专题专攻3阅读理解(整理).ppt

专 题 探 究,题型专攻：阅读理解,一、命题特点 高考阅读理解要求考生在3035分钟的时间内完成对35篇不同题材、体裁的短文的理解，是整个高考试题中难度最大、区分度最高的题型。 它不仅考查考生对语篇的整体把握能力，而且考查学生快速捕捉信息、准确理解特定细节以及复杂句子的能力。 考生不仅要正确理解文章的表层意思，还要能透过表层意思去合理推断、挖掘文章的隐含意义和延伸意义，是对考生知识和心理素质的综合检验。,二、解题技巧 1主旨大意类 主旨大意是文章的灵魂与中心。 主旨大意类试题要求对文章的整体或局部(如段落)进行分析、概括，从而归纳相关部分的中心大意(main idea)、揭示文章的主题(subject)、选择标题(title)等，旨在考查考生加工与浓缩信息的能力。记叙文和议论文常要求考生总结文章的主旨大意。从近几年全国高考阅读理解试题来看，考查主旨大意的题目呈上升趋势，但这类考题也是考生失分的高密区域。因为阅读文章往往行文跳跃，次序多变，隐含信息多；考生通常不能直接根据主题句判断出正确答案，需对文章的主旨大意进行综合、归纳和推理。,例1：(2008福建高考D篇)The global energy crisis is approaching. What can we do? Here are some steps you can take. Cooling puts the greatest stress on your summer energy bill and the power grid(电网) For central air conditioning systems and room air conditioners, look for the ENERGY STAR, the federal governments symbol for energy efficiency. Use energyefficient ceiling fans either alone or with air conditioning. Let a programmable thermostat.,71This passage is mainly about_. AEnergy saving tips BFuel saving tips. CDo it yourself tips DEnvironment protecting tips,技巧点拨：考查主旨大意。整篇文章的主旨大意是建立在文章中各个具体段落中心的基础上的。考生必须认真阅读文章的首段、每段的第一句和文章的结尾。从逻辑表达上看，一篇文章往往由背景导入、主题、细节、转换等几部分组成，并且往往是用主题句或主题段概括交代文章的中心思想，再展开讨论。主题段通常在文章开头，而主题句既可能在一段的开头也可能在中间或末尾。一般来说，文章前三句所提供的信息能够让读者了解其大致内容，而读懂每段的第一句话则有助于把握本段的主要内容。这样做不仅可以迅速地把握全段的大意，更重要的,是，在时间紧迫的情况下，可以对一段话进行缩读、略读或扫读。具体到上面的这个例子，文章的第一段引出话题，是一个总结，而接下来每一段的每一句都是围绕着“some steps to saving fuel”展开的，这正是对第一段提出的问题“What can we do (when the global energy crisis is approaching)？”的多方论证。考生也许会问选项A和B的差异：因为全文都是针对个人如何节省燃料展开的，fuel saving更为贴切，energy saving的范围则较广。因而答案是B。,例2：(2008北京高考D篇)When it comes to friends, I desire those who will share my happiness, who possess wings of their own and who will fly with me. I seek friends whose qualities illuminate(照亮)me and train me up for love. It is for these people that I reserve the glowing hours, too good not to share. . It is such comforting companions I wish to keep. One bright hour with their kind is worth more to me than the lifetime services of a psychologist(心理学家),70What is the best title for the passage? AUnforgettable Experiences BRemarkable Imagination CLifelong Friendship DNoble Companions.,技巧点拨：考查主旨大意。本题考查的角度与上例稍有不同，本题是从选择文章标题的角度来考查主旨大意。作为文章的标题必须具有三个特点：一是概括性，要高度概括文章的主要内容，体现文章的主旨；二是针对性，即标题范围要恰当，针对性强，要在阅读原文的基础上，仔细考虑所选标题与文章主题是否有密切的关系，既不能太大，也不能太小，太大则中心不突出，太小也发挥不了应有的作用；三是醒目性，本题的选择要简洁、突出、新颖。标题是文章的点睛之笔，是文章的灵魂和门面。好的标题会引起读者对文章的兴趣。本文主要讲述的,是具有高尚品质的朋友对人的影响。文章的最后一段暗示了主题：我希望维持的是那些让人感到慰藉的同伴。跟他们的善心呆上欢快的一小时对我来说远比心理学家的终身服务更值这正是对高尚同伴品质的概括。在所列出的四个选项中，D项具备上述特征，为最佳答案。,2逻辑推理类 逻辑推理通常包括两种形式：第一种是要求考生根据文章提供的线索和事实进行逻辑推理，推测作者未提到过的事实或某事发生的可能性，并将间接论据连贯起来，得出一个合理(指准确地从原文中推理，而不是考生主观认为的合理)的结论；第二种是根据作者行文顺序和文中所给的各种细节，合乎逻辑地排列出某些细节发生的先后顺序或者作者行文布局的方式。这类题要求考生在理解原文直接陈述观点的基础上领悟作者的言外之意，进行符合逻辑的推理，得出符合作者意图的结论。,例1：(2008北京高考D篇)(Para. 2)When I was in the eighth grade, I had a friend. We were shy and“too serious”about our studies when it was becoming fashionable with our classmates to learn acceptable social behaviors. We said little at school, but she would come to my house and we would sit down with pencils and paper, and one of us would say：“Lets start with a train whistle today.”We would sit quietly together and write separate poems or stories that grew out of a train whistle. Then we would read them aloud. At the end of that school year, we,too, were changed into social creatures and the stories and poems stopped.,66In the eighth grade, what the author did before developing proper social behavior was to_. Abecome serious about her study Bgo to her friends house regularly Clearn from her classmates at school Dshare poems and stories with her friend.,技巧点拨：考查逻辑推理。根据选文第一句“When I was in the eighth grade, I had a friend”可知，本段所描述的是有关作者在八年级时所发生的事情。问题是“作者在形成适当的社会行为之前所做的事情是什么”。文中没有直接给出答案，但从本段的最后一句话“在那一学年结束时， 我们两个都渐渐成为社会人，我们写故事、写诗歌的日子也就结束了”可以推断出在那之前，她与她的朋友之间是经常相互分享对方的故事和诗歌的。因而答案为D。,3语境分析类 语境分析题主要考查考生对阅读材料中的某一特定的语境或文章的主要事实的理解能力。解答语境分析类题目应注意以下问题： (1)对应性：正确答案应与文中的细节一一对应。 (2)准确性：此类题更倾向于将题目中的信息与原文语境进行语义上的转换。在转换过程中，考生易犯的错误是未注意到转换的准确性，常常将语境信息中的范围、程度、语义色彩等改变，从而导致误选。,(3)区分性：有时命题人会故意利用一些貌合神离的手段，比如给出与原文中一模一样的字眼来迷惑考生，让考生不假思索地选定答案，而实际上选项中的字眼与文中的相同字眼根本就不是对应同一事情。对此，考生在做题时应多加注意。,例1：(2008浙江高考A篇)Adrians “Amazing Race” started early when his parents realized that he, as a baby, couldnt hear a thing, not even loud noises. In a special school for the hearingimpaired(听觉受损的)，he learned sign language and got to mix with other disabled children. However, the sight of all the disabled children communicating with one another upset his mother. She wanted him to lead a normal life. So after speaking to an advisor, she sent him to private classes where he learned to read lips and pronounce words.,41How did Adrian communicate with other children in the special school? ABy speaking. BBy using sign language CBy reading lips. DBy making loud noises.,技巧点拨：考查语境分析。这是一篇记叙文，主要讲了Adrian一个有听力障碍的孩子，在母亲的鼓励下最后获得很大成功的事例。题目考查“在那所专门为听力障碍者开办的特殊学校里，Adrian是如何跟其他孩子进行交流的？”，答案可以通过分析此处的语境得到。由选文第二句话可知，在一所特殊学校里，他学会了手语并且慢慢地学会了跟其他的残疾孩子相处。由此展开联想：听力障碍特殊学校学手语跟其他孩子(当然是有听力障碍的孩子)在一起，那结果必然是“用手语跟其他孩子交流”。因此答案为B。,例2：(2008天津高考A篇)(Para. 2)Her father encouraged her to go to college because he thought it would be a good way for her to find a husband. Cisneros did attend college, but instead of searching for a husband, she found a teacher who helped her join the famous graduate writing program at the University of Iowa. At the universitys Writers Workshop, however. (Para. 3)“.Thats when I decided I would write about something my classmates couldnt write about.” .,37The graduate program gave Cisneros a chance to_. Awork for a school magazine Brun away from her family Cmake a lot of friends Ddevelop her writing style.,技巧点拨：考查语境分析。这是一篇记叙文，主要讲述了Sandra Cisneros的成长历程，并向读者呈现了她成功的诀窍。从题目的设置来看，本题的答案非常隐蔽，需要考生对文章中的第二段和第三段进行综合分析才能得出。由第二段可知，她的父亲鼓励她上大学是因为他希望她在大学里找到丈夫，而Sandra Cisneros却找到了一位帮助她加入大学写作项目的老师。这为她的写作打下了基础。第三段最后一句话告诉我们“那时我决定写一些我的同学不能写的东西”。这说明她正是在“the famous graduate writing program”中形成了自己的写作风格。故答案为D。,4词义推测类 考生在阅读过程中都会碰到一些生词。如果每碰到一个生词就去查词典，不仅会影响阅读速度，而且也不利于对文章的整体理解，更何况高考中是不允许查词典的。事实上，有很多生词是可以通过上下文提供的信息猜测出其意义的。猜词能力是阅读理解能力的重要组成部分。历年高考都把猜词能力作为考生应该掌握的一项阅读技能列入试题，考查考生对文中关键词语(实词、短语、指代关系等)的理解。而且，所考查的词或短语的意义往往不是停留在字面上，而是需要考生根据语境来判断。,现在高考试题对词义猜测有两类考题：一类是考查考生对考纲外单词或短语的词义猜测能力；另一类是考查一些考生熟悉的单词或短语在新的语言环境中的新的含义，即所谓“旧词新义”。词义猜测的依据通常有：构词法、上下文语境和常识或生活经验等。,例1：(2008福建高考E篇)A new study has found no evidence that sunscreen, commonly used to reduce the risk of skin cancer, actually increases the risk. (Para. 2)They said that they found flaws in studies that had reported associations between sunscreen use and higher risk of melanoma. (Para. 3)Most health experts believe that by protecting the skin from the harmful effects of the sun, sunscreen helps prevent skin cancer, which is increasing in incidence (发生率) faster than any other cancer in the United States.,72The underlined word “flaws” in the 2nd paragraph most probably means_. Aevidence Bfacts Cfaults. Dfailures,技巧点拨：考查考生对生词词义的猜测能力。根据第二段可知，来自于Iowa大学的研究者把他们的发现建立在重新检查早些时候的十八项研究防晒霜的使用与黑素瘤的联系的基础之上，但他们发现了什么呢？第三段给了我们暗示：大多数的健康专家认为，通过保护皮肤免受太阳的有害影响，防晒霜有助于防止皮肤癌。而由第二段的最后“that had reported associations between sunscreen use and higher risk of melanoma(已经报道过的防晒霜的使用与更高的患黑素瘤的风险之间的联系)”可知，现在的研究与过去的报道之间存在明显的分歧，而且其结果,刚好相反，因此推断这些研究者是从过去的报道中发现了“错误或瑕疵”。故答案为C。,例2：(2008天津高考D篇)(Para. 2)We achieve knowledge passively by being told by someone else. Most of the learning that takes place in the classroom and the kind that happens when we watch TV or read newspapers or magazines is passive. Conditioned as we are to passive learning, its not surprising that we depend on it in our everyday communication with friends and coworkers. .,49The underlined word “it” in Paragraph 2 refers to_. Aactive learning Bknowledge Ccommunication Dpassive learning.,技巧点拨：考查考生对代词指代意义的猜测能力。选文原文是一篇论说性质的短文，主要阐述了我们可以通过主动学习和被动学习获取知识，但被动学习获得的知识可能会不可靠。考查对代词指代意义的推测是一种很好的考查考生理解能力的方式。第二段的开头讲述了被动学习的主要途径，然后说“尽管我们受到被动学习的限制，但我们日常生活中依靠它跟朋友和同事交流并不奇怪”。本段只提到一个话题“被动学习”，因此it指“passive learning”。答案为D。,5揣测作者观点、态度和写作意图类 高考阅读理解既考查考生对文章字面意思的理解，也考查考生对作者写作目的、态度、观点等的理解。作者的态度、情感倾向是指作者对陈述的观点是赞同、反对还是模棱两可，对记叙或描写的人、物或事件等是赞颂、同情还是厌恶、憎恨等。对这类题目的解答关键在于把握作者对全文主体事物(与主题有关)或某一具体事物的态度。用以表达作者态度支持、中立和反对的手段主要有：,1加入形容词作定语； 2加入副词作状语； 3使用特殊动词。英语中有些动词也能表明作者的态度，如： fail(未能)，ignore(忽视)，overestimate(估计过高)等动词表示一种反对态度。,例1：(2008湖北高考B篇)(Para. 2)She was a lovely child but unfortunately a scratcher. If anyone upset her or stood in her way, her right hand would flash out fast and scratch down the face of her playmates. . (The last paragraph)Parents who find older children bullying younger brothers and sisters might do well to replace shouting and punishment by rewarding and giving more attention to the injured ones. Its certainly much easier and more effective.,68The writer of this passage aims to recommend an approach to_. Arewarding childrens good behavior Bcorrecting childrens bad behavior. Cpunishing badlybehaved children Dpraising wellbehaved children,技巧点拨：考查作者写作意图。本文是一篇记叙文，主要叙述了作为老师的“我”是如何有效地纠正Kathy的不良行为的。作者在开头两段描述了Kathy在很多方面都是一个非常优秀的孩子，就是有一点不好：要是谁使她烦恼或挡住了她的路，她就会抓别人。接下来描写了老师如何一步步地纠正她的坏习惯。文章最后一段向家长推荐这种教育方法。这正是作者写作这篇文章的主要目的。答案为B。,例2：(2008北京高考C篇)(Para. 4)This is basically a kind gesture(and one that people think well of you for), but the practice seems to have become too wideranging and feels improper in todays office setting. . 65This is basically a letter of_. Aapology Bsympathy Cappreciation Ddissatisfaction.,技巧点拨： 考查作者的观点态度。选文原文是一封书信，书信中提及现在人情多，有生小孩的、有结婚的、有办葬礼的、有过生日的、还有毕业的，遇到这些事办公室里的人都会集体出钱买礼物。文章中作者的态度从第三段就开始凸显，在第四段中表现得尤为突出。第四段的大意为：这基本上是一种善举，但是这种惯例所涉及的范围似乎变得太广了以至于在今天的办公室里工作都感觉不适当了。关键词improper表示了作者的“不满情绪”。因而答案为D。,6细节理解类 细节理解类试题在阅读理解中出现得非常频繁，主要考查考生对阅读材料中的某些特定细节的理解和判断能力。设题形式主要包括询问人(who)、物(what)、时间(when)、地点(where)、原因(cause)、结果(effect)、文中的数据(data)等。新闻、说明文、广告信息等常常考查具体细节。对这类考题的解答考生需注意两点：一是有些考题的答案可以直接从文章中找到原文原句，此时不需要进行思维转换；二是有些考题的答案虽不能直接从文章中找到相同的句子，但通过思维转换后可以得出正确答案，,比如，有的需要进行简单的数字计算、有的需要近义 转化、有的要反义转化。,例1： Opening week specials at Munchies Food Hall At the corner of Green and Brown Streets in the city Monday, 7th of January until Sunday,13th of January 2008 Feast until youre full! Come down to Munchies this week to enjoy the special dishes on offer at all of our food outlets. Order from the following： Succulent chicken rice Spicy satay beef Delicious noodle dishes Plump pork chops Seafood specialties Crunchy vegetables Sweet tropical fruit,61.The prices at Munchies are_. Alower than usual. Bbargain prices for the opening. Clower for two people. Dlower if you spend $21.00,