other processing conditions were kept unchanged during the experiment. The mold temperatures were set to 80, 70 and 60 _C for PC, PMMA and PS, respectively. It might be mentioned that we carried out the experiments without a vacuum condition in the mold cavity considering that the large radius of curvature of the microlens arrays in the present study will not entrap air in the microlens cavity during the filling stage. Table 1. Detailed processing conditions used in the injection molding experiments Case Flow rate (cc/sec) Packing time (sec) Packing pressure(MPa) 1 12.0 5.0 10.0 2 12.0 5.0 15.0 3 12.0 5.0 20.0 PS 4 12.0 2.0 10.0 5 12.0 10.0 10.0 6 18.0 5.0 10.0 7 24.0 5.0 10.0 1 6.0 10.0 10.0 2 6.0 10.0 15.0 PMMA 3 6.0 10.0 20.0 4 6.0 5.0 10.0 5 6 7 6.0 9.0 12.0 15.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 PC 1 6.0 5.0 5.0 2 6.0 5.0 10.0 3 5 6.0 6.0 9.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 5.0 6 5.0 5.0 7 12.0 5.0 5.0 4 Results and discussion Before detailed discussion of the experimental results, it might be helpful to summarize why flow rate, packingpressure and packing time (which were chosen as processing conditions to be varied in this study) affect thereplication quality. As far as the flow rate is concerned, there may exist an optimal flow rate in the sense that too small flow rate makes too much cooling before a complete filling and thus possibly results in so-called short shot phenomena whereas too high flow rate increases pressure fields which is undesirable. The packing stage is generally required to compensate for the volume shrinkage of hot molten polymer whencooled down, so that enough material should flow into a mold cavity during this stage to control the dimensionalaccuracy. The higher the packing pressure, the longer the packing time, more material tends to flow in. However, too much packing pressure sometimes may cause uneven distribution of density, thereby resulting in poor opticalquality. And too long packing time does not help at all since gate will be frozen and prevent material from flowing into the cavity. In this regard, one needs to investigate the effects of packing pressure and packing time. 4.1 Surface profiles Figure 3 shows typical scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of the injection molded microlens arrays for different diameters for PMMA (a) and different materials (b). Cross-sectional surface profiles of the mold insert and all the injection molded microlens arrays were measured by a 3D profile measuring system (NH-3N, Mitaka). (a)Injection molded microlensarrays (PMMA) (b) Injectionmolded microlenses of 300 mdiameter for different materials Fig. 3. SEM images of theinjection molded microlensarrays and microlenses As a measure of replicability, we have defined a relative deviation of profile as the height difference between the molded one and the corresponding mold insert for each microlens divided by the mold insert one. The computed relative deviations for all the microlenses are listed in Table 2. Diameter( m ) Relative deviation (%) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 PS 200 300 500 -7.62 5.86 2.38 -7.59 2.03 -0.38 2.08 2.86 0.51 -5.56 5.61 1.47 -8.66 6016 1.47 -11.44 4.29 1.47 -9.47 5.73 1.95 PMMA 200 300 500 7.20 5.77 -0.66 1.31 5.60 -1.62 -3.88 6.45 3.98 -5.80 5.95 2.80 -0.97 5.95 -0.72 -8.53 6.68 -0.90 4.86 -2.62 -0.72 PC 200 300 500 23.02 6.20 -0.93 16.05 4.96 5.09 16.87 2.66 -1.86 19.66 4.53 1.88 33.97 4.78 6.96 18.67 1.79 2.43 -2.94 4.15 -1.55 It may be mentioned that the moldability of polymeric materials affects the replicability. Therefore, the overall relative deviation differs for three polymeric materials used in this study. It may be noted that PC is the most difficult material for injection molding amongst the three polymers. The largest relative deviation can be found in PC for the smallest diameter case, as expected. In that specific case, the largest value is corresponding to the low flow rate and low packing pressure. Packing time in this case does not significantly affect the deviation. The relative deviation for PS and PMMA with the smallest diameter is far better than PC case. Table 2 indicates that the larger the diameter, the smaller the relative deviation. The larger diameter microlens is, of course, easier to be filled than smaller diameter during the filling stage and packing stage. Microlenses of larger diameters were generally replicated well regardless of processing conditions and regardless of materials. The best replicability is found for the case of PS with 500 m diameter. Generally, PS has a good moldability in comparison with PMMA and PC. It may be mentioned that some negative values of relative deviation were observed mostly in the smallest diameter case for PS and PMMA according to Table 2. In these cases, however, the absolute deviation is an order of 0.1 m in height, which is within the measurement error of the system. Therefore, the negative values could be ignored in interpreting the experimental data of replicability. Surface profiles of microlens of 300 m diameter are shown in Figs. 4 and 5 for PC and PMMA, respectively. As shown in Fig. 4, the higher packing pressure or the higher flow rate results in the better replication of microlens for the case of PC, as mentioned above. Packing time has little effect on the replication for these cases. For the case of PMMA, the packing pressure and packing time have insignificant effect as shown in Fig. 5； however, flow rate has the similar effect to PC. It might be reminded that packing time does not affect the replicability if a gate is frozen since frozen gate prevents material from flowing into the cavity. Therefore, the effect of packing time disappears after a certain time depending on the processing conditions. Fig.4ac(leftside).Surfce profiles of microlens (PC with diameter (/) of 300 m). a effect of packing pressure, b effect of flow rate, c effectof packing time Fig.5ac.(rightside)Surface profiles of microlens (PMMA with diameter(/) of 300m). a effect of packing pressure, b effect of flow rate,c effect of packing time 4.2 Surface roughness Averaged surface roughness, Ra, values of 300 m diameter microlenses and the mold insert were measured by an atomic force microscope (Bioscope AFM, Digital Instruments). The measurements were performed around the top of each microlens and the measuring area was 5 m 5 m. Figure 6 shows AFM images and measured Ra values of microlenses. PMMA replicas of microlens have the lowest Ra value, 1.606 nm. It may be noted that AFM measurement indicated that Ra value of injection molded microlens arrays is smaller than the corresponding one of the mold insert. The reason for the improved surface roughness in the replicated microlens arrays is not clear at this moment, but might be attributed to the reflow caused by surface tension during a cooling process. It may be further noted that the Ra value of injection molded microlens arrays is comparable with that of fine optical components in practical use. a Nickel mold insert, b PS, c PMMA, d PC Fig. 6. AFM images and averaged surface roughness, Ra, values of the mold insert and injection molded 300 m diameter microlenses. 4.3 Focal length The focal length of lenses can be calculated by a wellknown equation as follows : 1 121 1 1( 1 ) ( )nf R R where f, nl, R1 and R2 are focal length, refractive index of lens material, two principal radii of curvature, respectively.For instance, focal lengths of the molded microlenses were approximately calculated as 1.065 mm (with R1 0.624 mm and R2 ￥ ) for 200 m diameter microlens, 1.130 mm (with R1= 0.662 mm and R2=) for 300 m microlens and 2.580 mm (with R1=1.512 mm and R2=) for 500 m microlens according to Eq. (1). These calculations were based on an assumption that microlenses are replicated with PC (nl= 1.586) and have the identical shape of the mold insert. It might be mentioned that the geometry of the molded microlens might be inversely deduced from an experimental measurement of the focal length. 5 Conclusion The replication of microlens arrays was carried out by the injection molding process with the nickel mold insert which was electroplated from the microlens arrays master fabricated via a modified LIGA process. The effects of processing conditions were investigated through extensive experiments conducted with various processing conditions. The results showed that the higher packing pressure or the higher flow rate is, the better replicability is achieved. In comparison, the packing time was found to have little effect on the replication of microlens arrays. The injection molded microlens arrays had a smaller averaged surface roughness values than the mold insert, which might be attributed to the reflow induced by surface tension during the cooling stage. And PMMA replicas of microlens arrays had the best surface quality (i.e. the lowest roughness value of Ra =1.606 nm). The surface roughness of injection molded microlens arrays is comparable with that of fine optical components in practical use. In this regard, injection molding might be a useful manufacturing tool for mass production of microlensarrays. Modern mold technology Introduction Along with the global economy development, the new technological revolution made the new progress and the breakthrough unceasingly, the technical leap development already becomes the important attribute which the impetus world economics grew. The market economy unceasing development, urges the industry product more and more to the multi- varieties, high grade, the low cost direction to develop, in order to maintain and strengthens the product in market competitive power, product development cycle, production cycle more and more short, thereupon to makes each kind of product the essential craft equipment mold request to be more and more harsh. On the one hand the enterprise for the pursue scale benefit, causes the mold to turn towards high speed, is precise, the long life direction develops； On the other hand enterprise in order to satisfy the multi- varieties, the product renewal quickly, wins the market the need, requests the mold to turn towards the manufacture cycle to be short, the cost low fast economy direction develops. The computer, the laser, electronic, the new material, the new technical development, causes the fast economical pattern making technology even more powerful, the application scope expands unceasingly, the type increases unceasingly, the creation economic efficiency and the social efficiency are more and more remarkable. 1.Injection mold design The injection molding application temperature dependence change material performance, through uses the mold to obtain the final shape separate part to complete or to complete the size close. In this kind of process of manufacture, the liquid material is compelled to fill, coagulates in the die space mold. first, must create a pattern mold to need a design model and carries the box. First, must create a pattern mold to need a design model and carries the box. The design model has represented the end product, but carries the box to represent the mold modules bulk volume. The injection mold design involves the mold structure and the function constituent widespread experience knowledge (heuristic knowledge). In the typical process molds the recent development to be possible to divide into four big stages: Product design, molds ability appraisal, part detailed design, insertion die space design and detailed mold design. in the initial stage, the product concept is in (usually is together a combination marketing and project) completes by several people. The initial stage main focal point is analyzes the market the opportunity and the adaptation strategy. In the first stage, the canonical correlation craft manufacture information is increased to the design, designs the geometry detail. The conceptual design use suitable manufacture information transforms as the goods which may make. In the second stage, the drawing of patterns direction and a minute hairs breadth buy for use examine molds ability. Otherwise, the components shape revises once more. In the third stage, the components geometry is uses for to establish the mold the core and the die space shape, the mold the core and the die space, will use for to form the components. Generally, the contraction and the expansion need to perform to consider, like this, in processes under the temperature, the formation will have the correct size and the shape. The runner, the flow channel, the cold slug well, the vent also need to perform to supplement. Between the geometry data and the minute mold informations relation in this point is very important. The fourth stage and the mold overall mechanism are related, the mold overall mechanism including connects the mold to arrive at the injection molding machine, the injection molding machine is uses in pouring, cooling, taking out the mechanism which assembles with the mold. Parts of the heat treatment process, in the parts of the access requirements of the hardness At the same time, internal stress control needed to ensure that spare parts processing of the stability of size, different materials were different approach. Tooling industry in recent years with the development of more types of materials used, in addition to Cr12, 40Cr, Cr12MoV, carbide, on the strength of some of the work, the harsh edge of the convex and concave die, the choice of a new powder alloy steel material , such as the V10, ASP23, such material with high thermal stability and good state of the organization. Cr12MoV response to the material parts, in the rough after quenching, after quenching a lot of the workpiece retention stress, or easily lead to finishing the work of cracking, spare parts should be quenched while it is hot temper, quenching eliminate stress. quenching the temperature controlled at 900-1020 , and then cooled to air-cooled 200-220 released, and then quickly melted down 220 temper, it is known as a hardening process, and the intensity will be high wear resistance, to wear Failure to form molds effective. Encountered in the production of some of the corner more complex shape of the workpiece and tempering is not enough to eliminate quenching stress, before finishing annealing is needed to stress or multiple-aging treatment, and fully release stress. Against V10, APS23 powder alloy steel, and other components can withstand high temperatures because of tempering, hardening available in the second hardening process ,1050-1080 quenching and tempering temperature reuse 490-520 and many times, can be more high impact toughness and stability to the collapsing edge as the main form of die failure is applicable. The higher cost o f 1.1. Execution The fact indicated that the SolidWorks API connection has used the object-oriented method and the API function permission choice object language, for example: As programming language Visual C+. Using this method, under Windows NT, based on Windows injection mold three dimensional design application software through Visual C+ code and commercial software SolidWorks99 connection development. This divides into several stages using the mold design process, provides the mold designer to make the mold design reliable method. Figure 3 has outlined this frame. Each stage may regard as a stand-alone program module. Several units have succeeded use SolidWorks to develop. In them two template modules and the minute mold module as follows show. 1.2 based on pould frame designs mold based on the pould frame designs mold and all modules and the fitting, look like HASCO, DME, HOPPT, LKM and FUTABA may found the parametrization standard template automatically. The designer commonly used may with ease have custom-made templates this kind of pould frame. The main feature includes: Looks like the prop, the sprue bushing, two boards, the sampan such standard pould frame modules usability, as well as has custom-made the non-standard mold template. divides into four main parts based on the pould frame designs mold, namely the component storehouse (including standard and non-standard letter storehouse), designs in the table the size actuation function, the structural relation management. In here, SolidWorks has provided the size actuation function is, supports its application. Figure 1 the details introduced based on the pould frame design mold. (1) module storehouse to strengthen the mold designed capacity day by day in this competition intense world, reduces designed cost and the reduction production cycle, reduces the manpower, the automation and so on achieves this goal primary factor. In other words, uses the computer software is very essential. The computer software can found easily, the revision, analyzes the mold design the part, in the renewal change design model. In order to achieve this goal, the three dimensional component storehouse provides the storage standard and the non-standard spare part data, its size is stores up in Microsoft Excel. Through assigns the appropriate size, these modules may produce and insert the assembly structure. This storehouse is definitely may have custom-made with the designer can put in own part to join the module storehouse. Parts surface left behind in processing Daogen, worn stress concentration is where is the source of crack propagation, in the processing end, the need for spare parts for surface hardening, through fitter grinding, processing disposed of hidden dangers. Some of the workpiece edge, the acute angle, a orifice inverted blunt, R-. In general, processing, the surface will have about 6-10 m metamorphic hardened layer, the colors were gray, brittle and hardened layer with residual stress in the use prior to the full elimination of hardened layer, and methods for surface polishing, sanding to remove hardened layer.In the grinding, EDM process, the workpiece must be magnetized, a weak magnetic, and is very easy sorption some small things, in the assembly prior to the workpiece for Demagnetization treatment with acetic acid and B lipid cleaning surface. Assembly process, to see assembly, Huaqi all parts, and then shows the various parts of the equipment between the order of the lis t should pay attention to issues, and then proceed mold assembly, the assembly of the general first-loaded I. Introduction sets, and then loaded Die frame and punch and die, and then the entire space, in particular the punch and die space with a group adjustment, the assembly to be implemented after the completion of mold testing, write the whole report. The problems discovered, the reverse may be thinking, that is, after the process forward from the process, from the rough finishing each inspection, until they find the crux to solve the problem. (2) size actuation SolidWorks has provided the powerful size actuation function, supports the parametrization design. Stores up in Microsoft Excel the size and the geometry existence logical relation. When the size establishment and the corresponding thing geometric parameter establishment unifies, may obtain the accurate model. (3) designs the table The design table permits the designer in inserting Microsoft in the Excel scheduling through the concrete parameter establishment many kinds of spare part dispositions. The design table preservation in the components folder, is the size which uses for to save, stops the characteristic and the performance disposition, including in the material, module and in customer request components quantity. When increases the suitable size, the design table will contain all essential information, establishes a precise assembly model. (4) structural relation management This part narrated sets up between templates structural relation, can help the mold designer from the design table supplys certain parameter establishment to insert these unit assembling structure, therefore, a specific assembly template may produce automatically 1.3 point mold module Some minute mold algorithm before has reported. mold design is to improve the quality of Mould most important step, need to take into account many factors, including the mould material selection, mold structure can be used and the safety of mold parts machinability and Die maintenance convenience, these in the design should be considered the beginning of a more comprehensive. mould material choice it is necessary to meet customer requirements on product quality, and also taking into account the cost of materials and cycle in the intensity settings, and of course in accordance with the type of mold, the use of methods of work, processing speed, the major failure mode, etc. Selection factors. In this aspects development, is divided the mold to use for the processing core and the die space. In injection mold computer-aided design system, this is a most important module. Designs a mold model to need to have the design model, the work piece and the effective minute profile. The design pattern has manifested the end product, but loaded the box to manifest the mold modules total quantity. To divide into the work piece the core and the die space, the design model first removes from the work piece. Then molds with a minute modular surface the work piece half, Chang Zhixing core and die space. When the fusing plastic injection die space, mold oppositions both sides form the end product. After the coagulation, two halves mold along divides modular surface d and d puts aside separately. Then has obtained the actual part. Figure 5the demonstration is divided the mold design process (1) point norm to decision The core and the die space open the opposite two directions are divided the norm to approach, for the shape ingredient line, divides the norm to be supposed first to determine. Minute norm to influence minute line localization. A minute line has decided molds order of complexity. In the majority situations, divides the norm to is also decided by the geometry and the manufacture question. (2) recognition and patching perforation When in the product has the perforation, the designer must mark the hole the minute mold position, lives the ingredient profile inside these. In this paper, this is so-called the patch . The surface needs to use for the through hole which patches. Because on the mold and under the mold is connected in the through hole place. If does not have to patch the through hole beforehand, the mold cannot separate, the core and the die space cannot found automatically (3) true fate line and goes against the direction In formation, a group of components surface by core mold, but another group is molds by the die space. Divides the line is therefore two group of superficial lines of intersection which molds by the core and the die space. A minute line chooses the biggest edge line in the superficial group. From a minute line to the core or thedie space boundary, goes against the direction to go against in the process, will divide the line to follow. A minuteline is vertical in a minute norm approaches, is parallel to the mold work piece surface superficial normal (4) point profile production Divides the profile is the core and the die space match surface. A minute profile may divide into as the division plane the mold two halves. Two methods may use next life the ingredient profile. Rolls up like a mat the law: Divides the profile through to go against divides the line to outside the core and the die space the boundary formation. Stretch method: In SolidWorks, divides the modular surface to be possible to use the stretch to divide the mold line to assign the distance the method foundation, this distance must be big enough, big enough to may along extend to the work piece outside surface (5) work piece foundation The thing loads in the work piece, the work piece periphery exceptional space calculates with the computer. The work piece size by the thing geometry size, the mold intensity, the mold parameter decided. The mold parameter may define the mold assembly effectively. (6) core and die space production In order to produce the core and the die space, the work piece quilt divides into two halves. First, the design model takes out from the work piece. Obtains a spatial space in the work piece interior. Then, divides the modular surface and the patching surface is used divides into the work piece the core block and the die space block. Finally, after simulation mold opening process and between inspection mold modules disturbance, work piece two halves along divide the norm separately to d and d from the minute modular surface separation 2 fast economical pattern makings technologies type The fast economical pattern making technology and the traditional machine-finishing compares, has the pattern making cycle short, the cost is low, the precision and the life can satisfy in the production the operation requirements, is synthesizes an economic efficiency quite remarkable kind to make the mold the technology, summarizes below, has several types to leave. 2.1 fast prototypes manufactures technology The fast prototype manufacture technology is called RPM, is one kind of new manufacture technology which the 80s later period develops. US, Japan, England, Israel, Germany, China have all promoted own commercialization product, and has formed the new industry gradually. RPM is the computer, the laser, the optical scanning, the advanced new material, the computer-aided design (CAD), the computer assistance processing (CAM), the numerical control (CNC) synthesizes the application the high technology and new technology. In takes shape in the concept take the plane separate, piles up as the instruction, in the control take the computer and the numerical control as the foundation, take biggest flexibility as general goals. It has abandoned the traditional machine-finishing method, to the manufacturing industry transformation is a significant breakthrough, uses the RPM technology to be possible directly or indirectly the fast pattern making, this technology already by profession widespread application and so on automobile, aviation, electrical appliances, ships, medical service, mold. Under summarized already commercialization several kind of models fast to take shape at present the craft. 2.1.1 lasers three-dimensional photoetching technology (SLA) The SLA technology hands over the computer CAD modelling system to obtain the product the three-dimensional model, through the microcomputer control laser, according to the determination path, is carrying on to the liquid state photosensitive resin by the level scanning, causes layer upon layer to solidify by the scanned sector, is united as one body, forms the final three dimensional entity, after again passes through the related finally hardening to polish and so on place the quantity, forms the workpiece or the mold. The laser three-dimensional photoetching technology main characteristic is may take shape wilfully the complex shape, takes shape the precision high, simulation strong, material use factor high, performance reliable, the performance price quite is high. Suits the product outlook to appraise, the function experiment, fast makes the electrode and each kind of fast economical mold. But this technology uses equipment and photosensitive resin price expensive, causes its cost to be high. 2.1.2 pack of levels outlines manufacture technology (LOM) The LOM technology is through the computer three-dimensional model, the use laser selectively to its lamination slice, will obtain each section outline layer upon layer will cake, finally will fold the addition three dimensional entity product. Its craft characteristic is takes shape the speed quickly, takes shape the material small advantage, the cost lowly, because does not have changes, therefore does not have the thermal load, the contraction, the inflation, the warp and so on, therefore the shape is stable with an inch precision, after but takes shape the waste material block to strip takes time, specially the duplicate miscellaneous items interior waste material strips. This craft is suitable for the aviation, the automobile and so on and center the volume big workpiece manufacture. 2.1.3 lasers powder electoral district agglutinates takes shape the technology (SLS) The SLS technology is the computer three-dimensional model through the lamination software its lamination, under the computer control, causes the laser beam basis lamination the slice section information to the powder by the level scanning, scans to the powder agglutinates the solidification (polymerization, agglutinates, caking, chemical reaction and so on), layer upon layer superimposes, piles up the three dimensional entity workpiece. This technical most major characteristic is can at the same time use several kind of different materials (the polycarbonate, the polyethylene chloride, the paraffin wax, the nylon, ABS, The casting granulated substance makes components. 2.1.4 fuses the deposition to take shape the technology (FDM) The FDM technology is may squeeze out by the computer control fuses the condition material the spray nozzle, determines the geometry information according to the CAD product model lamination software, squeezes out half flow regime the heat to model the material deposition to solidify the precise actual workpiece thin layer, from bottow to top layer upon layer piles up a three dimensional entity, may make the mold or the product directly. 2.1.5 three dimensional printing take shape the technology (3D-P) The 3D-P technology controls with the microcomputer to spurt the ink printing head continuously, the basis lamination software selectively deposits the liquid cementing material by the level on the powder level, finally piles up a three dimensional entity by the smooth printing two-dimensionalleve Justs like does not use the laser the fast pattern making technology. This technical main application takes shape in advance in the cermet compound materials porous ceramics on, its goal is produces the mold or ? the manufacture directly by the CAD product model. 2.2 surfaces take shape the pattern making technology The surface takes shape the pattern making technology, mainly is the use spurts spreads, the electrolytic casting, chemistry corrosion and so on the new technique formation cavity surface and the fine pattern one kind of craft technology, in the practical application including following several kind of types. 2.2.1 electric arcs spurt spread take shape the pattern making technology The electric arc spurts spreads takes shape the technical principle is: Has the electric arc quantity of heat using between 2 circular telegrams tinsel to melt the tinsel, depends upon the compressed gas its full atomization, and gives the certain kinetic energy, high speed sprays in the type mold surface, layer upon layer mounts, forms a metal shell, namely the cavity internal surface, uses to fill the substrate material again (generally for metal silt and resin compound materials) performs to support the reinforcement, enhances its intensity and the rigidity, combines the mold together with the metal pattern frame. This kind of pattern making technology craft simple, cost low, manufacture cycle extremely short, the cavity surface takes shape only needs for several hours, saves the energy and the metal material, general cavity surface 2-3mm is only thick, simulation greatly strengthened, the pattern precision may achieve 0.5 mu m. At present this technology widely uses in superficial shape and so on airplane, automobile mold, electrical appliances, furniture, shoemaking, fine arts handicraft is complex and the pattern fine each kind of polyurethane product blow molding, attracts models, the PVC injection, PU becomes spongy and each kind of injection takes shape in the mold. 2.2.2 electrolytic castings take shape the technology The electrolytic casting takes shape the technical principle to be same with the galvanization, is according to model the mold (ready-made product or female mold which makes according to product blueprint) is the datum (negative pole), places in the electrolytic casting fluid (anode), causes in the electrolytic casting fluid the metallic ion to return to original state a latter place deposition on the type mold, forms the metal shell, after strips it, contacts the surface with the type mold namely for the mold the cavity internal surface. This technical main characteristic is saves material, the mold manufacture cycle short, electrolytic casting level degree of hardness may reach 40HRC, enhanced the resistance to wear and the life, roughness, the size precision is completely consistent with the type mold, is suitable for the injection, attracts models, the blow molding, keeps out models, mold cavity and the electric spark and so on bakelite mold, glass mold, compression casting mold takes shape the electrode manufacture. 2.2.3 cavities surfaces fine pattern takes shape etching technology The etching technology is optics, chemistry, the machining synthesis application one kind of technology, its basic principle is makes first the pattern design the film, then in has spread the film on pattern design duplication the photosensitive material on the mold cavity surface, process chemistry processing, the mold cavity surface does not form by the etching partial protectors, then acts according to the mold material quality, the choice corresponding etching craft, pattern design etching in mold internal surface. This technical main characteristic is the time short, the expense is low, patching damages the pattern design to be possible to achieve flawlessly. 2.3 sprinkle to cast into the type system mold technique Sprinkling to cast into technical and common characteristics of the type system mold is according to the kind piece for basis, sprinkle a convex and cave mold, a surface do not need the machine to process.Make physically to mainly have following several categories type in the mold. 2.3.1 tin metal alloy system mold technique The tin metal alloy makes the mold technique quickly is a basis through the kind piece, with total metal alloy of ( the orders 138 s, the bulge rate is thousand times it three) of the Bi- Sn( tin of ) two dollars for material, have the precise foundry of method at the same time a convex mold, cave mold, press a kind of technique of the side turn.Should the technical characteristics is to make the mold cost low, the metal alloy is re-usable, the manufacturing period is short, the size accuracy is high, the shape, size and the kind pieces agree with completely, a mold for casting life span can amount to 500-3000, very in keeping with new product development, craft verification, the sample manufacture on a trial basis and win small batch quantity peace. 2.3.2 zinc metal alloy system mold technique This is a kind of to take the kind piece( or the kind mold) as the basis, with the order for 380 s or so zinc metal alloys for material, sprinkle to note the convex and cave mold respectively, a surface does not carry on one kind system mold technique that the machine process in principle.The techniques characteristics is to make the mold cost low, the period is short, being applicable to create the lamella large pull to stretch the mold and hurtle to cut the mold and plastics molds. 2.3.3 resin compounds model the molding tool technique This is a kind of to take the kind mold( or the craft model) as the basis, taking resin or its compound materials as the fluid material, sprinkling the convex( cave) mold of outpouring first, again the convex( cave) mold of basis sticks up the wax slice( the cleft layer), sprinkling to note the convex( cave) mold.A surface that that technique model does not need the machine to process.The that technique and CAD/ CAMs combine together, the characteristics is the molding tool size accuracy high, the manufacturing period is short, the cost is low, is the new product manufacture on a trial basis, the small batch quantity produces the craft material of new path.Be applicable to the creation large overlay the piece to pull to stretch the mold( also can the part inset the steel), vacuum to absorb the and gather the ammonia ester hair bubble to model the mold, porcelain and ceramics mold and imitate the type to depend the mold and cast mold etc. 2.3.4 rubbers of system mold technique That technique take making a prototype or models as the basis, making into soft rubber of system piece, then depend the high pressure dint and models to fit together completely. 2.4 extrusions takes shape the technology 2.4.1 cold extrusions takes shape Using the berylliuim copper alloy good thermal conductivity and the stability, after the solid melt aging treatment of metal, use the swaging pressure to make the mold concave model cavity. Its characteristic is makes the cycle short, the cavity precision is high (the IT7 level), surface roughness Ra=0.025 mu m, The intensity is high, the life may reach 500,000 times, does not have the environmental pollution. 2.4.2 ultra models takes shape the pattern making technology This technology is using the metal material in the thin crystal grain, certainly takes shape the temperature, under the low distortion speed condition, when the material has the best superplasticity, toes attend to carry out raised mold which the initiative finishes, then may extrude the concave mold with the small strength one kind of fast economical pattern making technology. Ultra models takes shape material typical representative is Zn-22%AL. 2.5 does not have the mold multi- spots forming technology Does not have the mold multi- spots fast forming technology is by CAD/CAM/CAT The technology is the main method about, may adjust the base main body group highly using the computer control to form forms the surface, replaces the traditional mold to carry on the three dimensional curved surface forming to the sheet an modern advanced manufacture technology. This technology may change the distortion way and the stressful conditio n at will, enhances the material the formed limit, may form repeatedly, by this elimination material interior remaining stress, the realization does not have the snapping back forming 2.6 triumphant Uygur bright steel belt blanking falls the material pattern making technology The new steel belt blanking falls the material pattern making technology is one kind is different with has raised, the concave mold structure steel belt mold generally, it is with specially makes the new fast economical pattern making technology by the single edge steel belt which the backing strip is composed. This kind of mold weight is light, only then 200kg, the processing precision for 0.35-0.50mm, may suit each kind of black and the non-ferrous metal 0.5-0.65mm thick sheet processing generally. The life may achieve 5-25 ten thousand, the production cost is low. 2.7 molds semifinished materials fast manufacture technology solid casting Because the massive molds are belong to the single unit or the production, the mold semifinished materials manufacture quality and the cycle and the cost to the final mold quality and cyclical and the cost influence are very important. The modern mold semifinished materials widely have used the seeds casting technology, the so-called solid casting is (polystyrene PS either polymethacrylate PMMA) manufactures using the foam plastics replaces traditional the wooden mold or the metal pattern, after the modelling does not have to take out the model, then may the casting, under the foam plastics model high temperature liquid metal function, deflagrate the gasification but to vanish, the molten metal substitution original foam plastics model holds the position, after the condensation forms the casting. The solid casting has the following several kind o f situations in the practical application. 2.7.1 dry sands solid casting Namely all does not do any cementing agent quartz sand modelling with 55-100 goal, spreads with EPS or the PMMA foam plastics manufacture model hangs the 0.2-1mm thick permeability good fireproof coating level, by enhances the casting superficially attractive fineness, prevented the fat sand or collapses the box. 2.7.2 negative compactions casting The negative compaction casting calls V law modelling. This technology is the use all does but does not have the cementing agent the quartz sand to make the molding sand, makes the model with EPS or the PMMA foam plastics, in under the plastic film seal condition, entire lets cast (vacuum degree 0.4-0.67MPa) carries on the liquid metal casting under the negative pressure condition, after the casting coagulates relieves the negative pressure then to obtain the superficial bright and clean casting. 2.7.3 resins granulated substance solid casting Makes the molding sand using the resin granulated substance, makes the model with EPS or the PMMA foam plastics, under the normal temperature, the atmospheric pressure carries on the liquid metal casting but to make takes the casting. uses the solid casting the technical manufacture mold semifinished materials to have the size precision high (the ISO9 level), processing remainder small (generally about 5mm), does not need to pull out the mold ascent, does not need the making core and the sand core brace, saves the metal material, economical makes the wooden model the lumber, the manufacture cycle short, the cost is low. This technology suits large-scale, is complex, the single unit mold semifinished materials production. the ceramics fine cast, lose the cerotin to cast and so on the technology are increasing the mold semifinished materials precision, reduce the processing man-hour, reduce the manufacture cycle, reduce aspect and so on cost also demonstrate its unique superiority. 2.8 other aspects technologies in order to simplify the mold the structural design, reduces the mold cost, reduces the mold manufacture cycle, in domestic and foreign also successively appeared some other aspects new technology application, like trades the mold frame, the ramming unit, the cutting edge built-up welding quickly, inlays the block casting, the nitrogen spring and so on. 2.8.1 nitrogen springs on mold application The nitrogen spring is one kind of new elastic function part, replaces the spring, the rubber, the polyurethane or the air cushion with it side, it can accurately provide presses the strength, then may have the greatly initial ball pressure in the small space, does not need pre- tightly, is basically hit the pressure basically in the mold entire work process to be constant. The ball pressure size and the working point position may, accurate, conveniently adjust as necessary, simplifies the mold to stretch, nearby the pressure, ex-denning isostructuralism, simplifies the mold design, reduces the pattern making cycle, debugs the mold to be convenient, reduces the replacement mold time, enhances the production efficiency. 2.8.2 fast trades the mold technology Because product variety increasing, causes the mold in the production the transmutation extremely frequently, how thereupon reduces the ramming equipment the down time, enhances the production efficiency, fast traded the mold technology to receive peoples attention. At present developed industrial nation some big companies traded the mold speed to achieve astonishing degree, whether had fast trades the mold technology to