英语的英标_发音规则及练习.doc

第一节 关于语音的几个概念1、音素: 构成语音的最小单位。英语音素共有48个。音标是用来表示音素的符号。目前常用的音标是国际音标和kk音标，音标一律放在 或/ /中，以示区别字母。英语中有26个字母，其中5个元音字母(a、e、i、o、u)1个半元音字母y（还可用作辅音字母），辅音字母20个。这些26个字母及其组合分别构成48个音素。音标大体可以分为两类，元音和辅音，其中 20个元音，28个辅音。注意英语单词的拼写与读音往往不一致，同一个字母或字母组合可代表不同的音素，而不同的字母组合却又可代表相同的音素。2、元音: 发音响亮,是乐音,口腔中气流不受阻碍,发音时声带振动，是音节的主要组成部分.英语中有20个元音：单元音12个：前元音4个i: i e 中元音2个: 后元音6个a: : u: u双元音8个，合口双元音5个ei ai u au i 集中双元音3个i u 3、辅音: 发音不响亮,是噪音,口腔中气流受到阻碍,分清辅音和浊辅音，清辅音发音时声带不振动，浊辅音发音时声带振动，不是音节的重要组成部分,英语中有28个辅音.清辅音11个，浊辅音17个。 p b t d k g f v s z t d tr dr ts dzh r l m n w j 4、音节: 音节是语言的最小单位，可由元音音素单独构成，也可由元音音素加辅音音素构成，还可由辅音音素中的响音l、 m 、n、 与前面的辅音音素构成。包含一个音节的词叫单音节词，包含两个音节的词叫双音节词，包含三个或以上音节的词叫多音节词。双音节词和多音节词的音节划分，两个元音之间只有一个辅音，辅音划给后一个音节；如两个元音之间有两个辅音，一个音节划一个辅音。5、重读音节：在双音节词或多音节词中，读得特别响亮的那个音节叫做重读音节，其他为非重读音节，多音节词有时还有一个次重读音节。单音节词本身就是重读音节。重读音节中的元音后没有辅音字母，或有辅音字母（r除外）加不发音的e，叫重读闭音节。重读音节中的元音后有辅音字母（r除外）且其后没有不发音的e，叫重读闭音节。6、开音节: 1)辅音+元音+辅音+不发音e kite cake name bike make take home plane shine 2)辅音+元音 he hi go no do be tree three hello 7、闭音节: 1)辅音+元音+辅音 sit bed bad bag hot hop let mad map head 2)元音+辅音 it is of in on up out ant8、r音节：是以一个元音字母加r构成的重读音节。元音字母在重读r音节中均读长元音，元音字母不按照一般音节的规则读音，读法如下：ara:,er、ir、ur: ，or:。第二节 26个字母发音规律a 开音节 /ei/ name cake table 例外 / have 闭音节 / apple cat map 例外 /: / want dance /o/ what watchb /b/ book big bag boxc /k/ cat cake cup clock car/s/ face nice pencil booksd /d/ desk doll dog dad e 开音节 /i:/ he she meet me 闭音节 /e/ elephant egg bed penf /f/ fine friend fly foot fang / gun glass glad glove /d / age orangeh /h/ hat he house handi 开音节 /ai / fine bike five ice 例外/i/live give /i:/police闭音节/i/ is sit miss pig picture例外/ai /kind wild j / d / jeep jam jacket jark /k/ kite cake black thankl /l/ leg left ruler flag lampm /m/ am map my mouth milk n /n/ no know new hando 开音节/u / old home nose coke 例外/ /some /u:/ to 闭音节/o/ dog not clock box例外/ / son month mother /u / both p /p/ map jeep pig pen appleq /kw / quite quilt quickr /r/ red radio brother rackets /s/ sit miss this smile books/z/ nose those rose rulerst /t/ it sit not that table littleu 开音节 /ju: / use usually excuse例外/u:/rule闭音节/ / bus us sun duck/ u / put pull push例外/u:/truth / i /busyV /v / five vase very sevenw /w/ we window watch wantx /ks / box six foxy /ai / my fly why bye 在词中或词尾，无元音/ i / happy baby very 在词中或词尾，有元音/ j / yes yellow 在词首Z / z / zoo zero第三节 元音和辅音1 、元音:元音字母的读音取决于位于重读音节还是非重读音节，重读音节中读字母本身音，非重读音节中读短音。元音字母和元音字母或元音字母和辅音字母都可组成字母组合。前元音4个i: i e 1）i: 发音字母： e he she me(e)字母组合: ie ee eapiece receive ceiling (ie,ei)three tree green sheep meet seek(ee)eat tea meat leave lead teacher team mean speak 2) i 发音字母：e i ydefect decide delicious sit picture it is list six mix fix fit pig myth many twenty happy dictionary 3) e 发音字母：e a elephant electric remember sell shell lesson better any many字母组合：ea head bread pleasure4) 发音字母： a bag hand and ant happy hat map mad bad black back 中元音2个: 5) : 字母组合： ir er or ur ear girl shirt skirt thirty thirteen third bird term her nerd servework worm work world turn burn murder nurse turtle Thursday burgerlearn earn earth heard 6) 发音字母：a o e uaround account agopoliteelephant manta banana Canada Japan china men listen famulus Saturday 字母组合： ar er or ou collar dollar together tomorrow today shallop lesson Washington controlteacher leader remember player speaker farmer powder doctor actor mayor author tractordelicious gracious pleasure familiar后元音6个a: : u: u7) a: 发音字母：a fast class last glass plant aunt calm 字母组合：ar car farm card arm garden8) 发音字母：u o up supper lunch fun gun hunt cup buscome mother dose brother love above 字母组合：oo ou blood flood trouble rough flourish9) :字母组合：al au ar aw or oursmall wall talk tall hall ball call walk author caught autumnwarm quarrel quarter draw saw flaw short more lord horse for forty sport door floor store four mourn court bought 10) 发音字母： o ahot lost lot fox box mop hop loss collar notwant wash 11) u: 发音字母：o u shoe do two true truth blue full字母组合： oo food moon room gloom broom doom goose tooth12) u 发音字母：o u put full bull pull push woman wolf 字母组合：oo ou look good foot book should could 双元音8个，合口双元音5个ei ai u au oi13) ei 发音字母：a name cake late gate plane April 字母组合：ai ay ea ey rain paint plain play say may way great break they grey 14) ai 发音字母：i y bike fine find die nine light night high my try fly eye15) u 发音字母： o home cold go no phone host ghost 字母组合：oa owboat coat goal know low below grow blow show flow16) au 字母组合： ou ow house out flour ground account count sound loud around mouseflower down now cow how town17) i 字母组合 oi oy oil soil voice choice boy toy joy 集中双元音3个i u 18) i 字母组合： eer beer deer ear idea near here fierce 19) 字母组合： ear airpear bear chair air fair care there where20) u 字母组合：our hour tour poor flower shower 2、容易混淆的元音 ebad bed hand head man men land lend pan pen sad said i： eireal rail greet great mean main read raid e aibet bite red write said side head hideau :house horse loud lord south sauce cloud clause now nor au found fond down done gown gone town ton 3、辅音：英语的辅音字母发音较为简单。有的仅有一种读音，有的有两种读音，还有几个有多种读音，如:c、s、t、n。一些辅音字母可以组成字母组合。1) p pen pear play pig pour pull push 2) b book big boot bike bread break 3) t tree two ten ton town twenty city 4) d door dull desk dose do dog dictionary5) k 发音字母k king kite key look cook book kitchen sky 发音字母c card cat cream correct climb come account 发音字母x fox box oxygen x-ray 字母组合ch school schedule schema 6) g girl good goal goat grade long language 7) f 字母f five fly fine flag frog fog roof knife life wife 字母gh cough laugh rough 字母ph physic photo phone 8) v 字母v very evening even every voice vest字母f of off9) s 字母s six sit student same seat kiss miss case scarf 字母c license city cease cedar ceiling celebrate 字母组合ce licence piece juice science lance space ace 10) z zoo zebra zero zap (z)close nose hose suppose pause those whose (se)11) think thank three thirty tooth mouth 12) that this those these though 13) 字母组合sh sheep shoulder ship shoe she brush wash 字母 t nation attention station 字母c social special 字母s sure 14) pleasure 15) t 字母组合ch child chicken china chair lunch ouch teach 字母组合tch catch watch match 16) d age language cabbage vegetable stage bridgejoy enjoy join July June junk 17) tr tree country try treat track trunk 18) dr dry dream drop drive drink 19) ts students boots boats goats nuts 20) dz goods woods moods hoods 21) h hot hop home house horse how who 22) r read red right run room write 23) l long land lend lord fly flag black world cold could goal24) m man make moon morning move come comb 25) n pen ten nine fine night noon moon clean 26) uncle bank English think thank junk sing king morning evening27) w when what where window wind wood 28) j yes year yell you your yolk yellow 4、容易混淆的辅音v wvest west vet wet vine wine very wells sink think mass math miss myth sort sought z close cloth breeze breathe n thin thing sin sing ran rang ban bang win wing 5、字母，组合音节发音规律1）a ei : a: late private grade bake grape nation station page active hand bank fan parent family glad flag accept about above formative machine cinema fast last glass class past father wash what watch want 2）e i: e i 不发音 appreciate extremely secret she me he letter left message generate pebbledecide pretty previous result restore problem prosperous student confident active table late wife store lecture 3）i ai i high price library ice cream wife size line fist pick chicken piano fianc city unit 4）o u u: lode host cold note okay old home lose do who whose prove love some other mother honey company today tomorrow together control collect lost hot mock office soft honest 5）u ju: u university refuse unique universe huge put push pull full bull but brush bucket duck bubble support suggest 6）c k scountry camp camera courage cable city ceiling celebrate cell cease 7）g g d ngirl grade glass glade bag flag village vegetable bridge gentleman gym long song sing morning evening 8) l l 读音不同listen learn language collect English gorilla world cold soil tall sell cool animal 9) n n moon night noodle number uncle hungry angry young 10) r r (美语发音)right read write grade progress card board door floor form north 11）y j i aiyellow year yell young yolk university country pretty happy dyke dying fly buy by my 12）ar a: : farm card garden mark dollar warm quarrel quarter 13) er : ideserve serve her person teacher driver anger singer serious experience mysterious fierce14) ir : aishirt girl skirt admire desire15）or : : short form corn born for work world worm word worst tractor doctor actor sector senior senator16）ea i: e ei i cease season breathe feature meat please bread breast breath meadow weather great break idea realize 17）ear : i learn earth earn heard hear near clear ear fear 18） ere i here mere fere sere there19) oo u: u :room tool cool moon noon goof food good foot stood wood wool cook wood book blood flood 20) oor : u door floor moor poor boor 21) our u :hour tour flour bourn lour pour court four mourn 22) ou au i house mouth mouse sound found enough trouble touch delicious gracious prosperous 23) ow u auwindow meadow know show low now town how down cow 24) se z snose suppose gose lose pose rose mouse house 25) th thank think thought cloth clothes that this then than 26) sion propulsion tension progression passion protrusion provision conclusion television 27) tion n tn (不常见)station nation translation attention question 第四节 字母组合发音一、元音组合：元音字母可以互相组合构成字母组合，也可与辅音字母组合构成字母组合。 aal / : / tall small ball 例外/ /also /: / halfau / : / cause 例外/: / auntaugh / : / taught 例外/: f / laughaw / : / drawn ai /ei/ wait paint 例外/e/ saiday /ei/ may play day say 例外/e/ saysair / / air hair chaireea /i:/ meat please tea read 例外/ei/ great /e/ head bread ready / i / theater ideaear / i / ear hear near例外/: / heart / / bear / : / earthee /i:/ meet see bee feet jeepeer /i / deerei /i:/ seize 例外/ai /eithereigh /ei/ weigh 例外/ai / heighey /ei/ they 例外/i:/ keyeir / / their ew /ju: / new few /u: / flew grewere /i / here / / where therei(y)ie /i:/piece quiet 例外/e/ friendia diaryio lionig /ai / signigh(t) /ai / right high bright0oo /u/ book foot good /u:/ moon balloon 例外/ / floodoor / : / door floor oa /u / boat coat 例外/o: /broadoar / : / boardou / au / out house mouth 例外/u:/ you / / touch /u / soulough / : / fought /u /though oughoul /u/ should 例外 shoulderour / : / four your /u / ourong /o / long songoi / i/ boiloy / i/ boy toyow / u / owl window /au / now cow flowerore / :/ more store sore-r音节ar /: / farther farm car arm /o: /warn 非重读 / /dollaror / : / short fork port /: / word world work 非重读 / / sailor er / : / her 非重读 / / work teacher ir( iy) /: / bird girl shirt thirty 非重读/ / martyr(烈士) ur / : / turn 非重读 iy / /surprise -re音节 are ore ere ire( yre) ure二、辅音组合：Th / thank mouth / / this that withtr /tr/ tree train truckdr /dr/ dress driver sh / shirt wash shortch /t/ child chair catch / k / school Christmas / d / sandwichtw /tw/ two twin twentywh /w/ white wheel what /h/ who whose whomts /ts/ jackets kitesds /dz/ birds 第五节 下面介绍一个很有用的发音组合就是 1c:这个字母大家很熟悉，它在单词中大多发/k/和/s/两种音，在这里我要说c字母在字母e, i，y前读做/s/ (cent, city, cycle), 其他字母前读做/k/(cut, cap, cop).的是，c这个字母在a,o.u的前面多发/k/， 2g:字母e, i, y之前的字母g可以读作/j/(page, giant, gym), 其中字母e, i之前的g也可以不读作/j/，应为/g/ (get, girl, give); 其它字母之前的g读做/g/(gate, go, gust).3元音a, e, o, u在音节结尾(开音节)一般读做字母音(长音a, e, o, u), 有助于学生正确划分并拼读，元音字母+辅音字母+元音字母的不熟悉单词(re portrather than rep ort).4字母i和y经常读做/i/(big, gym), 但是也可读做I(silent, my, type).5一个英语单词用字母y而不是i的结尾(my, by).6q：字母q总是与u在一起，读做/kw/, 此处u不作元音.7m: 这个字母多发两个音，由于音标是一样的，所以在这里没法对两个读音作区分，那么在这里只需记住一个单词就可以清楚的了解在什么情况下m这个字母发何种音，这个单词就是mum，很简单，m在元音前和在元音后所发的音是不一样的。8x:这个字母跟f,l,m,n,s,z一样同属限音/e/一族，什么叫限音/e/呢，就是这些字母的读音都含有/e/,限音的意思就是这些字母在组成单词的时候，发音要去掉/e/，比如x这个字母的发音是/eks/，那么在它组合单词的时候，发间就变成了/ks/。同样的，其它几个限音/e/一族也遵循着这个规律。（当然有时会有浊化音的产生，比如说s的读音为/es/，在单词中有时会读成/s/，有时则会浊化为/z/）。9y: 这个字母号称半元音。它在组合单词的时候一共有三种发音，分别是/j/,/ai/,/i/。当y在词首的时候，它发/j/，如yes,yard,yet等。当y存在于词中和词尾的时候又分为两种情况：1、当单词中没有元音的时候，y发/ai/，如my,fly.2、在单词中已经含有元音的时候，y发音为/i/,如family,sorry.ar: 这个是比较常见的字母组合，它在单词中通常都发音为/a:/,如,car,pardon.10元音+辅音+不发音的e。这个规则的意思有两点：1、当一个组合是由元音+辅音+字母e组合的时候，那么这个字母e在其中不发音。2、在这个组合中，元音字母通常都读字母的本身音。如:use,excuse等。有五种情况末尾的字母e不发音.(如me, she, 和 he的短单词末尾的字母e读做e, 较长的单词末尾的e不发音)尾字母e不发音应该被认为是”having a job” (承担一项工作)10.1 bake gene time/type code cute 使他前面的元音字母发字母音.10.2 love give blue true 使我们不要以一个v和一个u结束一个单词.10.3 chance bodice charge allege 使g和c读软音/j/和/s/.10.4 lit tle cas tle bot tle dab ble fid dle 避免一个音节没有一个元音字母.10.5 are nurse raise bye ewe owe cause 这一条被Spalding女士叫做无工作尾字母e; Sanseri女士叫做老工作尾字母e, 并说前四条之外的不发音尾字母e都叫做老工作尾字母e.10.5.1 使一个不是复数形式的单词不要以s结尾(dense而不是dens, purse不是purs, false 不是 fals).10.5.2 加长短的主意词(main-idea), 如awe, ewe, rye10.5.3 区分同音异形词的含义. 如or/ore for/fore.10.5.4 中英语和外来语中(那里的尾字母e是要发音的)留下来的, 现在不发音. 如treatise giraffe11.有五种字母组合发:的音/, 记住下面的句子.Her nurse first works early. 这个句子是按英语用法中的降序排列的.另外,or在w后业可以发/:/的音. 还要记住有些词尾的ar和or也发/ /的音.如dollar, doctor.12.1-1-1规则: 单音节单词中, 结尾是单元音加单个辅音的, 在添加以元音开始的词尾变化时, 需要将末尾的辅音字母再写一次再加词尾变化.(如hop-hop ped). 但是词尾是x除外, 因为它由两个音/ks/.13.2-1-1规则: 双音节词中, 结尾是单元音加单个辅音的, 在添加以元音开始的词尾变化时, 需要将末尾的辅音字母再写一次再加词尾变化(be gin- be gin + ning). 第二个音节不重读的不能双写末尾辅音字母(en ter, prof it, bud get).14.去e规则, 以不发音的e结尾的单词在添加以元音开始的词尾变化是需要去掉末尾不发音的e.(come-coming)15.是ie还是ei? 一般情况下, 应该是ie, 但是1) c之后用ei; 2)发字母a的音时, 用ei(neighbor, weigh, vein). 还有下面的例外情形Neither foreign sovereign seized counterfeit forfeited leisure. Plus: either weird protein heifer:16.音素sh用在一个基本词